环三氢集团的研究

本文对脂环三氢集团的分子间相互作用作了研究。三聚甲醛的从头计算表明在3个直立氢所指方向有一正电势区,体现了三氢集团的集体效应。FTIR、PMR及溶解热的数据支持了计算结果。     

二氢吲哚类染料用于染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂的比较

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)对四种二氢吲哚染料进行研究, 从中筛选出相对优秀的染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂. 对前线分子轨道的计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的前线分子轨道结构非常有利于染料激发态向TiO2电极的电子注入. 对真空中的紫外和可见光吸收光谱的计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的吸收光谱与太阳辐射光谱匹配较好. 对染料分子的能级计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的能级结构比较适合于I-/I-3作电解液的TiO2纳米晶太阳能电池的光敏剂. 二氢吲哚染料最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO) 能级均比TiO2晶体导带边能级高, 能够保证激发态染料分子高效地向TiO2电极转移电子. 二氢吲哚染料最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)的能级比I-/I-3能级低, 保证了失去电子的染料分子能够顺利地从电解液中得到电子. 与实验数据比较, 得出在提高染料敏化太阳能电池转换效率方面, 对染料的关键要求是LUMO能级的位置. 染料分子的稳定性是染料敏化太阳能电池使用寿命的关键因素. 通过对化学键键长的比较表明, 二氢吲哚染料的分子稳定性基本相同. 对计算结果的分析表明, 二氢吲哚染料1(ID1)的LUMO能级最高, 分子稳定性最好, 在酒精溶液中的吸收光谱与太阳辐射光谱匹配很好, 在同类染料中是较好的染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂.     

氢分子电子基态的精密光谱

氢分子是宇宙中含量最高的中性分子,也是目前唯一的可以仅从量子电动力学和基本物理常数出发、而不需要任何有效参数就能够实现高精密计算的分子体系,其精密光谱在天文观测、检验基本物理规律方面具有重要的意义.本文回顾了氢分子电子基态精密谱的理论计算和实验研究工作,并给出了对氢同位素HD分子V=2-0谱带R(1)谱线频率的精密测定结果,其相对精度达5×10~(-10),是目前最精确的氢分子振转跃迁.通过与理论计算结果的对比,展望了氢分子精密光谱在测定质子-电子质量比等基本物理常数方面的前景.     

9-羟基苯并萘酮分子内氢传递过程的理论计算

借助MNDO、AM 1、HF/ 3 2 1G、HF/ 6 31G 量子化学理论计算方法 ,对 9 羟基苯并萘酮 (9 HPO)的分子内氢传递过程进行了理论探讨 ,并与X射线衍射的结构数据作了比较。发现 :1 .A构型的 9 HPO比B构型的更稳定 ,两个等同的A可以通过分子内氢传递相互转化 ,反应的过渡态就是B .2 .B是一种严格对称的平面构型 ,它的H电荷和偶极矩都较A增大 ,所以分子内氢传递速率在极性溶剂中将加快。3.共轭在 9 HPO分子内氢传递反应中起了重要的作用。 4.对于类似分子IHT的计算 ,先用半经验方法或小基组的从头计算方法优化结构 ,再用大基组的从头计算方法计算单点能可以得到较好的结果。     

C6H6Cl6正电性集团对其物理性质的影响

本文对C_6H_6Cl_6不同的三氢正电集团、独立双氢正电集团与溶媒的耦合适应性进行了研究,讨论了这些正电性集团对溶媒化程度的影响,并预测了一些物质的相对溶解度,阐述了C_6H_6Cl_6异构体间熔点差异的原因.     

氢卟啉和镁卟啉分子溶剂效应的理论研究

采用溶剂场极化连续模型在密度泛函B3LYP/6-31G (D)水平上研究了氢卟啉和镁卟啉分子在四氢呋喃(THF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)、氯仿(CHCl3)这四种不同极性的溶剂环境中的几何结构和分子轨道能级, 从而研究了溶剂效应引起的分子几何构型和轨道能级的变化. 然后采用上述溶剂环境下优化的几何结构在含时密度泛函水平上计算了它们的激发能、吸收波长、跃迁组成和振荡强度. 理论计算结果表明, 对比真空条件下的氢卟啉和镁卟啉分子的几何结构, 溶剂场中两种卟啉分子的几何结构都发生了微弱的变化, 这种变化随溶剂介电常数的增大而有所增强. 计算结果表明溶剂环境中氢卟啉和镁卟啉分子的电子吸收光谱发生了普遍的红移, 结合分子轨道理论对这种变化给出了可能的解释. 在此基础上, 对这种包含溶剂效应的理论分析方法用于检验卟啉类化合物作为染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂的可行性作了进一步的探讨.     

甲醇在催化剂MgO（100）面上吸附的量子化学研究

本文用ＣＮＤＯ／２半经验最子化学计算方法对ＣＨ３ＯＨ分子在（ＭｇＯ）４（１００）面上的２８种可能的吸附态进行了优化计算，得到以ＣＨ３ＯＨ分子中－ＣＨ３取向吸附在（ＭｇＯ）４（１００）面的Ｏ＾－原子上，且为重叠式构型最稳态。此构型中由于－ＣＨ３上的三个氢原子形成结构适应的三氢正电集团与氧的静电作用的结果。从吸附态的能量及Ｍｕｌｌｉｋｅｎ集居数上分析得甲醇在ＭｇＯ催化剂上有利于形成ＣＨ４和ＣＯ，这一结     

B12Sc4和B12Ti4团簇的储氢性质

提出了两个稳定的团簇B12Sc4和B12Ti4,基于理论计算,研究了它们的结构与储氢性质.结果发现,在这两个稳定的团簇中,过渡金属原子不会聚合在一起而影响它们对氢气的吸附. B12Sc4最多可以吸附12个氢分子,达到7.25%(质量分数)的储氢量,它的平均每氢分子吸附能量为-10.5 kJ·mol-1. B12Ti4最多只能吸附8个氢分子,储氢量为4.78%,但其平均每氢分子吸附能量可达-50.2 kJ·mol-1.进一步计算表明,即使在77 K,也需要很高的氢气压力才能使12个氢分子都吸附到B12Sc4上.电子结构分析表明, B12Ti4-nH2吸附结构中的Kubas作用要大于相应B12Sc4-nH2结构中的Kubas作用     

第一性原理研究镍改性ZSM-12分子筛的酸性

分子筛被用作工业催化剂时常需要过渡金属改性,镍是制备加氢/脱氢催化剂常用的过渡金属,本研究采用密度泛函理论研究镍改性的ZSM-12分子筛的结构和酸性。结果表明,分子筛的B酸质子可以被镍原子还原成氢分子,而Ni_2的团簇不能将B酸质子还原生成氢气分子。镍原子在分子筛内会被氧化,并形成Lewis酸性位,这会导致分子筛骨架铝的Lewis酸性变弱,镍改性后,分子筛吸附氢气的能力变强,被吸附的氢分子解离为氢原子,并带负电荷,不再具有B酸的功能。从计算的氨分子的吸附能来判断,由于吸附的氢会从镍原子得到电子,吸附的氢分子会增强镍原子的Lewis酸性。     

几种常见氢迁移反应的理论新见解

氢迁移反应是常见的有机反应,氢迁移反应历程有不同的类型。通常认为大部分氢迁移反应发生在分子内。我们对几种典型氢迁移反应的研究结果发现,这些反应的分子间氢迁移明显比分子内氢迁移在能量上更占优势。     

Ab initio molecular orbital study of the reactivity of active alkyl groups. V. Nitrosation mechanism of acetone with syn-form of methyl nitrite

The mechanisms of nitrosation of acetone through sodium enolate [CH3CO1CH2]-Na+ (1) or naked enolate [CH3CO1CH2]- (2) with methyl nitrite CH3O3NO2 (3), and the reactivity of the syn-form of 3 (syn-3) during the C-N bond formation process were investigated using ab initio molecular orbital (MO) methods. Our results have demonstrated the predominant formation of E-1-hydroxyimino-2-oxo-propane CH3COCH=NOH (4E) when the complex [CH3CO1CH2NO2(O3CH3)]-Na+ was produced kinetically via a metal-chelated pericyclic transition state (TS(CHELATED)), in which the O3 atom of syn-3 was coordinated to the Na+ atom of 1.     

Collision-energy-resolved penning ionization electron spectroscopy of HCOOH, CH3COOH, and HCOOCH3 by collision with He*(2(3)S) metastable atoms

Penning ionization of formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and methyl formate (HCOOCH3) upon collision with metastable He*(2(3)S) atoms was studied by collision-energy/electron-energy-resolved two-dimensional Penning ionization electron spectroscopy (2D-PIES). Anisotropy of interaction between the target molecule and He*(2(3)S) was investigated based on the collision energy dependence of partial ionization cross sections (CEDPICS) obtained from 2D-PIES as well as ab initio molecular orbital calculations for the access of a metastable atom to the target molecule. For the interaction potential calculations, a Li atom was used in place of He*(2(3)S) metastable atom because of its well-known similarity in interaction with targets. The results indicate that in the studied collision energy range the attractive potential localizes around the oxygen atoms and that the potential well at the carbonyl oxygen atom is at least twice as much as that at the hydroxyl oxygen. Moreover we can notice that attractive potential is highly anisotropic. Repulsive interactions can be found around carbon atoms and the methyl group.     

Regulating function of methyl group in strength of CH...O hydrogen bond: a high-level ab initio study

An ab initio computational study of the regulating function of the methyl group in the strength of the CH...O hydrogen bond (HB) with XCC-H (X = H, CH3, F) as a HB donor and HOY (Y = H, CH3, Cl) as a HB acceptor has been carried out at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ and MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ levels. The bond lengths, interaction energies, and stretching frequencies are compared in the gas phase. The results indicate that the methyl substitution of the proton acceptor strengthens the CH...O HB, whereas that of the proton donor weakens the CH...O HB. NBO analysis demonstrates that the methyl group of the proton acceptor is electron-withdrawing and that of the proton donor is electron-donating in the formation of the CH...O HB. The electron-donation of the methyl group in the proton acceptor plays a positive contribution to the formation of the CH...O HB, whereas the electron-withdrawing action of the methyl group in the proton donor plays a negative contribution to the formation of the CH...O HB. The positive contribution of methyl group in the proton acceptor is larger than the negative contribution of methyl group in the proton donor.     

CH3--MoF], [CH2=MoHF], and [CH[triple bond]MoH2F] formed by reaction of laser-ablated molybdenum atoms with methyl fluoride: persistent photoreversible interconversion through alpha-hydrogen migration and agostic interaction

Simple molybdenum methyl, carbene, and carbyne complexes, [CH3--MoF], [CH2=MoHF], and [CH[triple chemical bond]MoH(2)F], were formed by the reaction of laser-ablated molybdenum atoms with methyl fluoride and isolated in an argon matrix. These molecules provide a persistent photoreversible system through alpha-hydrogen migration between the carbon and metal atoms: The methyl and carbene complexes are produced by applying UV irradiation (240-380 nm) while the carbyne complex is depleted, and the process reverses on irradiation with visible light (lambda>420 nm). An absorption at 589.3 cm(-1) is attributed to the Mo--F stretching mode of [CH3--MoF], which is in fact the most stable of the plausible products. Density functional theory calculations show that one of the alpha-hydrogen atoms of the carbene complex is considerably bent toward the metal atom (angle-spherical HCMo=84.5 degrees ), which provides evidence of a strong agostic interaction in the triplet ground state. The calculated C[triple chemical bond]Mo bond length in the carbyne is in the range of triple-bond values in methylidyne complexes.     

Theoretical investigations on heteronuclear chalcogen-chalcogen interactions: on the nature of weak bonds between chalcogen centers

To understand the intermolecular interactions between chalcogen centers (O, S, Se, Te), quantum chemical calculations on model systems were carried out. These model systems were pairs of monomers of the composition (CH3)2X1 (X1 = O, S, Se, Te) as the donors and CH3X2Z (with X2 = O, S, Se, Te and Z = Me, CN) as the acceptors. The variation of X1, X2, and Z leads to 32 pairs with 8 homonuclear cases (X1 = X2 = O, S, Se, Te) and 24 heteronuclear cases (X1 not equal X2). The MP2/SDB-cc-pVTZ, 6-311G* level of theory was used to derive the geometrical parameters and the interaction energies of the model systems. The pairs with Z = CN (17-32) show a considerably higher interaction energy than the pairs with CH3 groups only (1-16). Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis revealed that the interaction of the dimers 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 21, 25, and 29 is mainly due to weak hydrogen bonding between methyl groups and chalcogen centers. These systems all contain hard chalcogen atoms as acceptors. For all other systems, the chalcogen-chalcogen interaction dominates. The one-electron picture of an interaction between the lone pair of the donor chalcogen atom and the chalcogen-carbon antibonding sigma* orbital serves as a model to qualitatively rationalize trends found in many of these systems. However, it has to be applied with some amount of skepticism. A detailed analysis based on symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) reveals that induction and dispersion forces dominate and contribute to the bonding in each case. Hydrogen-bonded compounds involve bonding electrostatic contributions. Compounds dominated by chalcogen-chalcogen interactions exhibit bonding due to electrostatic interactions only if one of the chalcogen atoms involved is sulfur or oxygen.     

Coordination structures of lithium-methylamine clusters from infrared spectroscopy and ab initio calculations

Spectra of clusters formed between lithium atoms and methylamine molecules are reported for the first time. Mass-selective infrared spectra of Li(NH(2)CH(3))(n) have been recorded in both the N-H and C-H stretching fundamental regions. The infrared spectra are broadly in agreement with ab initio predictions, showing redshifted N-H stretching bands relative to free methylamine and a strong enhancement of the N-H stretching fundamentals relative to the C-H stretching fundamentals. The ab initio calculations suggest that, for n=3, the methylamine molecules bunch together on one side of the lithium atom to minimize repulsive interactions with the unpaired electron density. The addition of a fourth methylamine molecule results in closure of the inner solvation shell and, thus, Li(NH(2)CH(3))(5) is forced to adopt a two-shell coordination structure. This is consistent with neutron diffraction studies of concentrated lithium/methylamine solutions, which also suggest that the first solvation shell around the lithium atom can contain a maximum of four methylamine molecules.     

Atmospheric chemistry of two biodiesel model compounds: methyl propionate and ethyl acetate

The atmospheric chemistry of two C(4)H(8)O(2) isomers (methyl propionate and ethyl acetate) was investigated. With relative rate techniques in 980 mbar of air at 293 K the following rate constants were determined: k(C(2)H(5)C(O)OCH(3) + Cl) = (1.57 ± 0.23) × 10(-11), k(C(2)H(5)C(O)OCH(3) + OH) = (9.25 ± 1.27) × 10(-13), k(CH(3)C(O)OC(2)H(5) + Cl) = (1.76 ± 0.22) × 10(-11), and k(CH(3)C(O)OC(2)H(5) + OH) = (1.54 ± 0.22) × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The chlorine atom initiated oxidation of methyl propionate in 930 mbar of N(2)/O(2) diluent (with, and without, NO(x)) gave methyl pyruvate, propionic acid, acetaldehyde, formic acid, and formaldehyde as products. In experiments conducted in N(2) diluent the formation of CH(3)CHClC(O)OCH(3) and CH(3)CCl(2)C(O)OCH(3) was observed. From the observed product yields we conclude that the branching ratios for reaction of chlorine atoms with the CH(3)-, -CH(2)-, and -OCH(3) groups are <49 ± 9%, 42 ± 7%, and >9 ± 2%, respectively. The chlorine atom initiated oxidation of ethyl acetate in N(2)/O(2) diluent gave acetic acid, acetic acid anhydride, acetic formic anhydride, formaldehyde, and, in the presence of NO(x), PAN. From the yield of these products we conclude that at least 41 ± 6% of the reaction of chlorine atoms with ethyl acetate occurs at the -CH(2)- group. The rate constants and branching ratios for reactions of OH radicals with methyl propionate and ethyl acetate were investigated theoretically using transition state theory. The stationary points along the oxidation pathways were optimized at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//BHandHLYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The reaction of OH radicals with ethyl acetate was computed to occur essentially exclusively (～99%) at the -CH(2)- group. In contrast, both methyl groups and the -CH(2)- group contribute appreciably in the reaction of OH with methyl propionate. Decomposition via the α-ester rearrangement (to give C(2)H(5)C(O)OH and a HCO radical) and reaction with O(2) (to give CH(3)CH(2)C(O)OC(O)H) are competing atmospheric fates of the alkoxy radical CH(3)CH(2)C(O)OCH(2)O. Chemical activation of CH(3)CH(2)C(O)OCH(2)O radicals formed in the reaction of the corresponding peroxy radical with NO favors the α-ester rearrangement.     

Isolation and identification of surface-bound acetone enolate on Ni(111)

A surface-bound acetone enolate species has been synthesized on Ni(111) between 260 and 340 K by two different routes catalyzed by surface Ni and O atoms: deprotonation of acetone and deacetylation of acetylacetone. The reaction pathways and surface species have been identified using reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) in combination with isotopic substitution and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Acetone enolate exhibits characteristic vibrational absorption bands at 1260, 1353, and 1545 cm-1 arising from mixed modes that involve CC stretching, CH3 bending, and CO stretching. This work conclusively proves the existence of stable acetone enolate species on a metal single-crystal surface and provides its first detailed characterization.     

Vibrational spectroscopy of mass-selected [UO2(ligand)n]2+ complexes in the gas phase: comparison with theory

The gas-phase infrared spectra of discrete uranyl ([UO2]2+) complexes ligated with acetone and/or acetonitrile were used to evaluate systematic trends of ligation on the position of the O=U=O stretch and to enable rigorous comparison with the results of computational studies. Ionic uranyl complexes isolated in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer were fragmented via infrared multiphoton dissociation using a free electron laser scanned over the mid-IR wavelengths. The asymmetric O=U=O stretching frequency was measured at 1017 cm(-1) for [UO2(CH3COCH3)2]2+ and was systematically red shifted to 1000 and 988 cm(-1) by the addition of a third and fourth acetone ligand, respectively, which was consistent with increased donation of electron density to the uranium center in complexes with higher coordination number. The values generated computationally using LDA, B3LYP, and ZORA-PW91 were in good agreement with experimental measurements. In contrast to the uranyl frequency shifts, the carbonyl frequencies of the acetone ligands were progressively blue shifted as the number of ligands increased from two to four and approached that of free acetone. This observation was consistent with the formation of weaker noncovalent bonds between uranium and the carbonyl oxygen as the extent of ligation increases. Similar trends were observed for [UO2(CH3CN)n]2+ complexes, although the uranyl asymmetric stretching frequencies were greater than those measured for acetone complexes having equivalent coordination, which is consistent with the fact that acetonitrile is a weaker nucleophile than is acetone. This conclusion was confirmed by the uranyl stretching frequencies measured for mixed acetone/acetonitrile complexes, which showed that substitution of one acetone for one acetonitrile produced a modest red shift of 3-6 cm(-1).