大体积直接进样离子色谱法测定饮用水中 9种卤代乙酸和6种阴离子

建立了一种采用大体积直接进样离子色谱测定饮用水中9种卤代乙酸和6种阴离子的新方法。采用高容量的IonPac AS9HC阴离子色谱柱,在进样量为500 μL时,以28 mmol/L Na2CO3为淋洗液,采用流速梯度洗脱,可在35 min内同时测定上述15种被测物。对9种卤代乙酸的检测限为1.91-49.98 μg/L,其中对二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸的检测限分别为4.62和5.11 μg/L。应用该方法对北京市9个自来水厂的源水及出厂水中的卤代乙酸进行了测定。结果表明,所测水样中仅含有二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸,其他卤代     

液-液萃取衍生气相色谱法测定饮用水中卤乙酸

建立了测定饮用水中5种卤乙酸的检测方法。水样经硫酸酸化、叔丁基甲醚萃取、硫酸-甲醇衍生化后,用气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定。5种卤乙酸平均加标回收率为74.5%~104.0%,相对标准偏差为3.1%~11.0%(n=6),最低检出限为0.3~15.3μg/L。该法适用于饮用水中卤乙酸的测定。     

液液萃取-气相色谱法直接测定罐装茶饮料中7种痕量卤乙酸

以叔丁醇-甲基叔丁基醚混合液为萃取剂,借助液液萃取方式实现对罐装茶饮料中7种卤乙酸的富集,不经过衍生化处理并采用气相色谱法对卤乙酸进行直接测定,以基质匹配校正曲线外标法定量。结果表明:对于罐装茶饮料中在1～10μg/L添加水平范围内7种卤乙酸的平均回收率范围为94.8%～100.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%～4.6%;方法检测限(LOD)范围为9.7～150 ng/L;定量限(LOQ)范围为33～510 ng/L。     

饮用水消毒副产物测定方法的研究进展

饮用水消毒副产物(DBPs)是指在对饮用水消毒的过程中,水中的各类有机物与消毒剂发生反应生成的化合物。对三卤甲烷、卤代乙酸、卤代乙腈、亚硝胺、卤代对苯醌、卤酸盐(氯酸盐、次氯酸盐和溴酸盐等)6类DBPs的前处理技术与检测方法进行综述,介绍了DBPs研究领域取得的进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

GC-ECD法快速测定饮用水中卤乙酸的方法研究

通过优化卤乙酸衍生化条件、改进色谱条件,建立了一种利用短程色谱柱快速测 定饮用水中5种卤乙酸的GC-ECD方法。方法的特点是色谱程序简单、运行时间短,色谱运行时间仅为10．8min,远少于通常的运行时间。方法的检出限较低,精密度较好,除MCAA外,MBAA、DCAA、TCAA和DBAA的检出限和相对标准偏差分别小于0．46μg／L和4％（n=7）;5种卤乙酸的加标回收率在86．6％～109．3％之间,满足EPA 6251B标准方法的要求。     

固相萃取-离子色谱法测定饮用水中的痕量卤代乙酸

建立了固相萃取-离子色谱(SPE-IC)测定饮用水中痕量卤代乙酸(HAAs)(包括一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴乙酸和二溴乙酸)的方法。固相萃取采用LiChrolut EN SPE柱来进行痕量待测物的预浓缩（25倍）和基体杂质的消除,用NaOH(10 mmol/L)洗脱;色谱分离采用亲水性、高容量、氢氧化物选择型阴离子交换柱Dionex IonPac AS16(250 mm×4 mm i.d.),以NaOH为流动相进行浓度梯度淋洗,淋洗速度为0.8 mL/min,电导检测,进样量为500 μL。结果表明,用SPE-IC法测定HAAs,一溴乙酸的检测限为12.5 μg/L,其余4种HAAs的检测限为0.38~1.69　μg/L。该法可实现对饮用水中痕量卤代乙酸的测定。     

饮用水中9种卤乙酸的超高效液相色谱法测定

建立了固相萃取/超高效液相色谱(SPE/UPLC)测定饮用水中9种痕量卤乙酸(HAAs)的分析方法.对固相萃取和液相色谱等分析条件进行了优化,选择Lichrolut EN固相萃取小柱富集饮用水中的HAAs,三乙胺-磷酸缓冲液和甲醇作为UPLC的流动相.在优化的分析条件下,9种卤乙酸在6min内实现基线分离,所有目标物在一定质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.995 7～0.9999;一氯乙酸(MCAA)的检出限为10.85μg/L,其它8种化合物的检出限为0.25～0.70μg/L;除MCAA外,其它目标物在低、中、高3种加标水平的回收率为60%～106%.方法的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为2.0%～5.7%.将此方法应用于我国北方某城市自来水中卤乙酸的测定,5种HAAs被检出.方法灵敏度高、简便快捷,可用于生活饮用水中痕量卤乙酸的测定.     

臭氧化对水厂水中卤代消毒副产物生成势的影响

以某饮用水厂沿程工艺出水为研究对象,研究了臭氧化预处理对水体中卤代消毒副产物(DBPs)生成势的影响。结果表明,臭氧氧化对不同卤代DBPs生成势的影响不尽相同。此外,水厂生物处理单元产生的胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)等生物源有机物是非常有效的DBPs前体物,但其更易于氯化生成三卤甲烷(THMs)而非卤乙酸(HAAs)。其中,水厂水中存在的THMs前体物主要是各类大分子量有机物,并且臭氧工艺对其有较好的氧化去除效果。水厂水中经臭氧氧化产生的小分子量有机物可能是更为有效的一氯乙酸(MCAA)和一溴乙酸(MBAA)前体物。此外,当水体中三氯乙酸(TCAA)前体物浓度较高时,臭氧工艺对TCAA生成势具有很好的去除效果。     

用卤代乙酸酯与酰卤的格氏偶合反应合成新戊酰乙酸乙酯

卤代乙酸酯与Mg反应形成格氏试剂后,易与酯基发生自身偶合,格氏试剂难以分离,因而很少应用于合成。M0riwake报道用卤代乙酸的叔丁酯代替乙酯,并与酮一起加入到Mg/     

离子色谱法测定水中常见阴离子和消毒副产物

建立了离子色谱法同时测定水中7种常见阴离子、3种无机消毒副产物和5种卤代乙酸的分析方法。采用IonPac AS19阴离子分离柱,以KOH为淋洗液,大体积进样,采用浓度梯度洗脱,可在33min内同时测定15种成分。7种常见阴离子的测定下限为2.3~10.0μg/L,3种无机消毒副产物的测定下限为3.3~10.0μg/L,5种卤代乙酸的测定下限为5.3~34.3μg/L。对杭州市4个自来水厂的源水及出水进行测定,发现其中4个水厂出水均有二溴乙酸检出,3个水厂有三溴乙酸检出,两个水厂有氯酸盐检出,一个水厂有三氯乙酸检出。     

水中氯代苯氧酸类除草剂测定方法的研究进展

氯代苯氧酸类除草剂是广泛使用的主要除草剂之一,由于具有一定的毒性,是环境中重点关注的一类污染物。对水中氯代苯氧酸类除草剂的检测标准和检测方法研究的进展进行了综述,对各种检测方法的优缺点进行了比较。     

In Process Citation

Oxidation with vanadium pentoxide in aqueous sulphuric acid has certain limitations, mainly because of the instability of vanadosulphate complexes in aqueous media. Hence the possibility of use of less strongly dissociative solvents than water has been examined with a view to enhancing the stability and oxidizing power of these complexes. Some simple organic oxygen compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and acids) have been examined as reductants, together with some others (acetals and esters) which are difficult to study in aqueous media because of the hydrophobic character. The results show that alcohols are more resistant to attack in non-aqueous medium than in water, and that the longer-chain alcohols are more easily oxidized. The aldehydes are more difficult to oxidize than ketones, as is also the case in water. The acids, also as in water, react only very feebly. The use of non-aqueous media extends the range of oxidation with vanadate to some substances insoluble in water (such as epoxides) which display sufficient reactivity.     

Für eine korrekte darstellung der ph-lehre

According to the classic theory weak acids and bases dissociate in water whilst their salts are hydrolysed by water; in the first process the water is supposed to perform a merely physical action as its high dielectrical constant diminishes the electrostatic attraction between the ions; in the second process the water is said to participate chemically.We know nowadays these conceptions to be obsolete: there is always a reaction with the water. In these reactions the molecules of acids and the cations of bases are hydrolysed in the same manner, whilst the molecules of bases and the anions of acids react analogously to each other but differently from the first process. The analogies as formulated up to now are incorrect and different ones have to supersede them. We shall not establish dissociation constants of a different kind for acids and bases, but identical equilibrium constants for both of them.By this development the calculation of pH-values is greatly simplified, as more than half of the actual formulae disappear and the meaning and interpretation of the remaining formulae are self-explanatory. The transition from aqueous to non-aqueous solutions is easy. Important analogies to the redox systems are established.     

Molecular dynamics studies of the stability of water/n-heptane interfaces with adsorbed naphthenic acids

The mechanism by which naphthenic acids stabilize water/oil interfaces has received extensive attention because of its industrial relevancy. In this work, we employed a molecular dynamics simulation to study its molecular origin. Two models were adopted, wherein naphthenic acid coverage of water/n-heptane interfaces, both spherical and flat, was hypothesized, respectively. It was found that the coalescence of two water clusters is entirely attributed to the diffusional motion of the components involved which requires the initial departure of the naphthenic acid molecules from the interface so that a water bridge can form. The naphthenic acids not only act as a steric barrier but also reduce the mobility of the water and n-heptane molecules making the formation of the water bridge rather difficult. In fact, our results show that the coalescence of two water clusters fully covered by naphthenic acid molecules is a low-probability event even at evaluated temperatures. In addition, the results from the flat interface models suggest that the emulsion stability is weakly dependent on the molecular weight of the naphthenic acids utilized. Order parameter calculations reveal liquid-crystal-like ordering of naphthenic acids at the water/n-heptane interfaces. All these observations are consistent with the corresponding experimental observations. The present work also suggests that the mobility of naphthenic acids is considerably enhanced with more n-heptane molecules present outside a water droplet. However, in such a case, coalescence could not occur as the water clusters are far apart from each other.     

The uniqueness of humic substances in each of soil,stream and marine environments

Definitive compositional differences are shown to exist for both fulvic acids and humic acids from soil, stream and marine environments by five different methods (¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, ¹⁴C age and δ¹³C isotopic analyses, amino acid analyses and pyrolysis-mass spectrometry). Definitive differences are also found between fulvic acids and humic acids within each environment. These differences among humic substances from various sources are more readily discerned because the method employed for the isolation of humic substances from all environments excludes most of the non-humic components and results in more purified humic isolates from water and soils. The major compositional aspects of fulvic acids and humic acids which determine the observed characteristic differences in each environment are the amounts and composition of saccharide, phenolic, methoxyl, aromatic, hydrocarbon, amino acids and nitrogen moieties.     

On the prediction of equilibrium phase behavior of amino acids in aqueous and aqueous-electrolyte solutions using SAFT equation of state

We present an approach based on the statistical associating fluids theory (SAFT) to predict the solubility of amino acids in aqueous and aqueous-electrolyte solutions. This approach can describe the association interactions and their effects on the solubility of amino acids. Using the experimental data of activity coefficients of amino acids in water, the parameters of SAFT model for amino acids are obtained. The solubility of several amino acids in the temperature range of 273.15–373.15 K is predicted. Results obtained from the model are in a good accordance with the experimental data. Also, we examine the effect of pH on the solubility of dl-methionine. Addition of an extra amino acid to the binary solution of amino acid + water makes the system more complex. To check the accuracy of model, we study the ternary solution of dl-serine + dl-alanine + water and dl-valine + dl-alanine + water. Predicted results depict that the proposed model has the ability to describe the ternary solution of amino acids, accurately. Finally, the solubility of amino acids in aqueous-electrolyte solutions is investigated. The long-range interactions caused by the presence of ions affects the solubility of amino acids, leading them to be salted in or out. To treat this kind of interaction, the restrictive primitive mean spherical approximation (RP-MSA) is coupled with the SAFT equation of state. The proposed model can accurately predict the solubility of amino acids in aqueous-electrolyte solutions.     

Thermodynamic models of aqueous solutions containing inorganic electrolytes and dicarboxylic acids at 298.15 K. 1. The acids as nondissociating components

Atmospheric aerosols contain a significant fraction of water-soluble organic compounds, including dicarboxylic acids. Water activities at approximately 298.15 K (including data for highly supersaturated solutions) of oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, maleic, malic, and methyl succinic acids are first correlated as a function of concentration, treating the acids as nondissociating components. Methods proposed by Clegg et al. (J. Aerosol. Sci. 2001, 32, 713-738), and by Clegg and Seinfeld (J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 1008-1017) for estimating water activities and solute activity coefficients in aqueous mixtures containing both electrolytes and uncharged solutes are then evaluated from comparisons with literature data. These data include water activities, solubilities, and determinations of the eutonic points of solutions containing up to five acids, and solutions containing one or more acids and the salts (NH(4))(2)SO(4), NH(4)NO(3), or NaCl. The extended Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson approach of Clegg and Seinfeld yields the more accurate predictions for aqueous mixtures containing dicarboxylic acids only, and for aqueous mixtures of the acids and salts (though by a lesser margin). A number of hybrid modeling approaches, which contain elements of both methods, are outlined.     

Thermometric and other titrations of sparingly soluble compounds in aqueous micellar media

Several organic acids and bases that are very sparingly soluble in water have been determined by acid-base and redox titrimetry after solubilizing them in micellar suspensions of sodium dodecylsulfate or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Thermometric titrations are much more rapid, convenient, accurate, and precise than the corresponding potentiometric ones. Titrations in such media can effect some differentiations that cannot be made in water and are also much more economical than titrations in non-aqueous solvents.     

Capillary Gas Chromatographic Separation of Carboxylic Acids Using an Acidic Water Stationary Phase

An acidic water stationary phase is used for the analysis of carboxylic acids in capillary gas chromatography (GC). Under regular pH 7 operating conditions, these analytes are largely ionized and elute poorly, if at all, from the water phase. However, by adjusting the phase to pH 2, it is found that various acids are neutralized and can be readily eluted and separated in the system. Sulfamic acid is found to provide a stable pH for the water phase over time, whereas hydrochloric acid and other more volatile additives quickly evaporate from the column. Under optimal low pH conditions, the acidic analytes yield good peak shape and are readily observed for masses investigated down to 5 ng on-column. By comparison, on a conventional non-polar capillary GC column, the same analytes display threefold more peak tailing and are not detected for masses below 30 ng on-column. Through altering the phase pH, it is found that the selectivity between certain analytes can be potentially enhanced depending on their respective pKa values and/or ionizability. The analysis of various different samples containing carboxylic acids is demonstrated and the results indicate that this approach can possibly offer unique and beneficial selectivity in such determinations.     

Weak acids enhance halogen activation on atmospheric water's surfaces

We report that rates of I(2)(g) emissions, measured via cavity ring-down spectroscopy, during the heterogeneous ozonation of interfacial iodide: I(-)(surface, s) + O(3)(g) + H(+)(s) →→ I(2)(g), are enhanced several-fold, whereas those of IO·(g) are unaffected, by the presence of undissociated alkanoic acids on water. The amphiphilic weak carboxylic acids appear to promote I(2)(g) emissions by supplying the requisite interfacial protons H(+)(s) more efficiently than water itself, at pH values representative of submicrometer marine aerosol particles. We infer that the organic acids coating aerosol particles ejected from ocean's topmost films should enhance I(2)(g) production in marine boundary layers.