A dispersive solid‐phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of T‐2 toxin, penicillic acid, fumonisins B1, B2, and B3, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in chestnut samples. The method was used to analyze 136 samples obtained from Shandong province in China. The mycotoxins were extracted using a dispersive solid‐phase extraction method and cleaned using an improved quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe approach. The mycotoxins were then detected using a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.02 to 1 and 0.1 to 2 μg/kg, respectively. The recovery rates ranged from 74.2 to 109.5%, with relative standard deviations below 15%. A total of 71 samples were contaminated with seven mycotoxins at concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 105.5 μg/kg, with a number of samples exceeding the maximum limits set in the European regulations for mycotoxins in unprocessed chestnuts. 相似文献
Fumonisins B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) are the main members of a family of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum, and other fungi species of the section Liseola. The present work shows the results of comparative studies using two different procedures for the analysis of fumonisins
in maize and maize-based samples. The studied analytical methods involve extraction with methanol/water, dilution with PBS,
and clean-up through immunoaffinity columns. Two reagents (o-phthaldialdehyde and naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde) were studied for formation of fluorescent derivatives. The separation
and identification were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The optimized method
for analysis of fumonisins in maize involved extraction with methanol/water (80:20), clean-up with an immunoaffinity column,
and derivatization with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA). The limit of detection was 20 μg kg−1 for FB1 and 15 μg kg−1 for FB2. Recoveries of FB1 and FB2 ranged from 79% to 99.6% for maize fortified at 150 μg kg−1 and 200 μg kg−1, respectively, with within-day RSDs of 3.0 and 2.7%. The proposed method was applied to 31 samples, and the presence of fumonisins
was found in 14 samples at concentrations ranging from 113 to 2,026 μg kg−1. The estimated daily intake of fumonisins was 0.14 μg kg−1 body weight per day. 相似文献
A sequential voltammetric procedure for the determination of uranium, cadmium and lead was investigated at an ex situ bismuth film electrode (BiFE). First, the adsorptive stripping voltammetry was applied to assay the U(VI)‐cupferron complex in the differential pulse mode (detection limit of 1.0 µg L?1, 200 s accumulation time). Through the manipulation of the same aliquot of the sample, efforts were made to quantify cadmium and lead by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Detection limits of 2.03 µg L?1 for Cd (II) and 2.43 µg L?1 for Pb (II) were calculated (100 s accumulation time). The methodology was successfully applied to phosphate fertilizer samples after open vessel wet decomposition (HNO3/H2O2). The following value ranges were evaluated: U (VI) 37.2–150 mg kg?1, Pb (II) 78.3–204 mg kg?1 and Cd (II) 44.1–71.6 mg kg?1. Validation was performed by using the standard reference materials SRM‐695 – phosphate fertilizer – and SRM‐1643e – water. 相似文献
A simple and sensitive method has been developed and validated for the determination of abamectin B1a (ABA B1a), emamectin B1a (EMA B1a) benzoate and ivermectin H2B1a (IVM H2B1a) in soils. The avermectins (AVMs) residues were extracted from soils with acetonitrile/water (9?:?1, v/v) and then were purified on C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. After being derivatised by N-methylimidazole (N-MIM) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), the residues of three AVMs were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The method was validated in terms of system suitability, linearity, selectivity, precision, recovery, specificity and stability. There was a good linear relationship (R2?>?0.99) for three AVMs ranged from 0.01 to 5?µg?mL?1. The LOD and LOQs of ABA B1a, EMA B1a benzoate and IVM H2B1a for standard solutions were 1.1–1.7 and 3.6–5.7?µg?L?1 respectively. The accuracy of AVMs in soils was from 83.7 to 115.5% with precision less than or equal to 12.4%. Using the developed method, 9 soil samples with 9.3–12806.3?µg?kg?1 of AVMs residues had been detected. 相似文献
A sensitive, rapid and easy analytical method was validated for the determination of quinoid niclosamide (LDS) molluscicide in water, rice and soil using a QuEChERS extraction procedure and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) detection. The LDS was extracted by using acetonitrile and then cleaned up by using dispersive solid-phase extraction with florisil and C18 sorbents. The determination of the target compound was achieved in less than 3 min using an electrospray ionisation source in negative mode. The overall average recoveries for this method in water, rice and soil matrix at three fortified levels ranged from 82.54 to 99.9%, with relative standard deviations in the range of 1.51 to 4.86% (n = 5). The calculated limits of detection were lower than 0.1 µg kg?1 and quantification was 5 µg kg?1; these values were much lower than the maximum residue levels established by the Australian standard (0.01 mg kg?1). The results of the method validation confirmed that this proposed method is convenient and reliable for the determination of LDS molluscicide in water, rice and soil samples. 相似文献
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), methylmercury (MeHg+) and butyltins (mono-, di- and tri-butyltin, MBT, DBT and TBT) were monitored in oysters (Crassostrea sp.) and sediments collected in different sampling points of the UNESCO reserve of the biosphere of Urdaibai (Bay of Biscay) from March 2006 to June 2007. In the case of oyster samples, concentrations in the 290–1814 µg kg?1 (PAHs), 70–475 µg kg?1 (PCBs), 75–644 µg kg?1 (MeHg+) and 200–1300 µg kg?1 (as a sum of the three butyltins) ranges were obtained. In most samples TBT was the most abundant butyltin, followed by DBT and MBT. It should be highlighted that most samples exceeded the highest range (367 µg kg?1) found in the last mussel watch programme carried out by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for butyltins in oyster samples. This could be due to the presence of a shipyard in the estuary. Sediment concentrations ranged as follows: total PAHs (856–3495 µg kg?1) and total PCBs (58–220 µg kg?1). Organometallic species were always below the limits of detection (LODs) (0.24 µg kg?1 for MeHg+, 0.6 µg kg?1 for MBT, 0.48 µg kg?1 for DBT and 1.1 µg kg?1 for TBT). In both sediment and oyster PAH sources were mostly combustion. In the case of PCBs, 4-6 chlorine-atom congeners were the most abundant ones. Slight differences in the profile of PAHs as well as PCBs can be detected when the matrices were compared with each other. Finally, in the case of PAHs, sediment and water column played the main role in the accumulation pathway into the organisms in all the sampling stations. 相似文献
A simple, reliable, and highly sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 in Fructus Bruceae was developed using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to online postcolumn photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection. Aflatoxins were first extracted by a methanol/water mixture and then cleaned up with an AflaTest? immunoaffinity column. Different clean‐up and derivatization methods were compared and optimized. The established method was extensively validated to show satisfactory performance of linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9997), recovery (74.3–100.8%), and precision (RSDs ≤ 2.8%) for the investigated aflatoxins. This proposed method was also applied to 11 F. Bruceae samples and the results showed that 10 out of 11 were contaminated with aflatoxins ranging from 0.26 to 27.52 μg/kg and the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, the most toxic one, was as high as 91% in all the samples, highlighting the severe contamination and the necessity to set legal limits for aflatoxins in F. Bruceae. 相似文献
A sensitive and rapid magnetic nanoparticle-based fluorescent immunoassay for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk was developed. Aflatoxin M1 was converted to aflatoxin M1-o-carboxymethyl oxime. The aflatoxin M1-oxime was used for the preparation of aflatoxin M1-oxime-fluoresceinamine conjugate through the carbodiimide reaction. The aflatoxin M1-oxime-fluoresceinamine conjugate was characterized by ultraviolet–visible and infrared spectroscopy. Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were synthesized and modified by 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. The size of initial (139?nm) and functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (147?nm) was determined by particle analysis. The optimal mass of immobilized antibody (25?µg) and optimal concentration of aflatoxin M1-oxime-fluoresceinamine conjugate (15?µg?mL?1) for magnetic nanoparticle-based fluorescent immunoassay were determined. The developed immunoassay provided a linear aflatoxin M1 concentration range from 3.0 to 100?pg?mL?1 in bovine milk. The detection limit was 2.9?pg?mL?1. The results of aflatoxin M1 magnetic nanoparticle-based fluorescent immunoassay in heat-treated milk and phosphate-buffered saline at pH 6.6 were compared. The influence of the somatic cell count, pH, and fat concentration in bovine milk on the aflatoxin M1 immunoassay was investigated. The influence of the milk species on the immunoassay was also characterized. The high fat concentration ovine milk depressed the sensitivity of the aflatoxin M1 immunoassay. 相似文献
An analytical method for the determination of both sulfadiazine (SDZ) and trimethoprim (TMP), and also N4-acetyl-sulfadiazine (AcSDZ), the main metabolite of SDZ, in fish muscle plus skin has been developed and validated. Dapsone was used as internal standard. The method involves extraction of the analytes from fish tissue by pressurized liquid extraction using water as extractant. Sample cleanup was carried out by solid phase extraction using Abselut Nexus cartridges. Target analytes were quantitatively determined by liquid–chromatography mass spectrometry using single ion monitoring. The developed method was validated according to the European Union requirements (decision 2002/657/EC). The limit of detection for SDZ and AcSDZ was 3.0 and 2.5 µg kg?1 for TMP. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 10 µg kg?1 for SDZ and AcSDZ and 7.5 µg kg?1 for TMP. The recovery experiments carried out included the concentration levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 times the MRLs for SDZ and TMP. Concentration levels for AcSDZ were the same as SDZ. The values obtained were higher than 92.0% with coefficient of variation (CV, %) below 8.6%. The precision of the method, calculated as CV (%), ranged from 0.2 to 6.8% and from 0.8 to 8.9% for intra–day and inter–day analysis, respectively. Decision limit (CCα) was calculated as 104.3, 53.7 and 105.3 µg kg?1 for SDZ, TMP and AcSDZ, respectively. Detection capability (CCβ) was calculated as 110.0, 58.8 and 109.7 µg kg?1 for SDZ, TMP and AcSDZ, respectively. “Matrix effect” and “relative matrix effect” were also evaluated. The method was used for the analysis of fish samples purchased from local markets. 相似文献
Densities (ρ/103kg m?3), apparent molar volume (V2/10?6m3mol?1), and viscosities (η/0.1 kg m?1s?1) for 5.0 to 60.0 millimol kg?1 (m mol kg?1) 1,3,5 triazine (melamine) at interval of 5.0 m mol kg?1 were determined. The data were regressed and extrapolated to infinite dilution (m→0) and referred to as limiting apparent molal volume (V¯20) and intrinsic viscosity (B) and used to calculate free energy of activation (Δµ20*/KJ mol?1). Such functions illustrate feasibility of micromixing of melamine with paraffin wax emulsifier+4‐nonyl phenol ethoxylate, a nonionic surfactant in aqueous solution. The Δµ20* decides micromixing of melamine stabilized by poly(acrylic acid) of 4500 g mol?1 molecular weight, known as superabsorber for water. Paraffin wax emulsion was stabilized by a nonyl phenol ethoxylate and wax particles observed to adhere to melamine surface due to interactions between poly(acrylic acid) dispersant and ethoxylate group of surfactant, resulting in sedimentation of mixed particles. Thus V¯20, B, and Δµ20* values conclude to ‐NH2 group interactions for micromixing and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) elucidates microstructure and uniformity of micromixing. 相似文献
This paper describes a method for determination of 27 mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in maize silage. The method
focuses on analytes which are known to be produced by common maize and maize-silage contaminants. A simple pH-buffered sample
extraction was developed on the basis of a very fast and simple method for analysis of multiple pesticide residues in food
known as QuEChERS. The buffering effectively ensured a stable pH in samples of both well-ensiled maize (pH < 4) and of hot
spots with fungal infection (pH > 7). No further clean-up was performed before analysis using liquid chromatography–tandem
mass spectrometry. The method was successfully validated for determination of eight analytes qualitatively and 19 quantitatively.
Matrix-matched calibration standards were used giving recoveries ranging from 37% to 201% with the majority between 60% and
115%. Repeatability (5–27% RSDr) and intra-laboratory reproducibility (7–35% RSDIR) was determined. The limit of detection (LOD) for the quantitatively validated analytes ranged from 1 to 739 μg kg−1. Validation results for citrinin, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 were unsatisfying. The method was applied to 20 selected silage samples and alternariol monomethyl ether, andrastin A, alternariol,
citreoisocoumarin, deoxynivalenol, enniatin B, fumigaclavine A, gliotoxin, marcfortine A and B, mycophenolic acid, nivalenol,
roquefortine A and C and zearalenone were detected. 相似文献
Colloidal gold, quantum dots and polystyrene microspheres were used as labels in three kinds of lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) for the detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in cereal samples. The assays allow ZEN to be quantified within 20 min. The LODs are 10 μg·L?1 of ZEN for the colloidal gold-based ICA, and 1 μg·L?1 for both the quantum dot and polystyrene microsphere based ICAs. The respective data are 60 μg·kg?1, 6 μg·kg?1 and 6 μg·kg?1, respectively, for spiked samples and cereals. Only minor cross-sensitivity occurred between ZEN and fusarium toxins, and no cross-sensitivity if found for aflatoxin B1, T-2 mycotoxin, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1. LODs of the three assays are lower than the maximum limits of ZEN set by most standardization agencies.
Methods are described for the routine determination of traces of industrial chloro-n-paraffins having 13–30 carbon atoms and chlorine contents of 42–45% (frw/w), in environmental samples of water, sediments and biota. The procedures are based on thin-layer chromatography detection and measurement. All samples are cleaned up by liquid—solid adsorption chromatography and thin-layer chromatography but those rich in lipids require preliminary solvent extraction. The methods distinguish between chloro-n-paraffins based on long carbon chains (C20–C30) and those based on shorter chains (C13–C17). The methods cover the ranges 500 ng l?1 to 8 μg l?1 for water (i.e. from about the solubility limit upwards) and 50 μg kg?1 to 16 mg kg?1 for sediments and biota. The precision of the methods ranges from ± 50% relative at the lowest concentrations to ± 12% relative at the highest. Recoveries are about 90% for water, 80% for sediments and between 80 and 90% for biota according to sample type. 相似文献
We report on the design of a UO22+‐selective electrode based on the use of UO22+ imprinted polymer nanoparticles (IP‐NPs), and its application for the differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry determination of uranyl ions. A carbon paste electrode was modified with the IP‐NPs, and differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry was applied as the detection technique after open‐circuit sorption of UO22+ ions. The modified electrode responses to UO22+ was linear in the 0.1 µg L?1 to 10 µg L?1 and in the 0.01 mg L?1 to 10 mg L?1. The method detection limit of the sensor was 0.03 µg L?1. 相似文献
A fast analytical method for the simultaneous determination of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) in corn using a novel QuEChERS method and LC–MS–MS was developed and validated. Samples were extracted with methanol–water (3:1 v/v) by means of ultrasonic extraction. The extract was purified with a novel modified QuEChERS method. Firstly, FB1 and FB2 in the extract were retained with primary secondary amine (PSA). Then, FB1 and FB2 were released from PSA with 1.0 % formic acid in methanol. The final eluate was diluted with water, and analyzed by LC–MS–MS on a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column with 0.1 % formic acid in water/methanol as mobile phase with gradient elution. Mean recoveries of 83.5–102.4 % with CVs of 3.6–10.5 % were obtained at fortification levels of 2, 50 and 1,000 μg kg−1. The limit of quantification was 2.0 μg kg−1.