线性模式下GaAs光电导开关的时间抖动特性

针对线性模式下GaAs光电导开关时间抖动特性的研究,对提高精密同步控制系统的输出性能具有重要意义.根据电脉冲的概率分布和时间与电脉冲波形的对应关系,结合载流子的输运过程,对光电导开关时间抖动进行了定性的理论推导.此外,通过搭建实验平台,利用正交光栅分光,将一束激光同时触发两路并联的GaAs光电导开关,改变触发激光脉冲宽度及外加偏置电压测试开关时间抖动,根据实验值的对比分析,得出在不同的外加偏置电压下,随着触发激光脉冲宽度的减小,开关时间抖动值随之减小.验证了触发激光脉冲宽度对开关时间抖动的影响及理论分析的正确性.研究结果对GaAs光电导开关时间抖动的进一步减小具有一定的指导意义.     

光脉冲对光导开关非线性导通性能的影响

设计了异面结构的GaAs光导开关,开关厚度为0.6mm,电极间隙为3mm。利用半导体激光二极管对开关进行了触发实验。随着开关两端偏置电压不断升高,开关输出脉冲幅度线性增加,输出波形与光脉冲相似,当偏置电压超过一定阈值,开关输出脉冲幅度显著增强,输出脉冲前沿快于光脉冲,开关进入了非线性工作模式。开关进入非线性模式,除了与偏置电压有关外,还与触发光脉冲前沿、能量有关,实验发现触发光脉冲前沿越快,能量越高,开关越容易进入非线性工作模式,所需的偏置电压也越低,但当电压低至某一阈值时(实验中约6kV),即使增加触发光能,开关也无法进入非线性模式。     

高压超大电流光电导开关及其击穿特性研究

研制了耐压达32 kV,通态峰值电流达3.7 kA的高压超大电流半绝缘GaAs光电导开关.分析了光电导开关在强场下的击穿机理,指出对于间接能带间隙光导材料(如Si)制作的光电导开关,开关的击穿电压主要由陷阱填充限制电导模型决定.而对于直接能带间隙光导材料(如GaAs,InP等)制作的光电导开关,开关击穿主要是由开关体负阻效应在开关阳极产生的空间电荷累积所导致的开关阳极电场剧增引起的.基于转移电子效应对GaAs光电导开关击穿电压进行了理论计算,计算结果与实验相一致. 关键词： 光电导开关 击穿 转移电子效应 陷阱填充     

高功率亚纳秒GaAs光电导开关的研究

报道了具有全固态绝缘结构的横向型半绝缘GaAs光电导开关的研制和性能测试结果.其中8mm电极间隙的GaAs开关暗态绝缘强度达28kV,分别用ns和ps激光脉冲触发开关的结果表明,开关输出电磁脉冲无晃动,电流脉冲上升时间小于200ps,脉宽达亚ns,3mm电极间隙的GaAs开关的峰值电流达560A,电磁脉冲重复率108Hz.给出不同电极间隙的GaAs开关工作于线性和lockon状态下的实验结果,测试了GaAs开关工作于lockon状态下的光能、电场阈值 关键词： 光电导开关 lockon效应 高功率超快电脉冲     

小间隙异面电极结构的光导开关

介绍了应用于介质壁加速器的小间隙异面电极结构的光导开关。所用光导开关为异面结构的砷化镓（GaAs）光导开关,电极间隙5 mm,偏置电压为15~22 kV脉冲高压,工作在非线性（高增益）模式,由半导体激光器产生的脉冲激光触发。脉冲激光的中心波长为905 nm,脉冲宽度（FWHM）约20 ns,前沿约3.1 ns,抖动小于200 ps,峰值功率约90 W。实验结果表明:光导开关的偏置电压较低时,开关寿命较长,导通性能较差;偏置电压较高、驱动脉冲激光功率较大时,开关导通性能较好,寿命较短。     

50 kV半绝缘GaAs光导开关

 设计了横向结构的半绝缘GaAs光导开关,开关由600 μm厚的半绝缘GaAs晶片制成,电极间隙为20 mm。在不同的直流偏置电压下,使用波长为1 064 nm、能量为9.9 mJ的激光脉冲触发使开关导通,开关置于0.2 MPa的SF6气体环境中。在施加直流50 kV电压的情况下,使用Rogowski线圈测得开关的最大导通电流为1.1 kA。对实验结果进行分析表明：随着初始偏置电压的升高,回路流过的电荷与电容初始储存的电荷的比值不断提高,但都没有达到100%,即非线性模式下光导开关的关断原因并不是由于外电路的能量已经耗尽。对非本征光电导的情况,计算出开关的通态电阻为2.71 Ω。     

Research on electrical pulse of 20-kV/30-Hz GaAs photoconductive switches

Photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) are widely used in high power ultra-wideband source applications and precise synchronization control due to their high power low-jitter high-repetition-frequency. In this letter, a 14-mm gap semi-insulating GaAs PCSS biased under 20 kV is triggered by a 1064-nm laser with a repetition frequency of 30 Hz. Although the trigger condition is greater than the threshold of the lock-on effect, the high gain mode is not observed. The results indicate that the high gain mode of the PCSS is quenched by decreasing the remnant voltage of pulsed energy storage capacitor.     

光导开关研究进展及其在脉冲功率技术中的应用

 概述了GaAs光导开关的发展历史,通过对GaAs和SiC进行比较指出,SiC由于禁带宽度大、击穿场强高、电子饱和漂移速度大、热导率高等优势被认为是更好的光导开关材料。比较了本征光电导和非本征光电导的不同之处,报道了利用本征光电导和非本征光电导的SiC光导开关的最新进展。介绍了光导开关在超宽带源和紧凑型脉冲功率系统中的应用,提出了SiC光导开关进一步发展的关键技术并进行了展望。     

GaAs与InP半导体光导开关特性实验研究

利用Ⅲ-Ⅴ族化合物半导体材料砷化镓(GaAs)和磷化铟(InP)及其掺杂材料制作的光导开关具有很好的时间响应及高功率输出特性.比较了这两种材料制作的不同电极间隙类型的光导开关的开关时间响应速度、导通光能与饱和触发激光能量、线性与非线性工作模式及触发稳定性等特性.结果表明,利用InP和GaAs两种材料制作的光导开关都具有达到皮秒级的超快时间响应,其对时间最佳响应与偏置电场有关.两种开关的多次触发时间抖动在几个皮秒范围,输出电压峰峰值抖动优于10%.GaAs开关的非线性工作电场阈值比InP开关低,更容易实现非线性输出.     

光导开关非线性导通时的载流子累加效应

利用半导体激光器作为触发源,对砷化镓光导开关进行了实验研究,重点研究了载流子累加效应对开关输出特性的影响。实验结果表明,光导开关的导通机制与内部载流子数的多少直接相关,当开关中的载流子数积累到雪崩碰撞电离条件,开关就会发生非线性导通。采用低能量光脉冲序列触发光导开关,获得了高功率输出,降低了开关非线性导通时的触发光能和偏置电压,对于光导开关的应用具有重要意义。     

大功率光导开关研究

设计了横向结构的半绝缘GaAs光导开关和SiC光导开关。在不同的直流偏置电压下,使用波长为1 064 nm的激光脉冲触发使开关导通,研究了非本征光电导方式下GaAs光导开关和SiC光导开关的光电导特性。实验中获得了GaAs光导开关的暗态伏安曲线和200~1 100 nm波长范围内吸收深度随波长的变化曲线,得到了大功率GaAs光导开关在线性模式和非线性模式下的电流波形,并进行了比较,讨论了非线性模式下大功率GaAs光导开关的奇特光电导现象。对非本征光电导方式下的SiC光导开关进行了初步实验研究,得到了偏置电压3.6 kV下开关的电压和电流波形。     

Study on a New Ignition Method of the Spark Gap Based on Plasma Ejection in Air

A new ignition method of the spark gap based on plasma ejection is proposed in this paper, as the conventional trigatron spark gap performs poorly under the low working coefficient (the ratio of the charging voltage to the self‐breakdown voltage) in air. The plasma is generated by the capillary discharge, which has high pressure, high temperature and high velocity. The capillary discharge device is placed inside the low voltage electrode. As long as the triggering signal is sent to the device, a column of the plasma flow is ejected in axial direction and develops rapidly towards the high voltage electrode. Subsequently, the gap is broken down and a high resistive channel is formed, where the thermal ionization takes place and the arc across the whole gap is generated and develops into a well conductive channel. The process of the thermal ionization of the high resistive channel varies with the change of the spark gap distance. The breakdown delay and the delay jitter of the spark gap increase with the spark gap distance, as both parameters are mainly determined by the developing process of the plasma ejection. The characteristics of the plasma flow determine the possibility of the breakdown of the spark gap under the low working coefficient. The ignition method based on capillary plasma ejection has been proved by the preliminary experiments, which indicate that under the gap length of 8 cm and the working coefficient of less than 3%, the effective ignition is still achievable.     

基于光导开关及层叠Blumlein线的纳秒脉冲源

设计了一台层叠Blumlein线型脉冲功率源。该脉冲源以平板型Blumlein线为储能器件,使用4个GaAs光导开关作为脉冲形成开关,通过4级Blumlein线层叠结构以获得更高输出电压。分别使用10 mm及3 mm间隙光导开关进行实验,比较了PSpice电路仿真与实验结果。实验测试显示,10 mm开关充电23.5 kV时上升沿较大,可能的原因是偏置电场较低时开关导通时间较长。测试了不同工作电压下功率源的输出电压,结果显示:在10 mm间隙开关条件下,充电23.5 kV时,负载上得到了53 kV的高压脉冲输出;3 mm开关充电13.9 kV时输出电压39.4 kV,输出效率70%。实验结果表明, 随着工作场强的提高,电压输出效率呈现先下降后上升最终趋于饱和的趋势。     

大功率GaAs光导开关寿命实验研究

设计并制作了18 mm间隙的半绝缘GaAs光导开关,开关芯片采用标准半导体工艺制作并封装在陶瓷基板上。测试了光导开关在20 kV工作电压、1 kA工作电流时,不同重复频率工作的开关寿命,结果表明,开关寿命4 000次~7 000次,且随着重复频率的提高,开关寿命有所降低。初步分析了导致开关失效的原因为热损伤,包括局部发热导致的连接损伤和材料损伤以及整体发热导致的暗态电阻下降。     

大功率激光脉冲二极管触发高增益光导开关实验研究

研究了一种新型大功率激光脉冲二极管的输出特性,该激光二极管主要用于触发工作在高增益模式下的砷化镓光导开关。研制了基于射频金属-氧化物半导体场效应管的激光二极管驱动电路,可以为激光二极管提供上升沿、半高宽和峰值电流分别为4 ns,20 ns和130 A的脉冲驱动电流。研究了激光二极管输出的激光脉冲波形、能量、功率、光场分布等特性,并在Blumlein传输线结构中,研究了该大功率激光脉冲二极管的输出特性对工作于高增益模式下的光导开关的导通电阻、开关抖动等主要导通性能参数的影响规律。实验结果表明,激光脉冲的能量和功率越大,光斑面积越大、分布越均匀,在相同偏置电压条件下,光导开关的导通性能越好。     

外电路参数对GaAs光导开关导通过程的影响

通过研究不同外电路参数条件下半绝缘GaAs光导开关的输出电流波形的差异,分析了外电路电参数对GaAs光导开关导通过程和工作模式的影响。实验开关由600μm厚的半绝缘GaAs晶片制成,电极间隙为12 mm。使用波长为1 064 nm,5.2 mJ的激光脉冲进行了开关的触发实验。使用皮尔森电流探头测量开关放电电流波形。实验发现储能电容、回路电感等外电路参数对开关放电电流波形存在决定性影响,回路电感影响了导通电流的上升前沿,储能电容对于开关非线性模式的维持起决定作用,储能电容较大时才能够提供非线性模式维持所需的偏置电场。     

基于大功率激光二极管的光导开关导通特性

研究了应用于介质壁加速器的小间隙光导开关在大功率激光二极管驱动下的导通特性。激光二极管产生的激光脉冲中心波长为905nm,脉冲宽度(FWHM)约20ns,前沿约3.1ns,抖动小于200ps,峰值功率约90W。所用光导开关为异面电极结构的砷化镓(GaAs)光导开关,电极间隙5mm,偏置电压为15~22kV脉冲高压,工作在非线性(高增益)模式。测得光导开关最小导通电阻4.1Ω,抖动小于1ns,偏置电压在18kV时平均使用寿命约200次。     

Roles of voltage in semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch

An experimental study of leakage current is presented in a semi-insulating(SI) Ga As photoconductive semiconductor switch(PCSS) with voltages up to 5.8 kV(average field is 19.3 kV/cm). The leakage current increases nonlinearly with the bias voltage increasing from 1.2×10~(-9)A to 3.6×10~(-5)A. Furthermore, the dark resistance, which is characterized as a function of electric field, does not monotonically decrease with the field but displays several distinct regimes. By eliminating the field-dependent drift velocity, the free-electron density n is extracted from the current, and then the critical field for each region of n(E) characteristic of PCSS is obtained. It must be the electric field that provides the free electron with sufficient energy to activate the carrier in the trapped state via multiple physical mechanisms, such as impurity ionization, fielddependent EL2 capture, and impact ionization of donor centers EL10 and EL2. The critical fields calculated from the activation energy of these physical processes accord well with the experimental results. Moreover, agreement between the fitting curve and experimental data of J(E), further confirms that the dark-state characteristics are related to these field-dependent processes. The effects of voltage on SI-Ga As PCSS may give us an insight into its physical mechanism.     

大电流两电极气体开关研究

 由于引燃管难以满足现在能源系统对放电开关承受大电流的要求，因此研制了大电荷转移量两电极气体开关。这种新型气体开关电极间距可调，无触发极，采用同轴结构，并将主电极置于金属腔体内，减少了放电对绝缘支撑的污染。主电极为铜钨合金材料，设计为平顶圆柱状，以提高烧蚀均匀度和热传导效率，减少电极材料喷溅，延长其寿命。绝缘支撑采用碗状结构，提高了机械强度，增加了沿面击穿距离。该开关工作电压达25 kV，放电电流超过100 kA（脉冲宽度600 μs），单次脉冲电荷转移量达50 C。实验结果显示该气体开关触发性能稳定，电极表面烧蚀均匀，多次大电流实验后电极表面保持完好，可应用于强激光能源系统。     

Over recovery in low pressure spark gaps-confirmation of pressurereduction in over recovery

The over recovery in sparkgaps (Nagesh, 1997, Nagesh et al., 1999) operating along the left-hand side of Paschens' characteristics is due to pressure reduction in the gap after the first pulse discharge. This pressure reduction leading to over recovery in low pressure spark gaps has been verified using a low pressure spark gap with two spark gaps placed one above the other in the same chamber. The breakdown voltage strength characteristics of the second gap has been determined for gap spacings of 3.5 mm to 10 mm, diffusion of plasma in the direction of vacuum pumping and opposite, at a pressure of 2.1 Pa for hydrogen gas. The vacuum pumping direction has a great influence on the breakdown strength characteristics of second gap after the first gap discharge. The breakdown voltage of the second gap can exceed its self breakdown voltage only 1) when the diffusion of plasma and vacuum pumping direction are same and 2) when the second gap spacing is greater than or equal to first gap spacing. Shorter gaps can always have breakdown voltage lower than or equal to their self breakdown voltage. The experimental setups, behavior of self breakdown voltages of second gap due to breakdown in the first gap, over recovery characteristics of spark gaps, the results, and discussions are presented here