利用自由中-质比研究对称能的高密行为

基于同位旋和动量依赖的强子输运模型IBUU04, 采用两种具有不同密度依赖的对称能研究了¹³²Sn+¹²⁴Sn反应系统在400MeV/A, 600MeV/A, 800MeV/A三种不同碰撞能量下中快度发射核子中-质比随横动量的变化关系. 发现发射核子中--质比在低横动量端非常敏感于对称能, 发射核子中--质比的强度随碰撞能量的降低而增强. 并且发射核子中-质比对对称能的敏感性随着碰撞能量的增大而降低, 在高横动量端尤为明显, 在碰撞能量为400MeV/A时, 自由核子中-质比对对称能的敏感性最为明显.     

中能重离子反应中的在平面流和椭圆流

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型研究了⁴⁰Ca+⁴⁰Ca系统在能量从30MeV/u到150MeV/u的在平面流和椭圆流.发现随着入射能量的增加,在平面流出现从负到正的跃迁,而椭圆流则随入射能量的增大而减少并且出现从正到负的跃迁.椭圆流和在平面流对于入射能量和碰撞参数较为敏感,相反对于对称能和核态方程却不太敏感.最后对于不同质量的碎块的依赖性关系我们还作了进一步仔细的研究.     

同位旋相关量探测重离子碰撞趋平衡及对称能

用IQMD模型分析了由⁹⁶Ru和⁹⁶Zr构成的质量对称、同位旋不对称的一组中能核反应,寻求对对称势强度的敏感量和研究反应最终是否达到平衡的问题.研究表明中子-质子差快度分布在弹或靶快度区对对称势强度敏感,且越丰中子的核系统越敏感.中子-质子差快度分布还表明能量为400MeV/u时达到的平衡程度要比100MeV/u时的高.出射的核子、轻带电粒子和中等质量碎片的N/Z显示IMF的出射有记忆效应.随着入射能量由100MeV/u增加到400MeV/u,IMF的N/Z有明显下降,这是由于随入射能量增加使IMF中同位素的分布发生变化所致.     

径向膨胀流的同位旋效应

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型,研究了¹²⁴Ba+¹²⁴Ba和¹²⁴Sn+¹²⁴Sn两个系统在不同入射能量下对心碰撞的径向膨胀流.发现丰中子系统¹²⁴Sn+¹²⁴Sn的径向膨胀流系统性地小于系统¹²⁴Ba+¹²⁴Ba的径向膨胀流.同时发现这种差别主要来自于核子–核子碰撞截面的同位旋相关性而几乎与对称能无关.     

20—46MeV/u 12C离子和Cu相互作用中靶余核的反冲性质研究

使用离线γ能谱法和厚靶-厚收集箔技术测量了20—46MeV/u ¹²C离子和铜相互作用中余核的前向平均反冲射程.导出了中心碰撞的线性动量转移.当轰击能量为27.5MeV/u时,每个入射核子转移的线性动量达到155MeV/c的最大值.复合系统的最大激发能为每核子2.5MeV.     

用相对论Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone方程研究相对论微观光学位

本文用相对论Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone(RBBG)方程研究核子-核的相对论微观学学势.核子的复有效质量是通过入射能量为200MeV的质子-⁴⁰Ca散射数据来确定,由此进一步研究了质子对不同靶核:¹⁶O,⁴⁰Ca,⁹⁰Zr,²⁰⁸Pb能量范围从160—800MeV的相对论微观光学位.我们用这种微观光学位研究入射能量为200MeV质子与⁴⁰Ca的弹性散射,并与唯象相对论光学位计算得到的截面,自旋可观测量进行了比较.     

熵产生、碰撞数和热核的形成过程

同时考虑真实的动量相关势和介质中核子-核子碰撞截面来求解BUU方程.在入射能量E_L/A=100、200、400和800MeV时,系统地计算和分析了核反应Ca⁴⁰+Ca⁴⁰在各种碰撞参数下的熵产生和碰撞随时间的变化过程.结果表明:动量相关势和介质效应对熵和碰撞数的影响是明显的,而且这种影响对碰撞参数和入射能量的依赖比较敏感,特别是熵产生和碰撞数在各种条件下随时间的演化过程反映了热核形成的动力学过程.     

同位旋相关的核子碰撞截面的不同形式与核子的集体流

在详细比较同位旋相关的核子-核子碰撞截面的几种常用形式的基础上,利用IBUU模型, 分别对具有相同质量的⁶⁰Ca+⁶⁰Ca和⁶⁰Ni+⁶⁰Ni的中能重离子碰撞进行了模拟计算,定量地分析了碰撞过程中不同形式的同位旋相关的核子-核子碰撞截面对于核子的快度分布和集体流的影响.结果显示: 不同形式的核子碰撞截面,可以给出相差较大的核子的快度分布和横向流, 但在同一种截面形式下,对称势的变化对横向流的影响较小.这表明在新的动量相关的对称势下, 中能重离子碰撞中集体流对于截面的敏感性依然成立;同时表明,在相同的碰撞截面和对称势形式下, 当入射能量在平衡能附近时,入射粒子的中质比对核子在平面流的影响较大,反之,影响较小.     

入射质子的能量对质子与晕核弹性散射观测量的影响

用相对论脉冲近似(RIA)对不同的中能质子(200MeV, 400MeV和800MeV)与¹⁴Be, ¹⁶O和¹²C的弹性散射进行了研究, 讨论了不同的入射能量对3种观测量, 即微分散射截面、分析本领和自旋转动函数的影响. 研究发现在小散射角的区域晕中子对观察量的影响趋势保持一致, 不随入射质子能量的改变而改变.     

利用双n/p比探测对称能的密度依赖性

利用同位旋和动量相关的相对论强子输运模型IBUU04, 以中心碰撞¹²⁴Sn+¹²⁴Sn(¹³²Sn+¹²⁴Sn), ¹¹²Sn+¹¹²Sn双反应系统在E/A=50MeV(400MeV)为例, 在两种不同的对称能作用下, 研究了发射粒子谱中双n/p比随时间和动能的演化. 计算双n/p比的好处是它缩弱了库仑效应与探测低能中子的低效率的影响. 计算结果表明, 无论是在高密还是低密情况下, 双n/p比的动能分布都敏感地依赖于对称能, 因此双n/p比是探测对称能的一个理想探针.     

利用中-质微分流探测对称能的高密行为

基于同位旋和动量依赖的强子输运模型IBUU04，研究了¹³²Sn+¹²⁴Sn在三种不同碰撞能量、两种不同对称能作用下，中-质微分流随快度的变化关系. 发现中-质微分流的强度随碰撞能量的增大而增强. 在碰撞能量为400 MeV每核子时，中-质微分流对对称能最为敏感. 关键词： 重离子碰撞 中-质微分流 对称能     

Effect of entrance-channel asymmetry on the isospin dependence of nucleon emission in heavy ion collisions

Using the isospin- and momentum-dependent hadronic transport model IBUU04, we have investigated the influence of the entrance-channel isospin asymmetry on the sensitivity of the pre-equilibrium neutron/proton ratio to symmetry energy in central heavy-ion collisions induced by high-energy radioactive beams. Our analysis and discussion are based on the dynamical simulations of the three     

Impact Parameter Dependence of the Double Neutron/Proton Ratio of Nucleon Emissions in Isotopic Reaction Systems

Within the transport model IBUU04, we investigate the double neutron/proton ratio of free nucleons taken from two reaction systems using two Sn isotopes at a beam energy of 50 MeV/nucleon and with impact parameters 2fm, 4fm and 8fm, respectively. It is found that the double neutron/proton ratio from peripheral collisions is more sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy than those from mid-central and central collisions.     

低SIS能区重离子碰撞过程的系统性研究

在极端相对论量子分子动力学(UrQMD)模型中加入势能密度泛函形式的势修正、核子-核子弹性散射截面的更细致的介质修正以及碎片重构模式中的同位旋效应后,重点研究低SIS能区(约40～400 MeV/u)重离子碰撞的动力学过程。在较系统地研究此能区重离子碰撞后的轻碎片产生及集体流后,重点研究对高密区对称能密度依赖敏感的观测量。发现:(1)质量对称的Sn系列同位素反应系统,其中子平衡能的系统N/Z分布能敏感探测对称能密度依赖;(2)横速度/动量分布的中子和质子及氢同位素的椭圆流比vn2/vp,H2敏感依赖于对称能。经采用多组核物质标量不可压缩系数K0值差别很小、对称能斜率参数L值相差较大的Skyrme势参数计算并对FOPI/LAND相应数据做χ2分析后抽取的L值为(89±45)MeV。     

Effect of entrance-channel asymmetry on the isospin dependence of nucleon emission in heavy ion collisions

Using the isospin- and momentum-dependent hadronic transport model IBUU04, we have in-vestigated the influence of the entrance-channel isospin asymmetry on the sensitivity of the pre-equilibrium neutron/proton ratio to symmetry energy in central heavy-ion collisions induced by high-energy radioactive beams. Our analysis and discussion are based on the dynamical simulations of the three isotopic reaction systems 132Sn+124Sn, 124Sn+112Sn and 112Sn+112Sn which are of the same total proton number but different isospin asymmetry. We find that the kinetic-energy distributions of the pre-equilibrium neutron/proton ratio are quite sensitive to the density-dependence of symmetry energy at incident beam energy E/A = 400 MeV,and the sensitivity increases as the isospin asymmetry of the reaction system increases.     

Effect of the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential on the transverse and elliptic flows

In the framework of the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model, the effect of the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential on nuclear transverse and elliptic flows in the neutron-rich reaction ¹³²Sn+¹²⁴Sn at a beam energy of 400MeV/nucleon is studied. We find that the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential affects the rapidity distribution of the free neutron to proton ratio, the neutron and the proton transverse flows as a function of rapidity. The momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential affects the neutron-proton differential transverse flow more evidently than the difference of neutron and proton transverse flows as well as the difference of proton and neutron elliptic flows. It is thus better to probe the symmetry energy by using the difference of neutron and proton flows since the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential is still an open question. And it is better to probe the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential by using the neutron-proton differential transverse flow the rapidity distribution of the free neutron to proton ratio.     

并合不变中子质子产额比值角分布各向异性与对称能关系的研究

采用ImQMD05模型分析了非对称反应体系40Ar+197Au,124Sn在中低能区（E_beam=35~100 MeV/u）的半擦边反应的条件下的反应机制,并进一步探索了不同模型参数,如对称能斜率、碰撞参数等,对轻粒子并合不变中子质子产额之比角分布各向异性的影响。通过研究发现:对于出射动能大于每核子10 MeV的动力学出射的轻粒子而言,其并合不变的中子质子产额比值角分布各向异性与对称能的软硬具有明显的关联;碰撞参数对轻粒子动力学发射各向异性的影响最弱。By using the ImQMD05 code,we simulate the 40Ar+197Au,+124Sn at beam energy of 35,50 and 100 MeV/u and semi-peripheral collisions.The reaction mechanism,symmetry potential and Coulomb potential competition around the overlapped neck region and impact parameters effects are investigated for understanding the angular distribution of isospin contents of dynamical emitted light particles.Our results show that the angular anisotropy of the coalescence invariant neutron to proton yield ratios is sensitive to the stiffness of symmetry energy,especially for the dynamical emitted light particles with E_k>10 MeV.     

Isospin effects of projectile fragmentation in a Boltzmann-Langevin approach

The iso spin effects of projectile fragmentation at intermediate energies are investigated using an iso spindependent Boltzmann-Langevin model.The collisions of mass-symmetric reactions including ~(58)Fe,~(58)Ni+~(58)Fe,and~(58)Ni at intermediate energies,in the 30 to 100 MeV/A range,are studied for different symmetry energies.Yield ratios of the isotopic,isobaric,and isotonic pairs of fragments from the intermediate-mass region using three symmetry energies are extracted as functions of the N/Z ratio of the composite systems in the entrance channel and the incident energies.It is found that the yield ratios are sensitive to symmetry energies,especially for neutron-rich systems,and the calculations using soft symmetry energy are closer to the experimental data.The iso spin effect is stronger for the soft symmetry energy,owing to the competition of the repulsive Coulomb force and the symmetry energy attractive force on the proton.For the first time,the splits are presented,revealing a transition from the iso spin equilibrium at lower energies to translucency at intermediate energies.The results show a degree of transparency in that intermediate mass fragments undergo a transition from dependence on the composite systems in the entrance channel to reliance on the projectile and target nuclei.