超高效液相色谱法快速测定陈皮及其提取物中4种黄酮类化合物的含量北大核心CSCD

陈皮为芸香科植物橘及其栽培变种的干燥成熟果皮[1],具有理气健脾、燥湿化痰等功效,在许多中药复方制剂中均有添加。陈皮的活性成分主要为黄酮类化合物,包括橙皮苷、芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷以及多甲氧基黄酮(如川陈皮素和红橘素等)[2-5]。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用测定黄芪黄酮苷酶解产物

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS)联用分析黄芪中的黄酮类化合物结果表明黄芪黄酮提取物主要包含毛蕊异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷、9, 10 -二甲氧基紫檀烷-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷以及2'-羟基-3',4'-二甲氧基异黄烷-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷等黄酮苷,黄芪黄酮提取物经过β-葡萄糖苷酶(1 IU/mL)粗酶液酶解后,HPLC-ESI-MS分析酶解生成产物主要为黄酮苷元毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素、3-羟基-9,10 -二甲氧基紫檀烷以及7, 2'-二羟基-3',4'-二甲氧基异黄烷.其中前两种主要的黄酮苷酶解率均达90%以上.酶解后所得产物对DPPH自由基清除率是酶解前的1.4倍.因此,通过β-葡萄糖苷酶水解可以有效地将黄芪黄酮转化为相应的黄酮苷元,大大提高黄芪黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性.     

2—杂环色酮的合成

近十年来国外对于黄酮类化合物的类似物——2-或3-杂环色酮的生理活性产生了极大兴趣,例如探索了具有抗癌活性的8-羧甲基黄酮的类似物2-(2-呋喃;2-噻吩)-8-羧甲基色酮的抗癌活性,以及发现了2-(3-吡啶)-6,8-二氯色酮具有驱虫作用。本文作为研究杂环色酮构效关系的一部分,首先合成了心血管药物立可定——7-乙氧羰甲氧基黄酮的类似     

液质联用分析葛根提取物及中药片剂中异黄酮类化合物

采用反相C18毛细管液相色谱柱,以乙腈(含0.1%(体积分数,下同)三氟乙酸)和水(含0.1%三氟乙酸)为流动相梯度洗脱,在26 min内分离了葛根异黄酮提取物以及愈风宁心片中的主要成分。采用毛细管液相色谱/四极杆飞行时间串联质谱仪对葛根提取物以及片剂中的几种主要异黄酮类化合物做了结构分析,发现葛根素是主成分(提取物中其平均质量分数是13.32%;片剂中每片含量19.28~24.34 mg)。对微量未知化合物,用它们的子离子谱图与已知化合物的谱图比较,推测其成分为3′-甲氧基葛根素和3′-甲氧基大豆苷。     

罗布麻叶黄酮类成分酶解前后的液相色谱-质谱分析及活性比较

采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESIMS)联用技术,对罗布麻叶中的黄酮类化合物及酶解产物进行了系统的研究。结果表明,罗布麻叶所含黄酮成分极性较大,包含白麻苷、芦丁、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷、异槲皮素、扁蓄苷和乙酰化金丝桃苷。罗布麻叶黄酮类成分经过β-葡萄糖苷酶和α-鼠李糖苷酶混合酶液酶解后发生水解,水解产物包括金丝桃苷、异槲皮素、乙酰化金丝桃苷、三叶豆苷、紫云英苷、槲皮素和山萘酚。将酶解前后各化合物的高效液相色谱峰面积进行比对,证明白麻苷、山萘酚-3-O-芸香糖苷和扁蓄苷为酶解前罗布麻叶主要成分,金丝桃苷、异槲皮素、扁蓄苷、槲皮素和山萘酚为酶解后的主要成分。细胞实验结果表明,酶解后3个剂量组的细胞相对增殖率较酶解前分别提升了14.61%、22.48%和20.22%。因此,通过β-葡萄糖苷酶和α-鼠李糖苷酶混合酶液酶解可以有效地将罗布麻叶黄酮苷转化为对应的黄酮苷元及疏水性的黄酮苷,大大提高了罗布麻叶黄酮提取物的抗抑郁活性。     

羟丙基-β-环糊精富集提取射干中异黄酮

利用羟丙基-β-环糊精（HP-β-CD）水溶液对中药射干（Belamcanda chinensis）中功能性成分异黄酮类物质富集提取。 考察了时间、温度等对提取效果的影响,确定了优化的工艺条件;结合紫外光谱、高效液相色谱和液相色谱-质谱联用等检测手段,测定提取源总异黄酮含量及黄酮种类。 在此条件下,对异黄酮类物质的提取总量较纯水浸取提高1倍,鸢尾苷提取量可提高2倍。     

低温冷冻液液萃取/GC-MS结合保留指数分析香蕉中的挥发性成分

建立了低温冷冻液液萃取(LTF-LLE)/GC-MS结合保留指数对香蕉果肉及果皮中挥发性成分进行分析的方法,采用低温冷冻液液萃取对香蕉样品中的挥发性成分进行提取。分别鉴定出香蕉果肉及果皮中含有39种和32种挥发性成分,其主要成分为酯类物质。果肉果皮所含的挥发性成分在种类及相对含量上有一定差异,果肉中含量较高的组分为丙酸乙酯(11.88%)、乙酸异戊酯(9.45%)、棕榈酸(8.71%)、丁酸异戊酯(7.79%)、乙酸仲戊酯(5.29%),果皮中含量较高的组分为丁酸异戊酯(22.85%)、棕榈酸(15.91%)、硬脂酸(6.86%)、4-烯丙基-2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(6.83%)、亚麻酸(6.34%),果肉果皮所共有的成分有异戊醇、乙酸异丁酯、丁酸、异戊酸、乙酸仲戊酯等19种物质。     

UPLC-Q Exactive Plus-MS分析高粱壳化学成分及黄嘌呤氧化酶体外抑制活性筛选

采用高效液相色谱串联四极杆静电场轨道阱质谱对高粱壳中的化学成分进行分析鉴定，并通过高效液相色谱法筛选抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性成分。该实验使用Hypersil GOLD C₁₈色谱柱(2.1 nm×30 nm,3μm)，以0.1%甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B)进行梯度洗脱，流速1.0 m L/min，进样量10μL。质谱分析采用ESI离子源，在正离子模式下采集数据，利用Xcalibur 4.1软件结合数据库对所得数据进行分析，共鉴定出27种化学成分。对刺槐素、葛根素、芹菜素、根皮苷、异鼠李素和3,3’,4’,7-四羟基黄酮6种化学成分进行活性筛选，发现芹菜素和3,3’,4’,7-四羟基黄酮对黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)表现出较强的抑制活性，IC₅₀分别为18.11和34.59μmol/L。     

在线亲和固相萃取-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-四极杆飞行时间质谱快速筛选中药中α-葡萄糖苷酶结合成分

中药活性成分的快速分离分析一直是中药研究的重点和热点问题。该文建立了在线亲和固相萃取-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术快速筛选中药中与α-葡萄糖苷酶有结合作用的活性成分的方法。四通阀和六通进样阀组成接口界面,收集亲和固相萃取柱中与α-葡萄糖苷酶有结合作用的活性成分,接着进入液相色谱系统进行分析鉴定。阳性对照品((+)-儿茶素)和阴性对照品(水杨酸)混合物筛选确定了方法的特异性和准确性。接着,以玉竹为研究对象,筛选出9种主要的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性化合物,包括5种苯乙基肉桂酰胺类化合物,4种双氢高异黄酮类化合物。结果表明建立的方法简便、快速、特异性强,可用于任何复杂体系中α-葡萄糖苷酶结合活性成分的筛选。     

罗布白麻与罗布红麻的液相色谱-质谱联用分析

建立了罗布白麻叶和罗布红麻叶的高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用的分析方法,分析比较了二者的16种成分.在罗布麻叶中首次发现了槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸、槲皮素-3-O-呋喃型阿拉伯糖苷、Ⅰ3-Ⅱ8-双芹菜苷元、穗花衫双黄酮、贯叶金丝桃素和加贯叶金丝桃素.研究表明罗布红麻叶和罗布白麻叶的主要成分在种类和含量上均有较大的差别,前者中槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸、金丝桃苷、槲皮素-3-O-呋喃型阿拉伯糖苷、乙酰化异槲皮素、乙酰化金丝桃苷、紫云英苷、山奈酚-3-O-半乳糖苷、槲皮素、山奈酚和贯叶金丝桃素的含量高于后者,而白麻苷含量低于后者.芦丁和加贯叶金丝桃素是罗布白麻的特征性成分,而Ⅰ3-Ⅱ8-双芹菜苷元和穗花衫双黄酮是罗布红麻的特征性成分,根据此特点可以区分二者.     

Determination of polymethoxylated flavones in peels of selected Jamaican and Mexican citrus (Citrus spp.) cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography

The concentrations of the polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) in peels of selected citrus cultivars grown in Jamaica and Mexico were determined. The PMFs were extracted from sun-dried citrus peels with reagent-grade methanol. Analyses were carried out by reverse-phase HPLC and UV detection. The column used was a C(18) 5 microm (150 x 4.6 mm) Discovery column. Elution was in the gradient mode, using a ternary mobile phase. The results showed that all the citrus cultivars used contained at least three of the six major PMFs quantified. Ortanique peel contained the highest quantity of PMFs (34,393 +/- 272 ppm), followed by tangerine (28,389 +/- 343 ppm) and Mexican sweet orange (sample 1; 21,627 +/- 494 ppm). The major PMFs, i.e. sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, heptamethoxyflavone, tetramethylscutellarein and hexamethyl-o-quercetagetin, present in the peels of 20 citrus cultivars, was quantified. The results were compared with those of Florida citrus peels. A large amount of citrus peels and byproducts are produced in the Caribbean which could provide a cheap and convenient source of PMFs.     

Simultaneous Determination of Phenolics and Polymethoxylated Flavones in Citrus Fruits by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Triple-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS)

Phenolic and polymethoxylated flavones are important bioactive components in citrus fruit. Here, a rapid and sensitive method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of phenolic and polymethoxylated flavones in the peels and pulp of mandarins, tangelos, and oranges. Three phenolic acids and eight flavonoids, including polymethoxylated flavones, were separated and determined using positive and negative ion modes in a single chromatographic run of only 11?min using the multiple reaction monitoring detection mode. The method was validated with high recoveries from 96.1% to 103.5%, good precision with interday relative standard deviations less than or equal to 7.3%, intraday relative standard deviations ≤2.64%, low limits of detection from 1.0 to 18?µg L^–1, and low limits of quantitation in the range from 3.0 to 61?µg L^–1. The application of this UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method to the citrus extracts of three cultivars showed that mandarin fruits contained the highest total amounts of the 11 analytes, followed by tangelos and oranges. This study provides a reliable and quantitative method that can be used for the development of functional products and quality evaluation of citrus fruits.     

Bioflavonoid profile of citrus juices from Greece

High‐performance liquid chromatography with confirmation by UV–visible photodiode array detector–positive electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry [HPLC‐UV–vis‐DAD‐(+ESI)‐MS] with enhanced fragmentation by appropriate adjustment of the cone voltage was used to determine bioflavonoid content of five citrus species (tangerine, sanguine, sour orange, lemon and grapefruit) cultivated in Greece which come from citrus varieties analyzed for the first time. The main groups of bioflavonoids found in the juice of the citrus species according to HPLC retention times, spectral data and literature references were O‐glycosylated flavanones and flavones, C‐glucosylated flavones, O‐glucosylated flavones, O‐C‐glucosylated flavones like saponarin and a phenolic derivative. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrochemical Energy Storage Electrodes via Citrus Fruits Derived Carbon: A Minireview

This review investigates the synthesis and electrochemical performance of the electrode of the electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices obtained from peels and scraps of the citrus fruits. The EES devices include batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid systems that have considerable value and various applications. The electrode is considered as the most important part of all EES devices. Tremendous efforts have been done to enhance the electrochemical energy storage electrode (EESE). The citrus fruits abundance leads to a decrease in their price and makes possible to use them as ingredients to fabricate EESE. Also, the electrochemical analyses determined that citrus fruits have considerable potential to use as the EESE. Using citrus fruits peels and scraps as biomass substances to prepare EESE leads to the electrodes which have low cost, environmentally friendly and appropriate electrochemical applications.     

Enzyme-assisted extraction of citrus essential oil

Citrus peels are underutilized in the processing industry and are commonly considered as waste as their chemical composition varies. However, it is possible to recover some value-added products, one of them being essential oil, which is widely used in the food industry. Due to the current increase in global demand for citrus essential oils, it is necessary to implement processes directed to the maximum recovery of oil from waste peels. Numerous efforts have been made without achieving significant improvements in yields. In this work, enzymatic pretreatments of orange, lemon, and grapefruit peels were applied to achieve increased yields of essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation. In two of the sources it was possible to increase the essential oil yield from two to six times. Moreover, a significant amount of fermentable sugars which can be used in the production of certain other compounds of interest through fermentation was obtained.     

Dissipation and residue determination of penicillin G and its two metabolites in citrus under field conditions by DSPE/UPLC–MS/MS

A rapid determination method of residual penicillin G and its two metabolites in citrus was developed and validated by dispersive solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (DSPE/UPLC–MS/MS). The samples were extracted with 80% acetonitrile and purified with octadecylsilane. High linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients (r²) >0.9981. The limits of quantification were 0.005–0.01 mg/kg. The recoveries of penicillin G and its metabolites spiked in blank citrus were within 76.7–107%, with relative standard deviations of 1.3–9.6%. The dissipation dynamics and distribution of penicillin G in citrus followed first-order kinetics, with half-life of 1.7–2.7 days. Penicillin G degraded easily in citrus and the metabolite was mainly penilloic acid, which can exist stably for long time. The terminal residues of penicillin G in pulp, whole citrus and peels were 0.015–0.701, 0.047–7.653 and 0.162–13.376 mg/kg, respectively. The hazard indexes for risk assessment of citrus were significantly <1, suggesting that the health risks to humans after consumption of citrus were insignificant and negligible. These results could provide necessary data for evaluating the safe and proper use of penicillin G in citrus.     

Efficient analysis of phytochemical constituents in the peel of Chinese wild citrus Mangshanju (Citrus reticulata Blanco) by ultra high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometry

An efficient ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry method was developed for separation and profiling of phytochemical constituents of Chinese wild mandarin Mangshanju (Citrus reticulata Blanco). All constituents were well separated within 16 min. Based on retention times, accurate mass, MS^E fragments, and/or reference standards as well as databases, a total of 81 compounds were unambiguously identified or tentatively assigned including flavonoid glycosides, acylated flavonoid glycosides, flavones, polymethoxylated flavonoids, and limonoids as well as four other compounds. Among them, 22 polymethoxylated flavones and ten polymethoxylated flavanones/chalcones were identified in Mangshanju, more types than other citrus reported before. A basic procedure for identifying flavonoid‐O‐glycosides and the aglycones including polymethoxylated flavonoids was proposed. In addition, this method was successfully used to analyze another four mandarin germplasms, Cenxi suan ju, Xipi gousi gan, Nanfeng miju, and Or, showing that Mangshanju contained two characteristic compounds distinct from the other four citrus species. This study systematically profiled phytochemical constituents of Mangshanju, which was helpful for further utilization of Mangshanju owing to its abundant bioactive compounds.     

Orange Peel Biomass-derived Carbon Supported Cu Electrocatalysts Active in the CO2-Reduction to Formic Acid

We report a green, wet chemistry approach towards the production of C-supported Cu electrocatalysts active in the CO₂ reduction to formic acid. We use citrus peels as a C support precursor and as a source of reducing agents for the Cu cations. We show that orange peel is a suitable starting material compared to lemon peel for the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of Cu nanostructures affording better Cu dispersion as well as productivity and selectivity towards formic acid. We rationalize this finding in terms of the beneficial chemical composition of the orange peel, which favors both the reduction of the Cu precursor as well as the carbon matrix. This work demonstrates new viable opportunities for the reuse of citrus waste on a rational basis.     

Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive,Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance

The genus Citrus contains a vast range of antioxidant metabolites, dietary metabolites, and antioxidant polyphenols that protect plants from unfavorable environmental conditions, enhance their tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and possess multiple health-promoting effects in humans. This review summarizes various antioxidant metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, terpenoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that are distributed in different citrus species. Among these antioxidant metabolites, flavonoids are abundantly present in primitive, wild, and cultivated citrus species and possess the highest antioxidant activity. We demonstrate that the primitive and wild citrus species (e.g., Atalantia buxifolia and C. latipes) have a high level of antioxidant metabolites and are tolerant to various abiotic and biotic stresses compared with cultivated citrus species (e.g., C. sinensis and C. reticulata). Additionally, we highlight the potential usage of citrus wastes (rag, seeds, fruit peels, etc.) and the health-promoting properties of citrus metabolites. Furthermore, we summarize the genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of antioxidant metabolites in different citrus species. We speculate that the genome-engineering technologies should be used to confirm the functions of candidate genes that are responsible for the accumulation of antioxidant metabolites, which will serve as an alternative tool to breed citrus cultivars with increased antioxidant metabolites.     

Quantitative analysis of hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Since the hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones were isolated from orange and other citrus peels, they have been found to exhibit potent anti‐cancer and anti‐inflammatory activities. Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones, especially 5‐demethylnobiletin and 5‐hydroxy‐3,6,7,8,3′,4′‐hexamethoxyflavone, exert more potent activities than their counterpart polymethoxyflavones (PMFs). These findings have led to a new era of exploration of hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones and PMFs from the citrus genus for their potential application in nutraceutical, pharmaceuticals and functional foods. A practical and efficient analytical method for quantitatively characterizing the composition of PMFs has only recently been developed, and has applications both in academic research laboratories and quality controls. However, chemical analyses of the hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones have not been previously described. This paper reports the quantitative analysis of six 5‐demethylated PMFs in various commercial orange peel extracts, using high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.