使色谱峰产生拖尾的一个因素--柱出口效应

使用塔板理论证明存在一种使正常色谱峰产生拖尾的因素－柱出口效应。证明符合线性分配的样品组分虽然在色谱内存在3种不同浓度的分布形态,但在流出色谱后却都因柱出口效应的影响而转变成拖尾峰。在不加任何近似处理的情况下,使用塔板理论直接对不同塔板数、容量因子的色谱峰不对称性进行了计算;计算结果同样支持了柱出口效应的存在。     

具有快速分离效果多道微型气相色谱柱

采用MEMS技术设计了一种多道微型气相色谱柱,运用深槽刻蚀技术(DRIE),对器件刻蚀深400μm,微型色谱柱总长度为50cm,每道宽40μm,4道多道柱。采用静态涂覆法对色谱柱涂覆SE-54固定相。将多道色谱柱与30 m长的安捷伦HP-5毛细管柱多道色谱柱比较,烷烃混合物在两种柱内都被完全分离,混合物在多道柱内的保留时间比在毛细管柱内缩短了两倍,塔板数达到15342 plates/m,是毛细管柱的3倍。多道色谱柱被用于分离苯,甲苯及苯酚致癌组分,所有组分在1 min之内被完全分离。在时间上比之前报道的6 m长微型色谱柱缩短了3倍,实现了快速分离效果。     

毛细管电色谱中超长进样溶质在柱内的分布特征

在毛细管电色谱中，对浓度极稀的样品，通过加长进样时间，控制操作条件可能有效地实现溶质在柱内的富集，提高检测灵敏度。本文根据驰豫理论的基本原理，从理论上探讨了进样过程中溶质在固定相上的吸附作用对其分布的影响规律。理论和试验皆证明：采用超过时间进样的方法，通过控制进样区带与运行区带中有机调节剂浓度、离子强度等条件，导致溶质在区带界面处的速度产生阶跃，能够使中性溶质仅保留在柱内较窄的区带中，这一过程类似于完成一次固相微萃取过程，能够达到较好的富集效果。对于药物安息香达到了超过2000倍的富集效果。     

气相色谱柱内过程模拟和条件优化软件

各种已有的色谱模拟程序软件多用于描述谱峰的流出状况,对于实际样品在柱内的运动过程则缺乏关注。随着多维色谱技术的发展和色谱教学工作的深入,愈来愈多的人需要定量并形象地了解组分在柱内运动过程状况,特别是它们在气相色谱非等温(或液相色谱非等度)条件下的行为。计算机技术的发展为这一工作的研究提供了有力的工具。     

气相色谱过程动力学研究-柱压降对色谱流出曲线的影响

本文在色谱质量平衡模型基础上,考虑到气相色谱过程中柱压降与载气线速的关系,建立了考虑柱压降的气液分配色谱质量平衡模型.通过数学变换的方法,得到了流出曲线一级矩及二级、三级中心矩的数学表达式.理论和实验均表明:溶质的保留时间,流出峰半峰宽与柱前压倒数近似呈线性关系;柱压降对柱效及峰形对称性也有影响.     

改性活性碳自组装多孔层毛细管气相色谱柱的研制及其特性评价

采用自组装膜制备技术和超细亚微粒级吸附剂研制高效活性碳多孔层毛细管色谱柱（PLOT），选用K3PO4、K2HPO4和KH2PO4三种不同的磷酸盐对色谱柱进行改性脱活，考察了脱活盐浓度对色谱柱保留行为的影响程度，并采用研制的高效活性碳PLOT毛细管色谱柱对惰性气体和低碳烃（H2、Air、CO、CO2和C1-C4烃）进行了分离分析，结果表明：在高效活性碳PLOT毛细管色谱柱制备工艺中，活性碳吸附剂的最佳粒度为0.5-0.7μm之间；磷酸盐脱活剂的最佳浓度为1.5%，老化时间为250℃；所研制的高效活性碳PLOT毛细管色谱柱对惰性气体和低碳烃具有较好的分离度。     

色谱柱选择对23种防腐剂测定结果的影响

以化妆品中23种防腐剂检测方法为例,探讨色谱柱选择对液相色谱方法测定结果的影响。参照《化妆品安全技术规范》甲基异噻唑啉酮等23个组分的检验方法,在2台不同的高效液相色谱仪上用15款不同品牌、型号的C₁₈色谱柱检测23种防腐剂,计算色谱峰的理论塔板数和分离度,对23种组分的分离效果进行分析,并应用USP (United States Pharmacopeia)数据库和PQRI (Product Quality Research Institute)数据库等2种等效色谱柱选择方法,对不同色谱柱的分离效果及等效性进行评价和预测。实验结果表明,15款色谱柱对23种防腐剂的分离效果差异显著,仅有2款色谱柱可以实现23种组分的完全分离。USP和PQRI数据库中2种等效色谱柱选择方法均无法预测出合适的等效色谱柱,对23种防腐剂的液相色谱分析参考价值均较小。色谱柱是影响23种防腐剂液相色谱法测定结果准确性的关键因素,有关实验室在应用该方法时,应考虑色谱柱选择性差异。化妆品基质复杂,如何在现有研究成果的基础上,开发色谱柱的筛选和预测评价体系,进而指导实际样品的分离是下一步研究的重点、难点。建议有关部门在制修订检测方法时,注重色谱柱的耐用性考察,完善系统适应性指标,细化色谱柱分类和增加描述信息,指导色谱柱的合理选择,从而规避由于色谱柱使用过程中选择依据缺失而导致测定结果不准确的风险。     

新型程序涂渍色谱柱程序效应的研究

新型程序涂渍色谱柱程序效应的研究许鸿生，洪辉（湘潭大学化学系，湘潭，４１１１０５）关键词新型程序柱，程序效应，气相色谱关于程序涂渍色谱柱的问题，国内外研究指数函数程序柱的较多［１～３］，色谱柱涂渍结构改变后，组分的保留行为及柱效能都发生较大变化．作者...     

混合烷基开管电色谱柱的制备和评价

利用溶胶－凝胶（Sol-Gel）技术制备了混合烷基开管毛细管电色谱柱（C8－C13OT－CEC），并考察了其电渗流行为和电色谱性能。研究了流动相中甲醇含量对芳香族中性化合物保留的影响。发现C8－C18OT－CEC柱体现反相分配机理。5种芳香族化合物和4种苯同系物在C8－C13OT－CEC柱上分离良好，同时还考察了分离电压和柱内径对柱效的影响，结果表明高的电压和较小的柱内径能提高柱效。     

柱外效应引起色谱柱效损失率的测量

提出了计算柱外效应对色谱峰方差贡献的方法,由此可计算柱外效应引起的往效损失率。     

The effects of molecular collisions between the mobile phase and the solute in gas–solid chromatography

In chromatographic processes, molecular collisions between the mobile phase and the solute result in the transfer of kinetic energy. Based on these interactions, the relationship between the gauge pressure of the carrier gas at the column inlet and the partition frequency of the solute is derived; consequently, the relationship between the column temperature and partition frequency can be obtained. These relationships have been experimentally validated. The change in the peak shape described herein has been successfully explained using this relationship: the partition frequency was calculated from the theoretical plate number of a tailing peak. We propose a new mechanism for peak tailing using plate theory, which states that as the number of plates increases, the symmetry of the peak increases.     

Instrument-induced effects in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds by capillary gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED)

Peak splitting of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic compounds originating from the microwave plasma of an atomic emission detector (AED) coupled to a GC has been described and evaluated. The influence of the solute structure, solute concentration, and physical conditions in the AED (such as detector temperature, make-up gas flow, concentration of reagent gases and distance of column end from the plasma) have been studied. An explanation is presented for peak splitting, which is based on an insufficient solute decomposition and solute mass flow in the discharge tube. Modification of the instrument by introduction of additional make-up gas applied through the transfer line has been shown to improve peak shape and solute response.     

Elution behavior for a large sample size of uranyl ions on reversed-phase columns using alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid as an eluent

Large sample sizes of uranyl ions are eluted on a strenedivinylbenzene copolymer phase and an octadecyl phase column, respectively, using alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid (alpha-HiBA) as an eluent. Chromatograms are obtained from variations of the uranyl sample amounts, eluent concentrations, concentrations of the sample matrix, and the pH of the sample solution for both columns, respectively. Column capacities are estimated from the loading factors measured from the retention times of the peaks. Bandwidths of the peaks and apparent column efficiencies are measured as a function of the loading factor and calculated using the equations derived from the assumptions of a Langmuir isotherm for a single solute. Comparison between the experiment and the calculation reveals that the former showed a broader bandwidth and worse column efficiency than the latter for both columns. The two columns are compared with regards to the retention time, peak shape, column capacity, column efficiency, etc. The PRP-1 column shows a rectangular-, triangle-type peak shape, longer retention time, lower column capacity, and better column efficiency, and the LC-18 column shows a distorted Gaussian curve, shorter retention time, higher column capacity, and worse column efficiency. Column capacity, peak shape, and retention time are dependent on the eluent concentration rather than the alpha-HiBA concentration in the sample solutions.     

非理想状态下的塔板理论模型

 在过程中 ,将流动相看成是由许多连续的塔板组成 ,每一塔板的高度与固定相塔板的高度相同。初始浓度的溶质被认为全部集中在流动相的第一塔板中 ;溶质在流动相和固定相之间动态分布。由于动力学因素的影响 ,当流动相流过一个塔板距离时 ,溶质不能够迅速地从固定相释放到流动相中 ,因此溶质在流动相和固定相中的分布浓度受到两个因素即反映系统热力学性质的分配系数P和反映系统动力学性质的释放概率因子α的影响。这一过程被认为是非理想状态下的过程。     

Changes in peak width and concentration at the inlet and outlet of a chromatographic column

The original plate model of chromatography is extended to the sorption process occurring at the column inlet and the desorption process at the column exit. At the column inlet it is shown that sufficiently wide feed bands undergo no change in concentration but a fall in band width, i.e., the volume of mobile phase occupied by the solute band is reduced. The reduction factor is (1 + k) where k is the mass distribution ratio (capacity factor). Narrower bands suffer partial reduction in both band width and concentration. On desorption at the outlet, however, the change is always in band width and not concentration. A perfect detector registers the true concentration-time profile of the band in the column if the solute mass fraction in the stationary phase is below 10^?3 at the column outlet. The risks of stripping the stationary phase at high solute concentrations in analytical and preparative or production gas chromatography are compared.     

Application of a chromatography model with linear gradient elution experimental data to the rapid scale-up in ion-exchange process chromatography of proteins

We applied the model described in our previous paper to the rapid scale-up in the ion exchange chromatography of proteins, in which linear flow velocity, column length and gradient slope were changed. We carried out linear gradient elution experiments, and obtained data for the peak salt concentration and peak width. From these data, the plate height (HETP) was calculated as a function of the mobile phase velocity and iso-resolution curve (the separation time and elution volume relationship for the same resolution) was calculated. The scale-up chromatography conditions were determined by the iso-resolution curve. The scale-up of the linear gradient elution from 5 to 100mL and 2.5L column sizes was performed both by the separation of beta-lactoglobulin A and beta-lactoglobulin B with anion-exchange chromatography and by the purification of a recombinant protein with cation-exchange chromatography. Resolution, recovery and purity were examined in order to verify the proposed method.     

正常拖尾色谱峰的塔板模型表达式

得到了描述正常拖尾色谱峰的塔板模型表达式,根据这一表达式,正常的色谱流出曲线应是非对称的拖尾峰,而对称的高斯型分布函数是对塔板模型进行近似处理的结果。和扩散模型的色谱流出曲线方程相比,二者在形式上完全相同,因此,尽管塔板模型和扩散模型的机理不同,但它们对于色谱流出曲线的数学描述是完全相同的。     

Chromatographic terminal band lengths

A terminal band length is defined here as the length of a dispersed solute band as it emerges from the chromatographic column. The number of terminal band lengths per column can be used in the same way that the number of theoretical plates per column is used to measure and compare chromatographic efficiencies, but with greater insight since the proposed unit of measure is an easily visualized, real entity. In addition, the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) can be regarded as a ratio of the terminal band lenght to sixteen times the number of equivalent terminal band lengths that could be contained in tandem in the column. This concept offers another approach to understanding the meaning of the term, HETP. The terminal band length of a series of homologues is constant and independent of retention time above a certain solute molecular size and column capacity ratio. Within those conditions the correlation between the recorded peak width and retention time during isothermal analysis occurs primarily as a result of change in solute velocity.