Al_2O_3包覆对Na_(0.44)MnO_2正极材料高温储钠性能的改善

Na_(0.44)MnO_2具有特殊的三维隧道结构和良好的化学稳定性,是一种理想的钠离子电池正极材料。本文研究了Na_(0.44)MnO_2正极材料的高温电化学性能,采用液相法对Na_(0.44)MnO_2正极材料进行Al_2O_3包覆改性,并通过电化学、形貌分析、结构分析、化学成分表征等方法研究Al_2O_3包覆的改性机制。结果表明:Al_2O_3包覆层有效地隔离了Na_(0.44)MnO_2与电解液的直接接触,缓解了高温下锰的溶解,从而维持了稳定的电极/溶液界面结构。Na_(0.44)MnO_2@Al_2O_3在55°C下的电化学性能相比未包覆Na_(0.44)MnO_2有显著提升:循环100次后容量保持率达79.2%,远高于未包覆的66.5%;在10C (1C=120 mAh·g~(-1))的大电流密度下放电比容量达到63.6 mAh·g~(-1),而未包覆的仅有12.3 mAh·g~(-1)。     

Na_(0.44)MnO_2在碱性溶液中的电化学机制

Na_(0.44)MnO_2具有原料丰富、合成简单、无毒环境友好、结构稳定性高等优势,适合作为水溶液钠离子电池的正极材料。Na_(0.44)MnO_2在中性水溶液中的比容量较低(30–40m Ah·g~(-1)),而采用碱性电解液可大大提高Na_(0.44)MnO_2的可逆比容量(80 m Ah·g~(-1))。当我们扩宽碱性电池的充放电窗口(1.95–0.3V)时,在1.0V(vsZn/Zn~(2+))附近出现一个宽的放电平台,且首周放电比容量高达275 m Ah·g~(-1),远远超出其理论嵌钠容量(121 m Ah·g~(-1))。本文我们通过对不同放电深度下的电极进行X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)表征,研究其超额容量的放电机理。结果表明1.0 V以下的低电位放电过程可分为两个阶段:第一阶段为H+在隧道结构中的嵌入,此时隧道结构保持不变,放电曲线上表现为平台区;第二阶段为过量H+的嵌入引起隧道结构破坏,同时伴随着Mn(OH)_2相的生成和Na+从结构中释放出来,放电曲线上表现为斜坡区。这一研究结果表明Na_(0.44)MnO_2在碱液中的可逆性与下限电位紧密相关,高稳定的Na_(0.44)MnO_2材料需要避免H+的嵌入。     

NaOH浓度对Na0.44MnO2储钠性能的影响

我们通过球磨法及后续的高温焙烧合成出了短棒状的Na_0.44MnO₂,并研究了其作为碱性水溶液钠离子电池正极时,电解液NaOH浓度对其电化学性能的影响。结果表明,提高NaOH浓度有利于抑制嵌氢反应的发生并改善电极的循环性能和倍率性能,但同时也会造成析氧反应的提前触发,浓度过高时则又会降低其倍率性能。Na_0.44MnO₂在8 mol·L^?1 NaOH中表现出了最佳的电化学性能,0.5C(1C=121 mA·g^?1)的电流密度下,比容量达到79.2 mAh·g^?1,50C时,仍能释放出35.3 mAh·g^?1的比容量,在0.2–1.2 V(vs.NHE)的电压窗口内,500周后容量保持率64.3%。此外,我们也发现缩小电压窗口可以减少副反应、改善循环性能。Na_0.44MnO₂在浓碱电解液中也表现出了优异的耐过充能力。上述结果不仅表明通过优化电解液体系和测试条件可大大改善Na_0.44MnO₂的储钠性能,同时也证实了Na_0.44MnO₂作为一种水溶液钠离子电池正极材料,在大规模储能领域具有良好的应用前景。     

Nitrogen-doped Carbon Coated Na3V2(PO4)3 with Superior Sodium Storage Capability

Cathodes with high cycling stability and rate capability are required for ambient temperature sodium ion batteries in renewable energy storage application. Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ is an attractive cathode material with excellent electrochemical stability and fast ion diffusion coefficient within the 3D NASICON structure. Nevertheless, the practical application of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ is seriously hindered by its intrinsically poor electronic conductivity. Herein, solvent evaporation method is presented to obtain the nitrogen-doped carbon coated Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode material, delivering enhanced electrochemical performances. N-Doped carbon layer coating serves as a highly conducting pathway, and creates numerous extrinsic defects and active sites, which can facilitate the storage and diffusion of Na⁺. Moreover, the N-doped carbon layer can provide a stable framework to accommodate the agglomeration of the electrode upon electrode cycling. N-Doped carbon coated Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃(NC-NVP) exhibits excellent long cycling life and superior rate performances than bare Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ without carbon coating. NC-NVP delivers a stable capacity of 95.9 mA·h/g after 500 cycles at 1 C rate, which corresponds to high capacity retention(94.6%) with respect to the initial capacity(101.4 mA·h/g). Over 91.3% of the initial capacity is retained after 500 cycles at 5 C, and the capacity can reach 85 mA·h/g at 30 C rate.     

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Na0.67Fe0.5Mn0.5O2Cathode with SnO2 Modification

P2-type layered oxide Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is recognized as a very promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to the merits of high capacity, high voltage, low cost, and easy preparation. However, its unsatisfactory cycle and rate performances remain huge obstacles for practical applications. Here, we report a strategy of SnO₂ modification on P2-type Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ to improve the cycle and rate performance. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) images indicate that an insular thin layer SnO₂ is coated on the surface of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ after medication. The coating layer of SnO₂ can protect Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ from corrosion by electrolyte and the cycle performance is well enhanced. After 100 cycles at 1 C rate(1 C=200 mA/g), the capacity of SnO₂ modified Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ retains 83 mA·h/g(64% to the initial capacity), while the capacity for the pristine Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is only 38 mA·h/g(33.5% to the initial capacity). X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the ratio of Mn⁴⁺ increases after SnO₂ modification, leading to less oxygen vacancy and expanded lattice. As a result, the capacity of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ increases from 178 mA·h/g to 197 mA·h/g after SnO₂ modification. Furthermore, the rate performance of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is enhanced with SnO₂ coating, due to high electronic conductivity of SnO₂ and expanded lattice after SnO₂ coating. The capacity of SnO₂ modified Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ at 5 C increases from 21 mA·h/g(pristine Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂) to 35 mA·h/g.     

Synthesis and Electrochemical Investigation of O3-Type High-nickel NCM Cathodes for Sodium-ion Batteries

Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)are promising energy storage devices for smart grid applications due to their low cost and the high abundance of sodium,but few cathode materials of SIBs with high energy density are available for practical applications.Herein,a series of NaNCM ternary materials(NCM=nickel-cobalt-manganese)is obtained by solid-phase reaction with well-regulated temperature and other reaction conditions.XRD results show that impure NiO phase is more likely to occur under high nickel content.The cross-section SEM indicates that the primary particles in the electrode materials are radially distributed along the radial direction,and the internal porous structure is conducive to the infiltration of electrolyte.The initial specific capacities of Na[Ni0.68Co0.10Mn0.22]O2(NaNCM712),Na[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2(NaNCM622)and Na[Ni0.4Co0.3Mn0.3]O2(NaNCM433)at 0.2 C are 165.5,153.1 and 146.8 mA·h/g,and the corresponding capacity retention rates are 63.2%,78.5%and 71.7%after 100 cycles.NaNCM712 possesses the highest initial specific capacity,and NaNCM433 delivers the best rate capability.The rate capabilities of high-nickel and low-cobalt NaNCM cathodes need to be further improved.Moreover,ex-situ XRD pattern reveals the structure evolution(from O3 type to P2 type)during a long cycling charge and discharge process.     

Regulating the Deposition of Insoluble Sulfur Species for Room Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries

Room temperature sodium-sulfur(RT-Na-S) batteries are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. However, in addition to the severe shuttle effect, the inhomogeneous deposition of the insoluble sulfur species generated during the discharge/charge processes also contributes to the rapid capacity fade of RT-Na-S batteries. In this work, the deposition behavior of the insoluble sulfur species in the traditional slurry-coated sulfur cathodes is investigated using microporous carbon spheres as model sulfur host materials. To achieve uniform deposition of insoluble sulfur species, a self-supporting sulfur cathode fabricated by assembling microporous carbon spheres is designed. With homogeneous sulfur distribution and favorable electron transport pathway, the self-supporting cathode delivers remarkably enhanced rate capability(509 mA·h/g at 2.5 C, 1 C=1675 mA/g), cycling stability(718 mA·h/g after 480 cycles at 0.5 C) and areal capacity(4.98 mA·h/cm² at 0.1 C), highlighting the great potential of manipulating insoluble sulfur species to fabricate high-performance RT-Na-S batteries.     

Hexagonal FeNi2Se4@C Nanoflakes as High Performance Anode Materials for Sodium-ion Batteries

Metal selenides have drawn significant attention as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)owing to their high electronic conductivity and reversible capacity.Herein,hexagonal FeNi2Se4@C nanoflakes were synthesized via a facile one-step hydrothermal method.They deliver a reversible capacity of 480.7 mA·h/g at 500 mA/g and a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 87.8%.Furthermore,a discharge capacity of 444.8 mA·h/g can be achieved at 1000 mA/g after 180 cycles.The sodium storage mechanism of FeNi2Se4@C is uncovered.In the discharge process,Fe and Ni nanoparticles are generated and distributed in Na2Se matrix homogeneously.In the charge process,FeNi2Se4 phase is formed reversibly.The reversible phase conversion of FeNi2Se4@C during cycling is responsible for the excellent electrochemical performance and enables FeNi2Se4@C nanoflakes promising anode materials for SIBs.     

富锂层状正极材料Li2MnO3的表面改性及其电化学性能研究

Li₂MnO₃正极材料具有较高的理论容量（459 mAh·g ^-1）,不仅安全无毒还能够大大降低电池的制造成本,从而受到越来越多的关注. 然而,较低的首圈库仑效率和较差的循环性能妨碍了其在锂电池中的实际应用. 在此,作者研究了MgF₂涂层对Li₂MnO₃正极材料的电化学性能. 结果表明,MgF₂涂层诱导部分层状Li₂MnO₃向尖晶石相转化,从而降低了首圈不可逆容量,提高库仑效率. 重量比为0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的MgF₂涂层电极的初始库仑效率分别为70.1%、77.5%和84.9%,而原始电极仅为57.7%. 充放电曲线表明,1.0wt.%MgF₂涂层改性的Li₂MnO₃具有最高的充放电容量和最佳的循环稳定性. 40个循环后1.0wt.%MgF₂涂层样品的容量保持率为81%,远高于原始样品的容量保持率（53.6%）. 电化学阻抗谱结果表明MgF₂涂层减少了不利成分的快速沉积,并改善了电极的循环稳定性.     

Design and Construction of 3D Porous Na3V2(PO4)3/C as High Performance Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries

An easy and delicate approach using cheap carbon source as conductive materials to construct 3D sequential porous structural Na3V2(PO4)3/C(NVP/C)with high performance for cathode materials of sodium ion battery is highly desired.In this paper,the NVP/C with 3D sequential porous structure is constructed by a delicate approach named as“cooking porridge”including evaporation and calcination stages.Especially,during evaporation,the viscosity of NVP/C precursor is optimized by controlling the adding quantity of citric acid,thus leading to a 3D sequential porous structure with a high specific surface area.Furthermore,the NVP/C with a 3D sequential porous structure enables the electrolyte to interior easily,providing more active sites for redox reaction and shortening the diffusion path of electron and sodium ion.Therefore,benefited from its unique structure,as cathode material of sodium ion batteries,the 3D sequential porous structural NVP/C exhibits high specific capacities(115.7,88.9 and 74.4 mA·h/g at current rates of 1,20 and 50 C,respectively)and excellent cycling stability(107.5 and 80.4 mA·h/g are remained at a current density of 1 C after 500 cycles and at a current density of 20 C after 2200 cycles,respectively).     

锌离子电池正极材料V2O5的储能机理和容量衰减原因

采用水热法结合热处理制备了具有高结晶性的V₂O₅,利用X射线衍射仪、球差校正扫描透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对V₂O₅的物相和形貌进行了表征,发现制备的V₂O₅择优取向生长并且具有良好的结晶性.电化学测试结果表明,以V₂O₅为正极材料的电池在电流密度为0.5 A/g下首次放电比容量约为340 mA·h/g.在电流密度为5 A/g下电池的首次放电比容量为170 mA·h/g,并且循环100次后衰减为50 mA·h/g.对不同放电态的V₂O₅正极材料的物相进行了分析,得出了V₂O₅正极材料在充放电过程中发生了锌离子和质子共嵌入（脱出）的反应机理;V₂O₅正极材料在充放电过程中发生的非晶化和副产物碱式硫酸锌的生成是导致以V₂O₅作为水系锌离子电池正极材料的电池系统发生容量衰减的主要原因.     

以Fe2O3为原料制备LiFePO4/C复合材料及其性能研究

以Fe2O3为铁源原料, 利用热还原法成功地制备了LiFePO4/C复合材料. 用XRD以及SEM对材料的晶体结构以及表面形貌进行了表征. 通过循环伏安和充放电测试研究了材料的电化学性能. 研究结果表明， 于700 ℃下制备的LiFePO4/C复合材料在0.1C的倍率下可以得到放电容量144.8 mA·h/g, 在循环160次后, 容量仍保持在141.4 mA·h/g. 这种以廉价的Fe2O3代替目前常用的二价铁盐原料方法, 具有减少LiFePO4合成成本的优点.     

Na2Ti3O7纳米片原位制备与钠离子电池负极材料应用

报道了Na₂Ti₃O₇纳米片的原位生长和钠离子电池负极材料的应用。通过简单的腐蚀市售的钛片制备出相互连接的微纳结构的Na₂Ti₃O₇纳米片。此外,腐蚀后的钛片在不用添加导电剂或粘结剂的情况下,可以直接作为电极材料使用。这种电极材料表现出优越的电化学性能,在50 mA·g^–1的电流密度下具有175 mAh·g^–1的可逆容量,在2000 mA·g^–1的电流密度下循环3000周后,其容量仍保持120 mAh·g^–1,容量保持率为96.5%。Na₂Ti₃O₇纳米片电极的优越电化学性能归因于二维结构具有较短的离子/电子扩散路径以及无粘结剂结构能有效的增加电极的电子传导能力。结果表明,这种微纳结构能够有效地克服Na₂Ti₃O₇作为电极材料离子/电子导电性差的缺点。因此,这种无粘结剂结构的Na₂Ti₃O₇纳米片负极材料是一种很有潜力的钠离子负极材料。     

Dense Sphene-type Solid Electrolyte Through Rapid Sintering for Solid-state Lithium Metal Battery

The sphene-type solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity has been designed for solid-state lithium metal battery. However, the practical applications of solid electrolytes are still suffered by the low relative density and long sintering time of tens of hours with large energy consumption. Here, we introduced the spark plasma sintering technology for fabricating the sphene-type Li_1.125Ta_0.875Zr_0.125SiO₅ solid electrolyte. The dense electrolyte pellet with high relative density of ca. 97.4% and ionic conductivity of ca. 1.44×10^-5 S/cm at 30℃ can be obtained by spark plasma sintering process within the extremely short time of only ca. 0.1 h. Also the solid electrolyte provides stable electrochemical window of ca. 6.0 V(vs. Li⁺/Li) and high electrochemical interface stability toward Li metal anode. With the enhanced interfacial contacts between electrodes and electrolyte pellet by the in-situ formed polymer electrolyte, the solid-state lithium metal battery with LiFePO₄ cathode can deliver the initial discharge capacity of ca. 154 mA·h/g at 0.1 C and the reversible capacity of ca. 132 mA·h/g after 70 cycles with high Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% at 55℃. Therefore, this study demonstrates a rapid and energy efficient sintering strategy for fabricating the solid electrolyte with dense structure and high ionic conductivity that can be practically applied in solid-state lithium metal batteries with high energy densities and safeties.     

Self-crystallized Interlayer Integrating Polysulfide-adsorbed TiO2/TiO and Highly-electron-conductive TiO for High-stability Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Low-cost lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries afford preeminent prospect as a next-generation high-energy storage device by virtue of great theoretical capacity.Nevertheless,their applications are restricted by some challenging technical barriers,such as weak cycling stability and low poor-conductivity sulfur loading originated in notorious shuttling effect of polysulfide intermediates.Herein,free of any complicated compositing process,we design an interlayer of carbon fiber paper supported TiO2/TiO to impede the shuttle effect and enhance the electrical conductivity via physical isolation and chemical adsorption.Such a self-crystallized homogeneous interlayer,where TiO2/TiO enables absorbing lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)and TiO plays a key role of high-electron-conductivity exhibited ultrahigh capacities(1000 mA·h/g at 0.5 C and 900 mA·h/g at 1 C)and outstanding capacity retention rate(97%)after 100 cycles.Thus,our design provides a simple route to suppress the shuttle effect via self-derived evolution Li-S batteries.     

锂离子电池富锂锰基正极材料的研究进展

随着新能源如电动汽车、储能电站的蓬勃发展,人们对下一代高性能锂离子电池的能量密度、功率密度和循环寿命提出了更高的要求. 而富锂锰基正极材料xLi₂MnO₃·(1-x)LiMO₂（0 < x < 1,M = Mn、Co、Ni…）具有可逆比容量高（240 ~ 280 mAh·g^-1,2.0 ~ 4.8 V）、电化学性能较佳、成本较低等优点,已吸引了研究者的关注,有望成为下一代锂离子电池用正极材料. 本实验室采用固相法和溶胶-凝胶法制备不同的富锂锰基正极材料,其中,溶胶-凝胶法制得的Li[Li_0.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13]O₂电极首周期放电比容量277.3 mAh·g^-1,50周期循环后容量272.8 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率98.4%. 本文重点结合本实验室的研究工作,对新型富锂锰基正极材料xLi₂MnO₃·(1-x)LiMO₂的结构、合成、电化学性能改性和充放电机理等进行总结与评述.     

锂离子电池用富锂正极材料的研究进展

富锂材料xLi₂MnO₃·(1-x)LiMO₂（0-1）和低廉的价格已引起人们的广泛兴趣. 但其首次充放电循环的较大不可逆容量损失、较差的倍率性能和循环过程的材料相变等关键问题制约了其发展. 富锂材料结构解析和充放电机理探索一直是研究的热点. 目前,富锂材料是否为固溶体仍有争论,首次充电4.5 V平台的氧流失机理已得到确认. 为了提高富锂材料的电化学性能,可从体相掺杂、表面包覆和结构形貌控制等方面对材料进行改性,其电化学性能有显著提升. 本文综述了富锂材料最新研究进展,归纳了相关制备方法,重点介绍了富锂材料的结构特点、锂嵌脱机理和改性方法,并展望了今后的研究方向.     

Facile Synthesis of Bi2MoO6 Nanosheets@Nitrogen and Sulfur Codoped Graphene Composites for Sodium-ion Batteries

Recently,sodium-ion batteries gradually become the promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries because of cost considerations.In this work,a kind of Bi2MoO6 nanosheets@N,S codoped graphene composite is designed and fabricated for sodium storage applications.Detailed characterizations are employed to investigate its morphology,structure and chemical compositions.When evaluated as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries,the as-prepared composite is able to display a specific capacity of 254 mA·h/g after 50 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A/g,and 186 mA·h/g at 1.6 A/g during the rate capability test.As a result,the further morphology and structure optimization is still required for high performance sodium-ion batteries.     

掺铝富锂材料Li1.2Mn0.543Co0.078Ni0.155Al0.030O2电极的电化学性能

本文合成了掺铝富锂材料Li_1.2Mn_0.543Co_0.078Ni_0.155Al_0.030O₂,并使用扫描电镜（SEM）、粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）和拉曼散射光谱（Raman）等观察表征富锂和掺铝富锂材料. 结果表明,共沉淀法合成掺铝富锂材料,具有R-3m空间群结构,Al元素进入晶格,未单独成相. 电化学性能和非现场XRD测试结果表明,4%（by mole）掺铝富锂电极100周期循环容量保持率83.7%,Al元素掺杂有利于容量的释放,增强了电极富锂材料的结构稳定性,提高了循环性能.     

富锂正极材料的衰减机理及循环稳定性提升的研究进展

富锂正极材料xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2(M=Ni,Co,Mn等,0＜x＜1)具有容量高(可达300 mA·h/g以上)、成本低的巨大优势,被誉为是可能的最为重要的下一代锂离子电池正极材料,受到了各国的高度重视和广泛研究.目前,这种材料尚存在初始(首圈)库仑效率低、循环性能差、电压衰减严重等问题,严重阻碍了材...