应用单摆划痕法天空SiCp／Al合金的冲击磨损行为

本文介绍了用单摆划痕法研究材料冲击磨损性能的实验原理，装置和冲击磨损性能参量，对１５％ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ－９Ｓｉ复合材料及基体材料Ａｌ－９Ｓｉ的冲击磨损行为进行了研究，结果表明，１５％ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ－９Ｓｉ的抗冲击磨损性能优于基体Ａｌ－９Ｓｉ，冲击磨损过程中，大部分ＳｉＣｐ颗粒被压入基体并协同基体一起变形，从而提高复合材料的抗冲击磨损性能。     

应用单摆划痕法研究SiCp/Al合金的冲击磨损行为

本文介绍了用单摆划痕法研究材料冲击磨损性能的实验原理、装置和冲击磨损性能参量。对１５％ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ－９Ｓｉ复合材料及基体材料Ａｌ－９Ｓｉ的冲击磨损行为进行了研究。结果表明，１５％ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ－９Ｓｉ的抗冲击磨损性能优于基体Ａｌ－９Ｓｉ。冲击磨损过程中，大部分ＳｉＣｐ颗粒被压入基体并协同基体一起变形，从而提高复合材料的抗冲击磨损性能。     

三种结构陶瓷摩擦副的干摩擦磨损研究

对３种结构陶瓷摩擦副－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／ＳｉＣ的干摩擦磨损行为进行了对比试验研究，并且通过扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线衍义对试样的磨损表面形貌和磨屑进行了观察与分析，利用射线光电子能谱仪研究了磨屑健能和分析了表面摩化学过程。     

SiCp/ZL101AI复合材料中的层裂微损伤演化行为

对ＳｉＣｐ／ＺＬ１０１Ａｌ复合材料进行了层裂损伤演化实验，得到了试样的层裂损伤演化图像．通过对这些微损伤演化图像的微观观察和对微损伤的统计定量分析，发现在层裂损伤演化过程中，微损伤的形成和发展不仅与应力水平、作用时间相关，而且还与材料中的微结构分布密切相关．通过层裂损伤演化实验，得到了在这种复合材料中，微裂纹在基体中的扩展速度及其与宏观应力水平的关系     

SiCp/ZL101AI复合材料中的层裂微损伤演化行为

对ＳｉＣｐ／ＺＬ１０１Ａｌ复合材料进行了层裂损伤演化实验，得到了试样的层裂损伤演化图像．通过对这些微损伤演化图像的微观观察和对微损伤的统计定量分析，发现在层裂损伤演化过程中，微损伤的形成和发展不仅与应力水平、作用时间相关，而且还与材料中的微结构分布密切相关．通过层裂损伤演化实验，得到了在这种复合材料中，微裂纹在基体中的扩展速度及其与宏观应力水平的关系     

Al／SiCp复合材料微裂纹产生的原位研究

本文用扫描电镜下的单面缺口拉伸试验，考察了Ａｌ／ＳｉＣｐ试样的空穴的生成，裂纹的扩展以及裂纹前端微断裂区，指出该材料变脆的原因是由于微断裂区中的一次空穴所造成的。     

关于复合材料弹塑性的一个理论描述

根据格林函数理论和微扰方法，提出了描述复合材料弹塑性（非线性应力－应变关系）行为的简单理论．对陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料，给出了两个不同的解。ＳｉＣ／Ａｌ复合材料的计算实例表明，理论结果与实验结果是相符合的．     

离心铸造Al—Si—Ti合金梯度功能材料的摩擦学特性

采用离心铸造工艺使Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｔｉ合金在凝固过程中析出的富Ｔｉ相（Ｓｉ２Ｔｉ型和Ａｌ３Ｔｉ型）在合金表面层聚集而制得梯度功能材料。测定了这种材料的硬度并对其摩擦学性能进行了试验研究。结果表明：在３０－３５０℃温度范围内，材料表层（复合层）的硬度比内部基体的高，在以氧化和占着磨损为主的前期磨损过程中，由于富Ｔｉ相聚集的复合层硬度高，耐热性和抗氧化性优良，复合层的磨损率远比内部基体的低；在进入稳定摩擦     

四种陶瓷材料与SUS304不锈钢的高温摩擦学特性研究

为了探索陶瓷与金属组合作为高温润滑材料的可能性，利用端面摩擦磨损试验机测定了４种陶瓷ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４、Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＺｒＯ２与ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢在室温至５００℃下的摩擦学性能．摩擦试验结果表明，ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和Ａｌ２Ｏ３在低于２００℃时的摩擦系数稳定且都低于０．２，但在２００℃以上时的摩擦性能却都不稳定，摩擦系数在０．２－０．４之间；ＺｒＯ２在２００℃以下时的摩擦性能不稳定，而在２００℃以上时的摩擦系数低于６．２且较稳定。磨损试验结果表明，在４种陶瓷中ＺｒＯ２的磨损率最低［－２．６０×１０－９ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，ＳｉＣ和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损率居中［分别为１．８０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）和４．４０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，Ａｌ２Ｏ３的磨损率最高［３．６４×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］；分别与这４种陶瓷对磨的不锈钢的磨损率都高［１．４０×１０－５－４．５２×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］．     

几种铝锡硅铜合金的摩擦磨损特性

采用环－块摩擦磨损试验机，考察了含Ｓｉ质量分数为１％～５％的Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金及传统的Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明：几种Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金的磨损率低于Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金的磨损率，并且随Ｓｉ含量的增加而降低．干摩擦时，摩擦因数随Ｓｉ含量的增加无明显变化；油润滑时摩擦因数则随Ｓｉ含量的增加而略微减小．两类合金的摩擦因数均随滑动速度的增加而减小，随摩擦时间的增加先增加后减小并趋于稳定．磨损表面的ＳＥＭ分析表明：Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金在干摩擦下的磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损和氧化磨损，而Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金则包括粘着、疲劳及磨粒磨损等多种形式．在油润滑下，两者的磨损机理则分别为犁削作用和疲劳磨损及分层磨损．     

磁控溅射和脉冲直流化学气相沉积Ti-Si-N薄膜摩擦磨损性能对比研究

分别利用磁控溅射和脉冲直流化学气相沉积(PCVD)技术制备了Ti-Si-N薄膜，测定了2种Ti-Si-N薄膜的显微硬度，并采用球一盘式高温摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了其高温摩擦磨损性能．结果表明，当薄膜中Si含量(原子分数)约为10％时，2种薄膜的显微硬度达到最大值；2种Ti-Si-N薄膜的耐磨性能同其硬度之间不存在对应关系，其中采用PCVD方法制备的Ti-Si-N薄膜的高温抗磨性能较优；2种薄膜在高温下的摩擦系数均有所降低，这归因子高温下氧化膜的润滑作用。     

Delamination of an elastic film from an elastic–plastic substrate during adhesive contact loading and unloading

Adhesive contact between a rigid sphere and an elastic film on an elastic–perfectly plastic substrate was examined in the context of finite element simulation results. Surface adhesion was modeled by nonlinear springs obeying a force-displacement relationship governed by the Lennard–Jones potential. A bilinear cohesive zone law with prescribed cohesive strength and work of adhesion was used to simulate crack initiation and growth at the film/substrate interface. It is shown that the unloading response consists of five sequential stages: elastic recovery, interface damage (crack) initiation, damage evolution (delamination), film elastic bending, and abrupt surface separation (jump-out), with plastic deformation in the substrate occurring only during damage initiation. Substrate plasticity produces partial closure of the cohesive zone upon full unloading (jump-out), residual tensile stresses at the front of the crack tip, and irreversible downward bending of the elastic film. Finite element simulations illustrate the effects of minimum surface separation (i.e., maximum compressive surface force), work of adhesion and cohesive strength of the film/substrate interface, substrate yield strength, and initial crack size on the evolution of the surface force, residual deflection of the elastic film, film-substrate separation (debonding), crack-tip opening displacement, and contact instabilities (jump-in and jump-out) during a full load–unload cycle. The results of this study provide insight into the interdependence of contact instabilities and interfacial damage (cracking) encountered in layered media during adhesive contact loading and unloading.     

Characterization of the fracture work for ductile film undergoing the micro-scratch

The interface adhesion strength (or interface toughness) of a thin film/substrate system is often assessed by the micro-scratch test. For a brittle film material, the interface adhesion strength is easily obtained through measuring the scratch driving forces. However, to measure the interface adhesion strength (or interface toughness) for a metal thin film material (the ductile material) by the micro-scratch test is very difficult, because intense plastic deformation is involved and the problem is a three-dimensional elastic-plastic one. In the present research, using a double-cohesive zone model, the failure characteristics of the thin film/substrate system can be described and further simulated. For a steady-state scratching process, a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element method based on the double cohesive zone model is developed and adopted, and the steady-state fracture work of the total system is calculated. The parameter relations between the horizontal driving forces (or energy release rate of the scratching process) and the separation strength of thin film/substrate interface, and the material shear strength, as well as the material parameters are developed. Furthermore, a scratch experiment for the Al/Si film/substrate system is carried out and the failure mechanisms are explored. Finally, the prediction results are applied to a scratch experiment for the Pt/NiO material system given in the literature. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19891180 and 19925211) and Bai Ren Plan of CAS     

Determining the Elastic Modulus of Compliant Thin Films Supported on Substrates from Flat Punch Indentation Measurements

Instrumented indentation is a technique that can be used to measure the elastic properties of soft thin films supported on stiffer substrates, including polymer films, cellulosic sheets, and thin layers of biological materials. When measuring thin film properties using indentation, the effect of the substrate must be considered. Most existing models for determining the properties of thin films from indentation measurements were developed for metal and dielectric films bonded to semiconductor substrates and have been applied to systems with film-substrate modulus ratios between 0.1 and 10. In the present work, flat punch indentation of a thin film either bonded to or in contact with a substrate is examined using finite element modeling. A broad range of film-substrate modulus ratios from 0.0001 to 1 are investigated. As the substrate is effectively rigid compared to the film when the film-substrate modulus ratio is less than 0.0001, the results are also useful for understanding systems with lower film-substrate modulus ratios. The effects of the contact radius, film thickness, elastic properties, and friction between the film and the substrate on the measured stiffness were quantified using finite element modeling in order to understand how the elastic properties of the film can be extracted from indentation measurements. A semi-analytical model was developed to describe the finite element modeling results and facilitate the use of the results to analyze experimental measurements. The model was validated through analysis of indentation measurements of thin polyethylene sheets that were supported on substrates of various stiffness.     

饱和水泥试样被爆炸激波损伤破碎的尺度研究

利用水中爆炸冲击波使水泥试样损伤破坏,模拟爆炸采油时激波使岩石损伤开裂的现象。实验获得了适合本实验条件的激波峰压衰减规律pm8.2(W1/3/R)1.46,得知压碎区尺度为集中装药特征尺度的2～5倍、拉伸损伤区尺度为集中装药特征尺度的20～30倍,激波使水泥试样破碎、拉裂的能量占总能量的2%～7%。     

无限冰介质中爆炸裂纹扩展机理与数值模拟

根据冰体力学性能,提出了无限淡水冰介质在爆炸冲击载荷下的压碎区及裂隙区的理论计算方法.利用大型有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟了爆炸载荷下无限区域冰体内裂纹扩展过程,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,表明采用的损伤断裂模型能够较准确的反映无限冰介质动态力学性能及裂纹成形过程.数值模型可近似计算冰体中裂隙区的半径.数值计算值与理论计算值误差不超过5%,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合,从而确定了无限区域冰体在-15℃时的基本破坏特征及范围.     

基于辛Runge-Kutta方法的棋盘形褶皱二维薄膜-基底结构动力学特性研究

基于力学屈曲原理的褶皱薄膜-基底结构已成功应用于制备可延展无机电子器件。然而,该类电子器件在应用时需要服役于复杂动态环境中,针对棋盘形褶皱薄膜结构的动力学问题鲜有研究,此问题又是该类电子器件走向实际应用需要解决的关键问题之一。本文首先采用能量方法,分别计算了二维薄膜的弯曲能、膜弹性能和柔性基底中的弹性能以及薄膜动能;然后采用拉格朗日方程,推导出了该结构的振动控制方程;而该方程为非线性动力学方程,无法给出其解析解;因此,本文采用辛Runge-Kutta方法对其进行数值求解;数值结果表明,辛数值方法具有长期稳定的特性和系统结构特性,为高精度的可延展电子器件的动力学问题研究提供了优异的数值方法。     

铁路道床有砟-无砟过渡段动力特性的DEM-FEM耦合分析

针对铁路道床有砟-无砟过渡段的结构特点,采用离散元-有限元耦合模型分析散体道砟和无砟道床间过渡段的动力特性。散体道砟道床和无砟道床分别采用离散元方法 DEM和有限元方法 FEM模拟,而在过渡段将道砟颗粒嵌入无砟道床以增加道砟颗粒与无砟道床间的咬合力,并在离散元和有限元耦合区域实现了力学参数的传递。采用以上DEM-FEM耦合方法对有砟-无砟道床及其过渡段在列车荷载作用下的沉降过程进行了数值分析。计算结果表明,离散元方法中道砟颗粒间的力链呈现非对称梯形分布,其与有限元方法中的应力分布趋势一致;采用嵌入式道砟颗粒的方法可以增加有砟-无砟过渡段道砟间的咬合力,有效约束道砟颗粒的位移,减少有砟-无砟道床间的沉降差异。本文计算模型可以合理地分析有砟道床的力链分布以及无砟道床的应力分布,确定列车荷载下道床有砟-无砟过渡段的动力学行为。     

Damage analysis of low alloy steel (15MnMoVNRe) and its simulated course-grained heat affected zone

A damage analysis is performed for a low alloy 15MnMoVNRe steel and its corresponding simulated coarse-grain heat affected zone. Simulation is verified by observing the material microstructure with different martensite/austenite contents and shapes. The potential difference monitored by alternating current before and after damage is used for quantifying a damage parameter.While the damage increased linearly with strain for the base steel, the behavior for the coarse-grain heat affected zone is non-linear. The critical values of damage and fracture strain of the heat affected zone exhibiting strain softening are lower than those for the base steel. In general, the analytical results agreed well with those found by experiments.     

基于损伤-虚拟张拉裂纹模型的地下爆炸围岩破坏规律研究

地下硐室作为爆炸危险物的隐蔽贮藏空间,有潜在的内爆炸风险。为研究内爆炸作用下硐室围岩的动态响应机制,提出了一种基于岩石HJC (Holmquist-Johnson-Cook)模型和节理内聚力单元的损伤-虚拟裂纹模型。分析了模拟方法的可靠性,并在此基础上,通过多物质ALE算法对球形硐室内爆炸过程进行数值模拟,分析了围岩损伤范围和分区破坏规律。研究表明:插入内聚力单元弥补了HJC模型无法模拟低静水压力下张拉破坏的不足,且尺寸效应易于处理。模拟方法同时考虑了岩体内张拉裂纹的扩展和岩石材料的塑性损伤,能够真实地反映岩石破坏的全过程。以红砂岩为例,根据数值模拟结果,填实（耦合装药）爆炸时围岩分区破坏规律明显,破碎区比例半径为0.26 m/kg1/3、裂隙区比例半径为0.47 m/kg1/3。随着硐室尺寸的增大,空气的间隔作用可以减小爆炸荷载对围岩的损伤作用,比例半径达到0.52 m/kg1/3时,可以实现爆炸荷载的完全解耦。