增强LPG催化裂化催化剂ZSM-5稳定性的新方法:脱铝和负载硅（英文）

以碳纳米管为模板合成的带有介孔和微孔的ZSM-5分子筛具有不同的复合结构.用三氯乙酸(TCA)可选择性地将中孔的铝脱除.基于TCA分子大小,它可能只扩散到中孔中,因而使得微孔部分不脱铝.从分子筛结构中脱除铝原子导致催化剂中出现中空的空间.若将硅原子填充到空位中,那么介孔部分的结构会变得与硅酸盐类似,不具有催化性能.本文使用含硅的溶液来填充空位,将硅原子直接取代中孔结构中的铝原子.通过此特殊方法改变微孔和介孔的几何形状和性质,从而使改性HZSM-5上的积碳量从14%降低至3%.     

MMM分子筛的制备与表征

 以碱溶液处理ZSM－5分子筛，得到了含微孔及介孔的MFI结构分子筛（简称MMM），并采用XRD，XRF，SEM，XPS和低温氮吸附等技术对分子筛进行了表征．结果表明，通过改变处理碱的浓度可以得到具有不同物化性能的MMM分子筛，其化学组成、介孔及微孔的大小和多少，及分子筛晶体上n（Al）／n（Si）均随碱浓度的变化而变化，随着碱浓度的增加，分子筛部分微孔结构遭到破坏，介孔的数量增加，孔径增大，n（Al）／n（Si）增大．碱处理脱硅的过程包括脱除晶粒间的无定形物质，脱除分子筛表面的硅及脱除分子筛体相硅等步骤，硅脱除以后形成了介孔．     

形貌可控的微孔-介孔硅磷铝酸盐在大分子催化裂化中具有较高的催化活性

目前,随着世界原油资源的日趋重质化,催化裂化工艺已经成为石油加工过程中重油的轻质化和渣油裂解的重要方法.但是如何提高催化裂化转化率和小分子烯烃的选择性是目前催化裂化工艺研究的重要课题,而催化裂化的关键是催化剂.重质油大分子催化裂化时存在的问题是由于传统的微孔分子筛只具有单一的1nm以下的微孔孔道,而重油大分子通常较大、分子链较长,很难进入到微孔孔道中充分反应,因此传统微孔分子筛对重油大分子的反应极为不利.以MCM-41为代表的介孔分子筛具有较大的孔道直径(1.5～10nm),在催化裂化炼油工业中具有潜在的应用前景,但其较弱的酸性和较差的水热稳定性无法满足裂化过程对催化剂酸性和水热稳定性的要求,因此限制了介孔分子筛在工业催化领域中的应用.微孔-介孔复合分子筛具有微孔和介孔双模型孔分布,结合了介孔分子筛的孔道优势与微孔分子筛强酸性和高水热稳定性的优势,可使两种材料优势互补、协同作用,在大分子催化与吸附方面具有潜在的应用前景,受到分子筛化学家的广泛关注.前人主要对硅铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛进行了大量的研究,本文将传统的硅铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛扩展到了硅磷铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛.在酸性室温条件下,通过两步路线合成了一种新颖且形貌可控的微孔-介孔硅磷铝酸盐MUS-5,考察了不同pH值条件下MUS-5形貌的变化,并借助X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、N2吸附-脱附、NH3-TPD等技术对其物相、形貌、结构及酸性进行了表征.研究结果表明:当溶液体系的pH值在2.0到5.0之间变化时,可以得到三种不同形貌(包括链状、花状、桶状)的MUS-5,且MUS-5均是由微孔SAPO-5相和介孔MCM-41相组成的.同时,对MUS-5复合材料的水热稳定性进行了研究,经过100℃水热条件下处理48h后,发现MUS-5结构中的介孔相依然存在,表明该材料具有较好的水热稳定性.最后,采用1,3,5-三异丙基苯作为探针分子评价了MUS-5催化剂的裂化性能,并在相同反应条件下与微孔SAPO-5催化剂进行了比较.催化评价结果显示:MUS-5的裂化性能远远高于微孔SAPO-5分子筛.其原因主要是由于MUS-5具有微孔和介孔双模型孔分布,结合了介孔相MCM-41的孔道优势与微孔相SAPO-5强酸性的优势,致使其催化性能大大提高.说明这种具有微孔-介孔孔道结构的硅磷铝酸盐MUS-5在大分子裂化方面应用前景广阔.     

微孔-介孔复合结构分子筛的合成及表征研究

以工业现有的ZSM-5作为原料,经一定化学处理的ZSM-5作为部分硅铝源,与介孔分子筛的凝胶在水热条件下进行组装得到具有微孔、介孔双孔分布的复合分子筛,并采用XRD、N2吸附脱附、IR、SEM、TEM等测试手段对合成样品进行分析表征,考察了主要合成条件对分子筛性能的影响.结果表明,合成过程中微孔与介孔结构之间会相互转化,样品中微孔与介孔特征峰存在此消彼长的关系.非临氢反应结果表明,复合分子筛具有较高的异构化选择性.     

由沸石纳米粒子自组装制备具有高催化活性中心和水热稳定的新型介孔分子筛材料

 人们合成了一系列介孔分子筛材料，并发现它们在催化、吸附与分离以及化学组装制备先进材料和分子器件等方面具有很大的潜在应用价值．但是，介孔分子筛材料相对于微孔沸石分子筛存在着两个致命弱点：较低的水热稳定性和较不活泼的催化活性中心．这两个弱点大大地影响了介孔分子筛在催化反应中的广泛应用．本文系统地综述了最近几年利用沸石纳米粒子自组装制备具有高催化活性中心和水热稳定的介孔分子筛材料的研究进展．这包括利用硅铝沸石纳米粒子自组装制备具有强酸性和水热稳定的新型介孔硅铝分子筛材料，利用钛硅沸石纳米粒子自组装制备具有高催化氧化活性中心和水热稳定的新型钛硅介孔分子筛材料，以及利用含有不同杂原子的沸石纳米粒子自组装制备一系列水热稳定的新型介孔分子筛催化材料．     

Hβ/MCM-41复合分子筛催化剂上苯甲醚与乙酸酐酰化反应研究

以β沸石为硅源,制备了不同硅铝比的Hβ/MCM-41复合分子筛,考察了该复合分子筛对苯甲醚与乙酸酐酰化反应的催化效果,并与介孔MCM-41、微孔Hβ分子筛的催化效果进行了比较,研究了分子筛硅铝比、酸性及孔道结构对酰化反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,对于苯甲醚和乙酸酐酰化反应,Hβ/MCM-41复合分子筛具有较好的催化稳定性,反应过程中的积炭量较少,积炭的碳氢比较低。该复合分子筛不仅具有微孔沸石的强酸性,而且具有较大孔径的介孔,产物分子能及时从孔道中扩散出来,催化活性位不易中毒失活。     

硅铝基微孔/介孔复合分子筛的制备与应用

本文对具有多级孔道和双重酸性的硅铝基微孔/介孔复合分子筛的制备及应用进展进行了评述,重点讨论了微孔沸石晶体结构的存在对产物酸性、结构稳定性的贡献,强调了制备途径对合成微孔/介孔功能复合材料的简捷性、有效性,探讨了此类催化材料的发展前景。     

前驱体组装高水热稳定性介孔分子筛MSU-S

采用硅铝基微孔分子筛前驱体,组装合成出高水热稳定性的介孔分子筛MSU-S,并采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR、BET等考察了硅铝基前驱体的晶化时间对MSU-S有序度和水热稳定性的影响.结果表明,利用晶化一定时间的前驱体,可以组装出有序度高、水热稳定性好的介孔分子筛MSU-S,该分子筛经800℃水热处理2 h后,还可以保留完整的介孔结构.     

以微孔沸石MCM-49和MCM-56为硅铝源合成强酸性介孔分子筛

以相同硅铝比的微孔沸石MCM-49 和MCM-56为硅铝源, 通过碱处理和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵模板剂, 合成了具有较强酸性的六方结构介孔分子筛材料MM-49和MM-56, 并采用XRD、红外光谱、氮气吸附-脱附等方法对其进行了结构表征, 采用NH3-TPD和IR-吡啶吸附方法对其进行了酸性表征. 实验结果表明, MM-56和MM-49具有明显强于常规介孔分子筛酸性的特点, 在苯酚与叔丁醇的烷基化反应中表现了良好的催化性质.     

多级复合孔硅铝材料的合成与表征

采用表面包覆聚电解质的聚苯乙烯小球为模板,制备多级复合孔硅铝材料前体。 经水热晶化处理后焙烧脱模板,获得了多级孔结构的硅铝分子筛材料。 通过X射线衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等测试技术对水热晶化不同时间的硅铝材料进行表征。 探讨了水热晶化时间对材料孔道结构的影响。 结果表明,水热晶化时间小于22 h,样品中含有介孔-大孔双连续孔道体系。 晶化时间超过22 h,样品中含有微孔-介孔-大孔多级孔道体系。 晶化36 h的样品,大孔孔壁由纳米级ZSM-5型沸石分子筛晶体构成。     

Phosphatation of Zeolite H‐ZSM‐5: A Combined Microscopy and Spectroscopy Study

A variety of phosphated zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 samples are investigated by using a combination of Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, single pulse ²⁷Al, ²⁹Si, ³¹P, ¹H‐³¹P cross polarization (CP), ²⁷Al‐³¹P CP, and ²⁷Al 3Q magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy, scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) and N₂ physisorption. This approach leads to insights into the physicochemical processes that take place during phosphatation. Direct phosphatation of H‐ZSM‐5 promotes zeolite aggregation, as phosphorus does not penetrate deep into the zeolite material and is mostly found on and close to the outer surface of the zeolite, acting as a glue. Phosphatation of pre‐steamed H‐ZSM‐5 gives rise to the formation of a crystalline tridymite AlPO₄ phase, which is found in the mesopores of dealuminated H‐ZSM‐5. Framework aluminum species interacting with phosphorus are not affected by hydrothermal treatment. Dealuminated H‐ZSM‐5, containing AlPO₄, retains relatively more framework Al atoms and acid sites during hydrothermal treatment than directly phosphated H‐ZSM‐5.     

2D versus 3D MFI zeolite: The effect of Si/Al ratio on the accessibility of acid sites and catalytic performance

Through the synthesis of 2D MFI zeolite samples of Si/Al ratio ranged from 13 to 74 with inter-crystalline mesoporosity and their reference 3D counterparts, we have systematically studied and revealed the impact of Si/Al ratio on the inter-dependence of core intrinsic properties of structural porosity and acidity. It is apparent that mesopores in the 2D MFI zeolite play a critical role, dictating the accessibility and distribution of specific acid sites. It was found that, compared to their 3D counterparts, the 2D samples possess a three-times larger accessible surface area owing to the mesopores. Although having a slightly lower total number of acid sites, the 2D samples enjoy a higher percentage of accessible strong acid sites and weak Lewis acid sites. Consequently, in three selected liquid phase reactions, which had different acidity demands and molecular diffusion constraints, the 2D samples demonstrated much higher catalytic activities and resistance to deactivation. This study has, for the first time, established the relationship between Si/Al ratio and acidity for the 2D MFI zeolite, thus enabling rational selection of a Si/Al ratio for a targeted application.     

A Simple Route to Synthesize Mesoporous ZSM‐5 Templated by Ammonium‐Modified Chitosan

Uniform mesoporous zeolite ZSM‐5 crystals have been successfully fabricated through a simple hydrothermal synthetic method by utilizing ammonium‐modified chitosan and tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) as the meso‐ and microscale template, respectively. It was revealed that mesopores with diameters of 5–20 nm coexisted with microporous network within mesoporous ZSM‐5 crystals. Ammonium‐modified chitosan was demonstrated to serve as a mesoporogen, self‐assembling with the zeolite precursor through strong static interactions. As expected, the prepared mesoporous ZSM‐5 exhibited greatly enhanced catalytic activities compared with conventional ZSM‐5 and Al‐MCM‐41 in reactions involving bulky molecules, such as the Claisen–Schmidt condensation of 2‐hydroxyacetophenone with benzaldehyde and the esterification reaction of dodecanoic acid and 2‐ethylhexanol.     

Exploring meso-/microporous composite molecular sieves with core-shell structures

A series of core–shell‐structured composite molecular sieves comprising zeolite single crystals (i.e., ZSM‐5) as a core and ordered mesoporous silica as a shell were synthesized by means of a surfactant‐directed sol–gel process in basic medium by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica precursor. Through this coating method, uniform mesoporous silica shells closely grow around the anisotropic zeolite single crystals, the shell thickness of which can easily be tuned in the range of 15–100 nm by changing the ratio of TEOS/zeolite. The obtained composite molecular sieves have compact meso‐/micropore junctions that form a hierarchical pore structure from ordered mesopore channels (2.4–3.0 nm in diameter) to zeolite micropores (≈0.51 nm). The short‐time kinetic diffusion efficiency of benzene molecules within pristine ZSM‐5 (≈7.88×10^?19 m² s^?1) is almost retainable after covering with 75 nm‐thick mesoporous silica shells (≈7.25×10^?19 m² s^?1), which reflects the greatly opened junctions between closely connected mesopores (shell) and micropores (core). The core–shell composite shows greatly enhanced adsorption capacity (≈1.35 mmol g^?1) for large molecules such as 1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene relative to that of pristine ZSM‐5 (≈0.4 mmol g^?1) owing to the mesoporous silica shells. When Al species are introduced during the coating process, the core–shell composite molecular sieves demonstrate a graded acidity distribution from weak acidity of mesopores (predominant Lewis acid sites) to accessible strong acidity of zeolite cores (Lewis and Brønsted acid sites). The probe catalytic cracking reaction of n‐dodecane shows the superiority of the unique core–shell structure over pristine ZSM‐5. Insight into the core–shell composite structure with hierarchical pore and graded acidity distribution show great potential for petroleum catalytic processes.     

Location of Framework Al Atoms in the Channels of ZSM‐5: Effect of the (Hydrothermal) Synthesis

²⁷Al 3Q MAS NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy with bare Co^II ions as probes of Al pairs in the zeolite framework were employed to analyze the location of framework Al atoms in the channel system of zeolite ZSM‐5. Furthermore, the effect of Na⁺ ions together with tetrapropylammonium cation (TPA⁺) in the ZSM‐5 synthesis gel on the location of Al in the channel system was investigated. Zeolites prepared using exclusively TPA⁺ as a structure‐directing agent (i.e., in the absence of Na⁺ ions) led to 55–90 % of Al atoms located at the channel intersection, regardless the presence or absence of Al pairs [Al?O?(Si?O)₂?Al sequences in one ring] in the zeolite framework. The presence of Na⁺ ions in the synthesis gel did not modify the Al location at the channel intersection (55–95 % of Al atoms) and led only to changes in i) the distribution of framework Al atoms between Al pairs (decrease) and single isolated Al atoms (increase), and ii) the siting of Al in distinguishable framework tetrahedral sites.     

Dual‐Mesoporous ZSM‐5 Zeolite with Highly b‐Axis‐Oriented Large Mesopore Channels for the Production of Benzoin Ethyl Ether

Dual‐mesoporous ZSM‐5 zeolite with highly b axis oriented large mesopores was synthesized by using nonionic copolymer F127 and cationic surfactant CTAB as co‐templates. The product contains two types of mesopores—smaller wormlike ones of 3.3 nm in size and highly oriented larger ones of 30–50 nm in diameter along the b axis—and both of them interpenetrate throughout the zeolite crystals and interconnect with zeolite microporosity. The dual‐mesoporous zeolite exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the condensation of benzaldehyde with ethanol and greater than 99 % selectivity for benzoin ethyl ether at room temperature, which can be ascribed to the zeolite lattice structure offering catalytically active sites and the hierarchical and oriented mesoporous structure providing fast access of reactants to these sites in the catalytic reaction. The excellent recyclability and high catalytic stability of the catalyst suggest prospective applications of such unique mesoporous zeolites in the chemical industry.     

Characterization of acidity in [B], [Al], and [Ga] isomorphously substituted ZSM‐5: Embedded DFT/UFF approach

The structure and electronic properties of the Brønsted acid site in B, Al or Ga isomorphously substituted ZSM‐5 zeolites were studied by using quantum cluster and embedded ONIOM approaches. In the former approach, zeolites are modeled by 5T and 12T quantum clusters, where T represents a Si or Al atom. In the latter model, called “Embedded ONIOM”, the long‐range interactions of the zeolite lattice beyond the 12T quantum cluster is included via optimized point charges added to the ONIOM(B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p):UFF). Inclusion of the extended zeolitic framework covering the nanocavity has an effect on the structure and adsorption properties. We found that the OH distances and v OH of the acidic proton in zeolite obtained from both models can predict the trend of acid strength as: B‐ZSM‐5 < Ga‐ZSM‐5 < Al‐ZSM‐5, which is in very good agreement with the experimental sequence. Furthermore, the PA data calculated from E‐ONIOM is also consistent with the experimental trend: B‐ZSM‐5 < Ga‐ZSM‐5 < Al‐ZSM‐5. It has, therefore, been demonstrated that our embedded ONIOM model provides accurate performance and can be one of the useful and affordable methods for future mechanistic studies involving petrochemical reactions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Preferential Siting of Aluminum Heteroatoms in the Zeolite Catalyst Al‐SSZ‐70

The adsorption and reaction properties of heterogeneous zeolite catalysts (e.g. for catalytic cracking of petroleum, partial oxidation of natural gas) depend strongly on the types and distributions of Al heteroatoms in the aluminosilicate frameworks. The origins of these properties have been challenging to discern, owing in part to the structural complexity of aluminosilicate zeolites. Herein, combined solid‐state NMR and synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction analyses show the Al atoms locate preferentially in certain framework sites in the zeolite catalyst Al‐SSZ‐70. Through‐covalent‐bond 2D ²⁷Al{²⁹Si} J‐correlation NMR spectra allow distinct framework Al sites to be identified and their relative occupancies quantified. The analyses show that 94 % of the Al atoms are located at the surfaces of the large‐pore interlayer channels of Al‐SSZ‐70, while only 6 % are in the sub‐nm intralayer channels. The selective siting of Al atoms accounts for the reaction properties of catalysts derived from SSZ‐70.     

Porous Al2O3/Al Metal Ceramics Prepared by the Oxidation of Aluminum Powder under Hydrothermal Conditions Followed by Thermal Dehydration: II. Composition and Microtexture of the Composites

The microtexture of Al₂O₃/Al composites with different oxide contents formed in the hydrothermal treatment of aluminum followed by thermal decomposition of boehmite is examined by a set of adsorption and structural analysis techniques. Two main types of alumina microtexture are found: relatively loose agglomerates of amorphous particles and highly ordered aggregates of well-crystallized primary blocks of a larger size, the fraction of which increases with the oxide content of the composite leads to an increase in the fraction of micropores and a decrease in the fraction of mesopores. The mechanism of thermal decomposition of boehmite prepared by the hydrothermal oxidation of aluminum is refined.     

多级结构ZSM-5沸石分子筛的合成及其Mo基催化剂在甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化中的应用

以经盐酸预处理的碳纳米管为第二模板,在不添加其它有机溶剂的情况下,仅通过控制晶化条件,即采用变温水热晶化法合成具有多级结构的ZSM-5分子筛.通过x射线衍射、红外光谱测试、透射电镜和N2吸附对合成的分子筛进行了表征,结果表明,该合成分子筛呈近球形,是由纳米棒自组装形成的具有多级结构的亚微米球.该分子筛改性后用于甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应,显示出良好的催化性能,甲烷转化率最初达到19%,反应至24 h时甲烷转化率仍保持在10%左右,并且保持了较高的芳香物选择性(达到50%以上).