低温辐射计热结构设计与分析

低温辐射计利用低温超导下的电替代测量原理,将光辐射计量溯源到可以精确测量的电参数测量,是目前国际上光功率测量的最高基准.本文实验研究了低温辐射计的热路结构,系统分析了腔体组件与热链材料的热学特性对低温辐射计响应率和时间常数特性参数影响的机理.在此基础上,设计了由黑体腔、热链和支撑结构组成的热结构机械件,搭建了低温辐射计特性参数测试系统,并针对OHFC铜、6061铝、304不锈钢和聚酰亚胺四种不同热链材料测试了低温辐射计的时间常数和响应率,时间常数跨度为23—506 s,响应率跨度为35.5—714.8 K/W.结果表明,在腔体组件确定的情况下,通过调节热链的材料和结构,可以实现对低温辐射计特性参数的调控.实验结果对低温辐射计特性参数指标分配和指导下一代低温辐射计的研制具有一定参考价值.     

基于可调谐激光的光谱辐射照度响应度定标

探测器的光谱辐射照(亮)度响应度是辐射定标中最重要的参数之一。传统的光谱辐射定标采用宽谱段光源和单色仪装置测量,新建的激光辐射测量装置采用激光和探测器测量,可以大大降低测量的不确定度。该装置首先将可调谐激光耦合进入积分球生成均匀的朗伯体单色光源,然后采用低温辐射计量传的标准陷阱探测器和面积已知的光阑,进行400～900 nm探测器的光谱辐射照度响应度标定。研究主要集中在四个方面：(1) 低温辐射计仅在某些分立激光波长定标标准探测器,其他激光波长下的光谱响应度必须进行插值,通过对比光谱响应度直接测量方法推导的陷阱探测器量子吸收效率,可以计算插值在其他波长带来的光谱响应度偏差,结果表明400～900 nm数据插值算法的总体偏差小于0.074%;(2) 实验采用电荷积分法测量标准探测器和被测探测器的电荷信号,并采用监视探测器消除激光功率起伏以降低激光功率稳定性的影响,测量重复性优于0.1%;(3) 针对标准探测器在向低温辐射计溯源和进行光谱辐射照度响应度量传时的激光功率差异,采用激光双光路叠加法测量探测器不同波长下的非线性系数,分析标准探测器光谱非线性带来的测量不确定度,在450,632.8和850 nm波长下,当探测器电流从0.2 mA变到3 nA时的非线性修正小于1.000 25;(4) 针对标准探测器定标时的功率模式和量传时的辐射照度模式差异,采用二维电控位移平台测量探测器的均匀性并进行修正,测量得到的标准探测器中心直径5 mm的非均匀性小于0.03%。最终采用可调谐激光辐射照度响应度测量装置,可以实现400～900 nm辐射照度响应度测量不确定度0.14%～0.074%(k=1)。实验对比了激光辐照度响应度装置和标准灯-单色仪装置两种方法测量的探测器的光谱辐射照度响应度。测量结果表明两种装置在400～900 nm的响应度标定近似等价,测量偏差全部位于标准灯-单色仪装置的测量不确定度范围内, 验证了激光辐照度响应度测量装置的实用性。     

Realization of relative responsivity scale with the electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer

In UME, the relative spectral responsivity scale extending from 250 to 2500 nm was realized using electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer (ECPR). Its absolute spectral responsivity was determined against the electrical substitution cryogenic radiometer (ESCR) facility at 488.1, 514.6, 532.0, and 632.8 nm with an uncertainty of 1 part in 10⁴ (k=2). The relative spectral responsivity scale of ECPR was derived from the surface reflectance data and absolute spectral responsivity data for the mentioned spectral range. Optical characterization of its spatial non-uniformity (at 632.8 nm) and surface reflectance (over 250–2500 nm wavelength region) indicated that the gold-black absorber is spectrally flat within 0.1%. The total expanded uncertainty in the realization of the mentioned radiometric scale along with ECPR was estimated as 1.74%.     

太阳辐射计直射通道实验室定标方法研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准辐照度探测器作为传递标准,将可调谐激光导入积分球,通过功率稳定、退相干等措施,形成均匀、稳定、无偏的辐照度场。利用替代定标技术,对太阳辐射计CE318的870nm直射通道的三个偏振通道(P1、P2和P3)和无偏通道(UP)的绝对光谱辐照度响应度进行了光谱扫描定标,获得这四个通道的光谱辐照度响应度,并预测了大气层顶太阳辐照度的信号值。最后,对定标过程的不确定度进行评价,三个偏振通道和无偏通道的定标不确定度分别达到了1.83%、1.98%、1.73%和1.2%,与Langley定标法定标精度相当。     

低温辐射计紫外探测器光谱响应度测试技术研究北大核心CSCD

通过研制真空多光路切换组件,结合Y型真空比较通道、探测器真空舱,在保证超高真空环境的前提下,实现激光、紫外连续可调单色光以及真空紫外单色光3个光路的快速切换,从而以低温辐射计为基准,以紫外增强硅陷阱探测器为传递标准,实现波长115 nm~400 nm紫外探测器绝对光谱响应度的测量,实验验证绝对光谱响应度测量不确定度在115 nm~230 nm可达到0.8%~1.5%(k=2),在230 nm~400 nm可达到0.5%~1.0%(k=2)。     

硅陷阱探测器绝对光谱响应率校准实验研究

以Ar^＋Kr^＋激光器、He—Ne激光器和半导体泵浦激光器作为光源,利用激光稳功率装置以及闭环机械制冷型低温辐射计,校准了硅陷阱探测器的绝对光谱响应率。在硅探测器的光谱响应范围400-1100nm内,选择476．1nm、488nm、514．7nm、521nm、568nm、632．8nm、647．1nm、1064nm共8条谱线进行了实验研究。实验数据表明,绝对光谱响应率的测量不确定度为可见光波段优于0．02％,1064nm波长点优于0．03％。     

激光点阵扫描法绝对定标太阳辐射计直射通道研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准传递探测器作为激光束功率测量探测器,采用激光点阵扫描方法在太阳辐射计有效孔径光阑面形成均匀照度场,精确测量太阳辐射计870 nm无偏直射通道中心波长处绝对辐照度响应度。利用灯-单色仪系统扫描获得该通道相对光谱辐照度响应度,最终在实验室条件下获得该通道绝对光谱辐照度响应度,联合大气层外太阳照度谱数据通道内积分得到该通道大气层外响应常数V₀值,与NASA的GSFC中心的2009年定标结果差异仅为3.75%,定标不确定度达到2.06%,验证了这一新技术的原理可行性。     

硅陷阱探测器在350—1064 nm波段的绝对光谱响应度定标

介绍了利用钛宝石可调谐激光器、倍频器和单波长激光器作为光源,在24个波长分立点定标了三个硅陷阱探测器的绝对光谱响应度,解决了红外激光的精确定位与调整、窗口透过率模拟定标等关键技术.结果显示：在激光波长为412—800nm时,三个陷阱探测器定标的不确定度约低于0.05％;当激光波长大于800nm以及低于355nm时,获得的陷阱探测器的定标不确定度约低于0.065％.硅陷阱探测器可以作为空间各类遥感器在350—1064nm波段定标的传递标准探测器. 关键词： 陷阱探测器 低温辐射计 光谱响应度 辐射定标     

Development of filter radiometer based high accurate calibration facility for solar UV meters

A reference filter radiometer based measurement system was established in the laboratory to calibrate solar UV radiometers. Filter radiometer was constructed from three-element silicon photodiode based reflection type trap detector, band-pass filters and precision aperture in a temperature-controlled enclosure. Spectral responsivity of trap detector was determined as traceable to the cryogenic radiometer and electrically calibrated pyroelectric detector. Relative uncertainties in the filter radiometer's responsivities at six wavelengths between 291 nm and 434 nm were calculated. In order to engage this radiometer in various types of implementations, filter(s) having previously known spectral transmittance was used in the radiometer housing. Calibration of solar UV meters can be achived accurately by using the developed system.     

Characterization of silicon photodiode-based trap detectors and establishment of spectral responsivity scale

Spectral responsivity scale was established at National Metrology Institute of Turkey (UME) between 350 and 850 nm wavelength ranges. The scale is based on UME made reflection type trap detector consisting of three single element silicon photodiodes. Various measurements systems were established in order to make optical characterization of trap detectors like linearity, polarization sensivity, uniformity and spectral responsivity. The absolute responsivity linked to the absolute optical power was obtained using improved laser stabilization optics and electrical substitution cryogenic radiometer system at discrete laser wavelengths. Using physical models for the trap detectors, reflectance and internal quantum efficiency the scale was realized with an expanded uncertainty of 0.05%.     

Influence of the spectral power distribution of a LED on the illuminance responsivity of a photometer

The measurement accuracy in the photometric quantities measured through photometer head is determined by the value of the spectral mismatch correction factor (c(S_t,S_s)), which is defined as a function of spectral power distribution of light sources, besides illuminance responsivity of the photometer head used. This factor is more important when photometric quantities of the light-emitting diode (LED) style optical sources, which radiate within relatively narrow spectral bands as compared with that of other optical sources, are being measured. Variations of the illuminance responsivities of various V(λ)-adopted photometer heads are discussed. High-power-colored LEDs, manufactured by Lumileds Lighting Co., were used as light sources and their relative spectral power distributions (RSPDs) were measured using a spectrometer-based optical setup. Dependences of the c(S_t,S_s) factors of three types of photometer heads (f₁′=1.4%, f₁′=0.8% and f₁′=0.5%) with wavelength and influences of the factors on the illuminance responsivities of photometer heads are presented.     

成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标技术研究

为了实现成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标,以高稳定均匀光源为基础,结合单色仪、大口径平行光管和标准辐射计,建立了一套绝对辐射定标系统。在绝对辐射定标系统上采用替代法标准辐射计标定出被测成像光谱仪入瞳面上的光谱辐射照度,通过获得被测成像光谱仪各像元的输出信号,计算得到各像元的光谱辐射照度响应度,从而实现成像光谱仪可见到远红外波段范围内的绝对辐射定标。实验验证成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标的不确定度优于5%。     

强激光辐照下光电探测器响应性能的研究

 响应度R是反映探测器性能的一项重要指标,当探测器被强激光损伤后,光电探测器的响应度将发生改变。设计了一套实时测量探测器响应度的装置,用能量逐渐增加的Nd∶YAG激光辐照PIN光电探测器,获得了探测器响应度与入射强激光功率密度的变化关系。从实验数据可知,探测器被功率密度低于7.6×105W/cm2的激光辐照后不会发生损伤,探测器对532nm参考光的响应度不变;当激光的功率密度超过1.27×106W/cm2时,激光辐照后,探测器对532nm参考光的响应度开始下降,当探测器被功率密度为6.01×106W/cm2的激光辐照后,响应度迅速下降,PN结遭到破坏是探测器响应度下降的根本原因,扫描电镜的结果与我们的分析相一致。     

可见-近红外(488～944 nm)基于低温辐射计的高精度光辐射绝对定标研究

报道了可见-近红外波段(488～944nm)基于低温辐射计的光谱辐射功率定标和标准传递实验和研究,并对测量结果的各个不确定因素进行了测量和分析。首先低温辐射计采用电替代方法测量单个波长激光绝对光功率,测量不确定度低于0．016％。然后利用低温辐射计定标作为标准传递探测器的硅陷阱探测器,从而建立可见-近红外波段陷阱探测器的绝对光谱响应率标准,其不确定度小于0．028％。结果证明了在此波段以探测器为基础建立和传递高精度光辐射标准的合理性和可行性。     

大口径红外辐射计的光谱定标

介绍了大口径红外辐射计的光谱定标方法。研制了大口径红外辐射计。该辐射计主要由前置光学系统, 红外探测器(热释电探测器和碲镉汞探测器2～14 μm), 机械斩波器,锁相放大器,信号采集器等组成。首先对大口径红外辐射计的光谱定标方法进行了分析,然后建立红外辐射计光谱定标的测量装置,并分别测试腔体热释电探测器和HgCdTe探测器的响应非线性,最后用腔体热释电探测器在该测量装置上对HgCdTe探测器进行红外光谱响应度校准实验。通过两种相对光谱响应度测量方法的对比,给出多次测量结果的平均值及两种方法的对比分析。分析结果表明,测量系统的不确定度优于3.4%。     

Measurements of Atmospheric Water Vapor Above Mauna Kea Using an Infrared Radiometer

This paper presents the first results from a prototype infrared radiometer which has been developed to measure variations in atmospheric water vapor column abundance from high altitude sites. The performance of the infrared radiometer is compared and contrasted with that of a water vapor monitor operating at radio frequencies. Analysis shows that the infrared radiometer can measure variations at the level of 1 m precipitable water vapor (pwv) in an integration time of 1 s when the total column abundance is 0.5 mm pwv. Since variations in atmospheric water vapor are the dominant source of phase noise in (sub)millimeter astronomical interferometry, an instrument capable of rapid and high sensitivity water vapor measurements has the potential to provide the necessary phase correction information for interferometric arrays.     

双通道红外光谱辐射计的研制及标定

研制了一台双通道(1.40±0.02μm,4.50±0.03μm)光谱辐射亮度计(以下简称辐射计),并进行了光谱辐亮度定标[1]。该辐射计主要由前置光学系统、精密机械调制器、双路单元红外探测器、锁相放大器、A/D转换器和单片机等组成。在短波红外波段,由InGaAs探测器和积分球光源传递国家光谱辐照度标准灯的标准[15],对辐射计进行标定[7];在中波红外波段,用大面积标准黑体辐射源和腔型黑体辐射源,标定辐射计的光谱辐亮度。由数据统计分析,得出辐射计的光谱辐亮度响应度的不确定度[12,14]。     

星载极化相关型全极化微波辐射计天线交叉极化校正技术 (II) : 校正试验

创建了地球场景数据集, 结合全极化微波辐射传输模型, 仿真了地球场景亮温. 基于自主推导的全极化天线温度方程, 通过GRASP9软件生成天线方向图, 模拟了辐射计的天线温度. 进而利用多元线性回归方法, 求取了天线交叉极化校正M矩阵, 实现了对星载极化相关型全极化微波辐射计天线交叉极化的校正. 试验结果表明: 天线温度与地球场景亮温之间具有良好的线性关系; 天线交叉极化对全极化微波辐射计正交通道亮温影响明显, 尤其以对垂直极化亮温误差的影响最为显著; 校正后各通道的天线交叉极化得到了有效的减小, 交叉极化优于-23 dB, 极化纯度大于99.5%, 采用M矩阵校正及消除天线温度中交叉极化亮温影响的方案是切实可行的. 该校正技术可以实现星载极化相关型全极化微波辐射计在轨运行后对于天线交叉极化的最终校正. 关键词： 全极化微波辐射计 天线交叉极化 天线温度方程 M矩阵')" href="#">M矩阵     

基于低温辐射计的InGaAs陷阱探测器高精度光辐射定标研究

介绍了以InGaAs陷阱探测器作为传递探测器,基于低温辐射计的高精度光辐射定标和标准传递实验与研究。在红外(944-1589nm)三个波长初步给出了InGaAs陷阱探测器绝对光谱响应率定标结果。InGaAs陷阱探测器绝对光谱响应率的联合不确定最大为0.655%,最小为0.026%。     

红外探测器光谱响应度测试技术研究

光谱响应度是探测器的重要技术参数之一，随着红外探测技术的发展，精确测量红外探测器的光谱响应度变得越来越重要。首先对红外探测器光谱响应度的测试技术进行分析，然后建立红外探测器相对光谱响应度测量装置，并用腔体热释电探测器在该装置上进行红外探测器光谱响应度校准实验。通过对红外探测器相对光谱响应度进行重复测量，给出测量结果的平均值，最后对影响测量结果的不确定度进行分析。由于该装置的测量范围是1～20μm，因此还可以实现InSb探测器和HgCdTe探测器相对光谱响应度的测量。不确定度分析结果表明，InGaAs探测器光谱响应度的测量精度较高。