N-S方程数值研究翼型对微型扑翼气动特性的影响

首先基于嵌套网格发展了一套适用于三维扑翼研究的非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程数值模拟方法.为了解决微型扑翼在低马赫数下的收敛问题,使用了预处理方法,湍流模型为BL模型.在该方法的基础上,保持状态参数和扑翼表面形状一定的情况下,分别研究了一系列不同厚度、不同弯度的翼型对于微型扑翼气动特性的影响....     

Design and verification of airfoil families for large-size wind turbine blades

For the design of wind turbine blades, the use of a family of specially tailored airfoils is particularly important. The dedicated airfoils can dramatically improve the capability of capturing wind power, reduce the structural weight to save the cost of manufacturing and transportation, and lower the inertial loads as well as the loads due to gust. An overview of the world-wide wind turbine airfoil families developed since 1990's is presented, such as the S series, the DU series, the Risø series, and the FFA series. The design and wind-tunnel tests of the Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) airfoil family for megawatt-size wind turbines, called the NPU-WA series, are summarized. All tests for the NPU-WA series are carried out in the NF-3 low-speed wind-tunnel with a two-dimensional (2D) test section of 1.6m×0.8m and at the Reynolds number ranging from 1.6×10⁶ to 5×10⁶. The research activities for further improving the NPU-WA airfoils towards lower roughness sensitivity are also reviewed. The development of the new NPUWA series dedicated for multi-megawatt wind turbines is discussed.     

Prediction of high frequency gust response with airfoil thickness effects

The unsteady lift forces that act on an airfoil in turbulent flow are an undesirable source of vibration and noise in many industrial applications. Methods to predict these forces have traditionally treated the airfoil as a flat plate. At higher frequencies, where the relevant turbulent length scales are comparable to the airfoil thickness, the flat plate approximation becomes invalid and results in overprediction of the unsteady force spectrum. This work provides an improved methodology for the prediction of the unsteady lift forces that accounts for the thickness of the airfoil. An analytical model was developed to calculate the response of the airfoil to high frequency gusts. The approach is based on a time-domain calculation with a sharp-edged gust and accounts for the distortion of the gust by the mean flow around the airfoil leading edge. The unsteady lift is calculated from a weighted integration of the gust vorticity, which makes the model relatively straightforward to implement and verify. For routine design calculations of turbulence-induced forces, a closed-form gust response thickness correction factor was developed for NACA 65 series airfoils.     

顺桨风力机塔叶干涉翼型非稳气动力时频特性

由于风力机叶片与塔筒流场相互干涉,实际气动力与理想情况存在较大差异,这种干涉作用造成的气动力差异给叶片与塔筒结构可靠性带来不可忽视的影响.以翼型DU91-W2-250为研究对象,采用瞬态数值分析与本征正交分解方法,考虑叶片和塔筒流场相互干涉作用,分析顺桨工况翼型非稳气动力时频特性及其影响规律,量化不同雷诺数下塔叶相对位置及几何参数对气动力均值、波动幅度和频率的影响程度,通过流场模态能量分布形态分析,揭示流场干涉对气动力的影响机制.结果表明,翼型气动中心至塔筒几何中心的垂直距离、水平距离以及塔筒直径相对于翼型弦长的无量纲参数y*,x*和D*对气动力均有不同程度影响,其中y*对升阻力系数均值影响最大,对频率无明显影响,y*绝对值越大,C_l均值越接近单翼型C_l值,y*绝对值越小升阻力系数波动幅度越大,y*从-12增大到12,升力系数均值最小值为-0.48,最大值为1.16;x*减小和D*增大,反向阻力均值增大,波动幅度增大,波动频率略有下降,当x*小于临界值5时,带塔翼型阻力均值反向;在计算范围内,带塔翼型升力系数均值相对于单翼型升力系数最大偏差为...     

钝后缘风力机翼型的环量控制研究

钝后缘风力机翼型具有结构强度高、对表面污染不敏感等优点,但其较大的阻力系数使得翼型的整体气动特性不够理想. 利用环量控制方法对钝后缘风力机翼型进行了流动控制,以改善钝后缘风力机翼型的气动特性,减弱尾迹区脱体涡强度. 通过对钝后缘风力机翼型环量控制方法进行相关的数值模拟,对比研究了环量控制方法的增升减阻效果, 研究了环量控制下翼型升阻力特性随射流动量系数的变化规律,并对不同射流动量系数下环量控制方法的气动品质因子和控制效率进行了分析. 研究结果表明:环量控制方法能够大幅提升钝后缘风力机翼型的升力系数,同时有效地降低翼型的阻力系数; 翼型的升力系数随射流动量系数的增大而增大,表现出很明显的分离控制阶段和超环量控制阶段的变化规律; 射流能耗的功率系数随射流动量系数的增大而增大,且增长速率逐渐增大;实施环量控制方法后叶片的输出功率同样随射流动量系数增大而增大,但增长速率逐渐降低. 总体来说,环量控制方法可以有效地改善钝后缘风力机翼型的气动特性以及功率输出特性,在大型风力机流动控制中具有很好的应用前景.      

Robust design of natural laminar flow supercritical airfoil by multi-objective evolution method

A transonic, high Reynolds number natural laminar flow airfoil is designed and studied. The γ-θ transition model is combined with the shear stress transport(SST)k-w turbulence model to predict the transition region for a laminar-turbulent boundary layer. The non-uniform free-form deformation(NFFD) method based on the non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization.The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II(NSGA-II) is used as the search algorithm, and the surrogate model based on the Kriging models is introduced to improve the efficiency of the optimization system. The optimization system is set up based on the above technologies, and the robust design about the uncertainty of the Mach number is carried out for NASA0412 airfoil. The optimized airfoil is analyzed and compared with the original airfoil. The results show that natural laminar flow can be achieved on a supercritical airfoil to improve the aerodynamic characteristic of airfoils.     

两种椭圆翼型高速气动特性实验研究

新概念旋转机翼飞机的主机翼既能高速旋转作为旋翼,又可锁定作为固定翼,所以只能使用特殊的前后对称翼型。针对主机翼翼型的这一特殊要求,对16％相对厚度,相对弯度分别为0％和3％的两种椭圆翼型的高速气动特性进行了风洞实验研究,试验分别在中国空气动力研究发展中心FL-21风洞和荷兰代尔夫特大学TST-27风洞进行,采用表面测压和尾排型阻测量技术。试验结果的对比分析表明,有弯度椭圆翼型的升力和力矩特性优于无弯度椭圆翼型,而阻力特性和最大升阻比劣于无弯度椭圆翼型。试验结果为旋转机翼飞机主机翼翼型的选取提供了参考。     

褶皱幅度对仿生翼型滑翔气动特性的影响

蜻蜓翅膀具有独特的褶皱状形貌．研究者们致力于利用仿生学原理,设计在低雷诺数条件下具有更优气动性能的褶皱翼型．本文采用计算流体力学方法,求解二维不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,探讨了四种翼型（平板翼型、流线翼型、小幅度褶皱翼型和大幅度褶皱翼型）的气动表现．在低雷诺数条件下得到以下结果：(1) 较小幅度的褶皱结构有利于增加升力和减小阻力．(2) 雷诺数变化时褶皱翼型的升力系数呈非线性变化;在特定雷诺数区间,幅度相近的褶皱翼型会发生相对气动优势的转变．(3) 褶皱结构内的回流区通过减小粘性阻力,使得翼型总阻力下降．(4) 翼型前缘的极小区域会产生脉冲高升力,对升力表现产生较大影响．这些结果表明,调整褶皱幅度是实现褶皱翼型气动优化的有效方案．     

一种可用于机翼优化设计中的气动噪声预测模型

发展了一种可用于翼型/机翼外形设计中的气动噪声快速预测方法。相较于传统的半经验噪声预测方法,该方法以两方程非线性k-ε湍流模型模化雷诺应力的雷诺平均方程为背景,考虑了升力系数、三维流动效应以及机翼几何参数等因素对后缘噪声的影响。而相对于直接数值模拟或声类比拟方法,该方法虽不能准确预测噪声强度,但其计算量小,能给出不同翼型/机翼的相对总声压级,以及总声压级随升力系数的变化情况,易于应用于翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中。通过计算分析二维NACA0012翼型几何参数或来流状态的改变所带来的气动噪声差异,与ANOPP软件及Brooks等计算结果进行对比,验证了该模型的可靠性。最后,计算分析二维、三维翼型/机翼气动噪声,凸显该方法在翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中的应用价值。     

排翼布局飞行器气动性能的实验研究

通过低速低湍流度风洞实验,研究了利用排翼布局改善充气飞机采用大厚度翼型机翼带来的气动效率偏低问题。首先比较了采用不同厚度翼型的单翼与排式双翼布局的气动特性。在此基础上,为了优化排翼布局的气动特性,研究了给后翼安装偏转角对排翼布局气动特性的影响。同时,基于NACA0030翼型,设计了波纹型外形的充气机翼,比较了此外形下单翼和排翼布局气动性能的差异。实验结果表明,采用排翼布局能够改善采用厚翼型单翼布局的气动性能,而给后翼安装一定偏转角可以进一步提高排翼布局的升力和升阻比。采用波纹外形和光滑外形机翼模型的对比结果表明,波纹外形能够在大迎角时改善充气机翼的失速性能。分析认为,造成这一现象的流动机理是由于波纹型机翼在实验条件下提前由层流转捩为湍流,使失速推迟,流动分离现象有所减弱。     

High fidelity numerical simulation of airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on flapping airfoil propulsion

High-fidelity numerical simulations with the spectral difference (SD) method are carried out to investigate the unsteady flow over a series of oscillating NACA 4-digit airfoils. Airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on the flapping airfoil propulsion are highlighted. It is confirmed that the aerodynamic performance of airfoils with different thickness can be very different under the same kinematics. Distinct evolutionary patterns of vortical structures are analyzed to unveil the underlying flow physics behind the diverse flow phenomena associated with different airfoil thickness and kinematics and reveal the synthetic effects of airfoil thickness and kinematics on the propulsive performance. Thickness effects at various reduced frequencies and Strouhal numbers for the same chord length based Reynolds number (=1200) are then discussed in detail. It is found that at relatively small Strouhal number (=0.3), for all types of airfoils with the combined pitching and plunging motion (pitch angle 20°, the pitch axis located at one third of chord length from the leading edge, pitch leading plunge by 75°), low reduced frequency (=1) is conducive for both the thrust production and propulsive efficiency. Moreover, relatively thin airfoils (e.g. NACA0006) can generate larger thrust and maintain higher propulsive efficiency than thick airfoils (e.g. NACA0030). However, with the same kinematics but at relatively large Strouhal number (=0.45), it is found that airfoils with different thickness exhibit diverse trend on thrust production and propulsive efficiency, especially at large reduced frequency (=3.5). Results on effects of airfoil thickness based Reynolds numbers indicate that relative thin airfoils show superior propulsion performance in the tested Reynolds number range. The evolution of leading edge vortices and the interaction between the leading and trailing edge vortices play key roles in flapping airfoil propulsive performance.     

Designing wing airfoils with active flow controls

A method of designing wing airfoils in separationless flow with suction of a portion of the external flow and reactive jet injection from the rear of the body (the total pressure and the density in the jet are different from those in the freestream) within the framework of the ideal incompressible fluid model is proposed. It is shown that this method of active flow control makes it possible considerably to increase the airfoil lift as compared with the same airfoil with no suction or injection. Examples of the design of such airfoils in separationless flow are presented. The reliability of the results obtained is confirmed by a numerical experiment using the Fluent program.     

Numerical analysis of active chordwise flexibility on the performance of non-symmetrical flapping airfoils

This paper investigates the effect of active chordwise flexing on the lift, thrust and propulsive efficiency of three types of airfoils. The factors studied are the flexing center location, standard two-sided flexing as well as a type of single-sided flexing. The airfoils are simulated to flap with four configurations, and the effects of flexing under these configurations are investigated. Results show that flexing is not necessarily beneficial for the performance of the airfoils. However, with the correct parameters, efficiency is as high as 0.76 by placing the flexing centre at the trailing edge. The average thrust coefficient is more than twice as high, from 1.63 to 3.57 with flapping and flexing under the right conditions. Moreover, the single-sided flexing also gives an average lift coefficient as high as 4.61 for the S1020 airfoil. The shape of the airfoil does alter the effect of flexing too. Deviating the flexing phase angle away from 90° does not give a significant improvement to the airfoil’s performance. These results greatly enhance the design of a better performing ornithopter wing.     

弯度翼型大迎角时分离涡流场的多平衡态现象

基于kω的SST两方程湍流模型,在时间域求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,模拟弯度翼型大迎角时的分离流动。通过给翼型施加一定形式的扰动,重点关注了翼型弯度对大迎角分离涡流场平衡态转移的影响。研究结果表明:与相同厚度20%以上的对称翼型相比,2%弯度的翼型出现分离涡流场平衡态转移的起始迎角变小2°左右,迎角区间变宽约1°;在厚度相对较小的NACA2416翼型上也发现上述分离涡平衡态转移现象。由此说明翼型弯度在一定程度上促使了分离涡平衡态的转移。     

Flows around two airfoils performing fling and subsequent translation and translation and subsequent clap

The aerodynamic forces and flow structures of two airfoils performing “fling and subsequent translation“ and “translation and subsequent clap“ are studied by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations in moving overset grids. These motions are relevant to the flight of very small insects. The Reynolds number, based on the airfoil chord length c and the translation velocity U, is 17. It is shown that: (1) For two airfoils performing fling and subsequent translation, a large lift is generated both in the fling phase and in the early part of the translation phase. During the fling phase,a pair of leading edge vortices of large strength is generated; the generation of the vortex pair in a short period results in a large time rate of change of fluid impulse, which explains the large lift in this period. During the early part of the translation, the two leading edge vortices move with the airfoils;the relative movement of the vortices also results in a large time rate of change of fluid impulse, which explains the large lift in this part of motion. (In the later part of the translation, the vorticity in the vortices is diffused and convected into the wake.) The time averaged lift coefficient is approximately 2.4 times as large as that of a single airfoil performing a similar motion. (2) For two airfoils performing translation and subsequent clap, a large lift is generated in the clap phase. During the clap, a pair of trailing edge vortices of large strength are generated; again, the generation of the vortex pair in a short period (which results in a large time rate of change of fluid impulse) is responsible for the large lift in this period. The time averaged lift coefficient is approximately 1.6 times as large as that of a single airfoil performing a similar motion. (3) When the initial distance between the airfoils (in the case of clap, the final distance between the airfoils) varies from 0.1 to 0.2c, the lift on an airfoil decreases only slightly but the torque decreases greatly. When the distance is about lc， the interference effects between the two airfoils become very small.     

Analysis of non-symmetrical flapping airfoils

Simulations have been done to assess the lift, thrust and propulsive efficiency of different types of non-symmetrical airfoils under different flapping configurations. The variables involved are reduced frequency, Strouhal number, pitch amplitude and phase angle. In order to analyze the variables more efficiently, the design of experiments using the response surface methodology is applied. Results show that both the variables and shape of the airfoil have a profound effect on the lift, thrust, and efficiency. By using non- symmetrical airfoils, average lift coefficient as high as 2.23 can be obtained. The average thrust coefficient and efficiency also reach high values of 2.53 and 0.61, respectively. The lift production is highly dependent on the airfoil＇s shape while thrust production is influenced more heavily by the variables. Efficiency falls somewhere in between. Two-factor interac- tions are found to exist among the variables. This shows that it is not sufficient to analyze each variable individually. Vorticity diagrams are analyzed to explain the results obtained. Overall, the S1020 airfoil is able to provide relatively good efficiency and at the same time generate high thrust and lift force. These results aid in the design of a better ornithopter＇s wing.     

Lift enhancement of airfoil and tip flow control for wind turbine

Two techniques that improve the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoils are described. The airfoil S809, designed specially for wind turbine blades, and the airfoil FX60-100, having a higher lift-drag ratio, are selected to verify the flow control techniques. The flow deflector, fixed at the leading edge, is employed to control the boundary layer separation on the airfoil at a high angle of attack. The multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the flow deflector. The results indicate that the flow deflector can suppress the flow separation, delay the stall, and enhance the lift. The characteristics of the blade tip vortex, the wake vortex, and the surface pressure distributions of the blades are analyzed. The vortex diffuser, set up at the blade tip, is employed to control the blade tip vortex. The results show that the vortex diffuser can increase the total pressure coefficient of the core of the vortex, decrease the strength of the blade tip vortex, lower the noise, and improve the efficiency of the blade.     

Investigation of horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade threedimensional rotational effect based on field experiments

Field experiments are performed on a two-bladed 33 kW horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT). The pressures are measured with 191 pressure sensors positioned around the surfaces of seven spanwise section airfoils on one of the two blades. Three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations are performed, respectively, on the rotor and the seven airfoils of the blade. The results are compared with the experimental results of the pressure distribution on the seven airfoils and the lift coefficients. The 3D rotational effect on the blade aerodynamic characteristics is then studied with a numerical approach. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as follows. From the tip to the root of the blade, the experimental differential pressure of the blade section airfoil increases at first and then decreases gradually. The calculated 3D result of the pressure distribution on the blade surface is closer to that of the experiment than the 2D result. The 3D rotational effect has a significant impact on the blade surface flow and the aerodynamic load, leading to an increase of the differential pressure on the airfoils and their lift coefficient than that with the 2D one because of the stall delay. The influence of the 3D rotational effect on the wind turbine blade especially takes place on the sections with flow separation.     

Optimal airfoil shapes for low Reynolds number flows

Flow over NACA 0012 airfoil is studied at α = 4^° and 12^° for Re?500. It is seen that the flow is very sensitive to Re. A continuous adjoint based method is formulated and implemented for the design of airfoils at low Reynolds numbers. The airfoil shape is parametrized with a non‐uniform rational B‐splines (NURBS). Optimization studies are carried out using different objective functions namely: (1) minimize drag, (2) maximize lift, (3) maximize lift to drag ratio, (4) minimize drag and maximize lift and (5) minimize drag at constant lift. The effect of Reynolds number and definition of the objective function on the optimization process is investigated. Very interesting shapes are discovered at low Re. It is found that, for the range of Re studied, none of the objective functions considered show a clear preference with respect to the maximum lift that can be achieved. The five objective functions result in fairly diverse geometries. With the addition of an inverse constraint on the volume of the airfoil the range of optimal shapes, produced by different objective functions, is smaller. The non‐monotonic behavior of the objective functions with respect to the design variables is demonstrated. The effect of the number of design parameters on the optimal shapes is studied. As expected, richer design space leads to geometries with better aerodynamic properties. This study demonstrates the need to consider several objective functions to achieve an optimal design when an algorithm that seeks local optima is used. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and numerical investigation on sound generation from airfoil-flow interaction

Aerodynamic noise due to interaction between incoming turbulence and rotating blades is an important component in the wind turbine noise. The rod-airfoil configuration is used to investigate the interactive phenomenon experimentally and numerically. Distribution of unsteady pressure on the airfoil surface is measured for different rod positions and airfoil attack angles. Two National Advisory Committee for Aeronatics (NACA) airfoils, NACA0012 and NACA0018, and two wind turbine airfoils, S809 and S825 are investigated. In addition, for low angles of attack, the flow field around the airfoil's leading edge is investigated with the particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experimental results indicate that unsteady pressure disturbances on the airfoil surface are related to the rod vortex shedding. Meanwhile, the interaction flow field of the rod and NACA0012 airfoil is simulated with the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes method (URANS), and the obtained pressure spectra are compared with the experimental results.