Microwave properties of composites with chromium dioxide

The permittivity and permeability of composites filled with CrO₂ powder are measured within the frequency range from 0.05 to 12 GHz. A sharp line of magnetic absorption is detected near 8 GHz. The effects of magnetic bias and remanence on the permittivity and permeability spectra are analyzed. The hysteretic behavior of dynamic permeability is observed for both parallel and perpendicular bias orientations relative to the microwave magnetic field. The effect is due to switching of the magnetic texture under bias equal to coercive field. At 50 MHz the parallel bias close to coercive field affects permeability much stronger than the perpendicular one. At 10 GHz the effect of perpendicular bias is higher than that of the parallel one. The effect of remanence on the microwave permeability is negligible. The 3 kOe parallel bias suppresses the line of magnetic absorption and decreases the conductivity of the composite and its microwave permittivity. This can be attributed to the magnetostatic interaction of inclusions in the vicinity of the percolation threshold.     

Tunable properties of microwire composites at microwave frequency

Tunable electromagnetic properties (permeability and permittivity) of composites filled with glass-coated microwires under external magnetic field were investigated experimentally. The microwire composites have been measured with 7 mm coaxial airline fixture and vector network analyzer from 0.01 to 18 GHz. The ferromagnetic resonance may contribute to the tunability of permeability of microwire composites. The tunability of effective dielectric permittivity may be attributed to the magneto-impedance effect. The microwire composites are promising candidates for smart or tunable applications at microwave frequency.     

Tunable effective permittivity of composites based on ferromagnetic microwires with high magneto-impedance effect

The effect of the external magnetic field on the dispersion of the effective permittivity in a single array of parallel CoFe-based amorphous wires is demonstrated by measuring the transmission/reflection spectra in free space in the frequency band of 0.9–17 GHz. The magnetic field is applied along the wires, sensitively changing their magnetisation and high-frequency impedance. Based on the measurements of magneto-impedance in a single wire and S-parameters of composites in free space, we show the correlation between the magneto-impedance and the field dependence of the effective permittivity.     

电磁超材料中负磁导率对负介电常数的影响

为深入了解电磁超材料中物质间相互作用关系,理论分析了金属导体线阵列宏结构嵌入单负磁导率媒质中时其等效介电常数的变化特性。数值计算和电磁仿真方法相结合,讨论了单负磁导率媒质和单负介电常数媒质的相互作用关系,提出了减小其相互作用的解决方法。仿真结果显示:将金属线阵列直接嵌入到单负磁导率媒质中时,电磁超材料传输特性在整个频段内为传输禁带;将金属线裹附一层绝缘材料后,传输禁带变为传输通带,这表明金属线阵列和单负磁导率媒质之间必须加入一种绝缘材料才能合成双负的电磁超材料。     

Electronic structure and polarizability of quantum metallic wires

The electronic structure and the linear response to an external electric field of simple metal wires with a quantum-size cross-section have been studied within the density-functional theory and the “jellium” model. It is found that an increase in the wire radius leads to a nonmonotonic change in the work function and static polarizability of the wire. The photoabsorption spectra of Na wires with different cross-sections are obtained. The effect of a dielectric environment on the properties of metallic wires is investigated. An increase in the permittivity of a medium brings about a decrease in the static polarizability of metallic wires. It is demonstrated that the surface plasma resonance in the photoabsorption cross-section for Na wires placed in a dielectric matrix is shifted from the continuous spectrum toward the range somewhat below the ionization threshold.     

Effective material parameters,resonance, and polarization properties of a magnetophotonic crystal

For mutually perpendicular orientations of the periodicity axis, the wavevector, and the magnetic bias, the expressions for the effective material parameters of the magnet-dielectric periodic structure are obtained in the fine-layered medium approximation. The allowance for corrections proportional to (L/λ)² leads to the dependence of the effective permittivity and permeability on the permittivity and permeability of the layers. The resonance and polarization properties, as well as the conductance of the magnetophotonic structure under consideration, are investigated.     

Metamaterial composed of wire pairs exhibiting dual band negative refraction

The design of the metamaterial that can exhibit negative refraction at two frequency bands is presented. The components of this metamaterial are cut wire pairs and continuous wires. The cut wire pairs structure in our sample can achieve the magnetic resonance at two frequency bands by appropriately designing the cut wire dimension. Through numerical simulation, the transmission property of the proposed dual band negative index metamaterial is investigated and its result shows that with the introduction of continuous wires, the stop bands for cut wire pairs (permeability μ<0) and the frequency band for continuous wires (permittivity ε<0) components would overlap and lead to the appearance of pass bands near the two magnetic resonance frequency bands. Its electromagnetic properties are then retrieved to demonstrate that the dual band left-hand behavior can be obtained in our sample structure. It is believed that our approach will be effective to make this kind of dual band negative refractive metamaterial based on the multiple magnetic resonances work at optical frequency.     

The effect of shape distribution of inclusions on the frequency dependence of permeability in composites

Microwave material parameters of composites filled with Fe powder are measured as a function of frequency and volume fraction of the powder. The powder is prepared by mechanical milling of Fe in argon atmosphere. The host matrix of the composites is paraffin wax. The permittivity and permeability are measured in the frequency range 0.01-3 GHz. The measured frequency dependences of the permeability is considered in terms of the Bergman-Milton theory, with no additional suggestions imposed on the volume fraction dependence of effective material parameters of composites and the frequency dependence of intrinsic permeability of magnetic powders. The Ghosh-Fuchs theory is found to provide an excellent agreement with the measured permittivity and permeability of the composites, in contrast to the theories employing averaged demagnetization factor of inclusions, such as the Maxwell Garnet approximation. Therefore, the effective material parameters of the composites are affected greatly by the shape distribution of the powder particles. From the measured frequency dependence of permittivity and permeability, the intrinsic permeability of the powder is found.     

磁场退火对Co基熔体抽拉丝巨磁阻抗效应的影响

对Co基熔体抽拉非晶丝进行了普通炉内退火和不同磁场强度（500 Oe,1600 Oe,4000 Oe）下的横向和纵向磁场退火,利用HP4192阻抗分析仪和Lakeshore7407VSM分析了退火态样品的巨磁阻抗（GMI）效应和软磁性能.研究结果表明,纵向磁场降低了环向各向异性,纵向磁场退火样品GMI效应降低且GMI曲线为单峰,最大阻抗变化率ΔZ/Z为131%,磁场响应灵敏度为7%/Oe;而横向磁场提高了环向畴体积,增加了环向各向异性场,导致退火样品GMI曲线随频率升高由单峰转 关键词： 非晶丝 巨磁阻抗效应 退火     

Absorption losses in periodic arrays of thin metallic wires

We analyze the transmission and reflection of electromagnetic waves calculated from transfer matrix simulations of periodic arrangements of thin metallic wires. The effective permittivity and the absorption of the arrangements of wires are determined. Their dependence on the wire thickness and the conductance of the metallic wires is studied. The cutoff frequency, or effective plasma frequency, is obtained and compared with analytical predictions. It is shown that the periodic arrangement of wires exhibits a frequency region in which the real part of the permittivity is negative while its imaginary part is very small. This behavior is seen for wires with thickness as small as 17 microm with a lattice constant of 3.33 mm.     

基于铁氧体基板的开口谐振环的可调微波左手特性研究

利用铁氧体的外场调制特性,提出采用铁氧体作为金属环线结构的介质基板,实现频率可调左手材料. 首先采用时域差分有限元方法数值模拟了基板材料参数变化的条件下,开口谐振环的频率可调性规律. 随基板材料的介电常数或磁导率升高,与开口谐振环负磁导率对应的透射谷频率将显著降低. 实验制备了一系列超高频软磁六角铁氧体,利用外加磁场有效调制了其磁导率. 并通过实验表明,通过调控外加磁场可以有效地调控开口谐振环负磁导率对应的透射谷频率. 关键词： 左手材料 开口谐振环 铁氧体 可调     

Magnetic anisotropy and domain patterns in electrodeposited cobalt nanowires

The magnetic anisotropy and domain structure of electrodeposited cylindrical Co nanowires with length of 10 or 20 μm and diameters ranging from 30 to 450 nm are studied by means of magnetization and magnetic torque measurements, as well as magnetic force microscopy. Experimental results reveal that crystal anisotropy either concurs with shape anisotropy in maintaining the Co magnetization aligned along the wire or favours an orientation of the magnetization perpendicular to the wire, hence competing with shape anisotropy, depending on whether the diameter of the wires is smaller or larger than a critical diameter of 50 nm. This change of crystal anisotropy, originating in changes in the crystallographic structure of Co, is naturally found to strongly modify the zero (or small) field magnetic domain structure in the nanowires. Except for nanowires with parallel-to-wire crystal anisotropy (very small diameters) where single-domain behaviour may occur, the formation of magnetic domains is required to explain the experimental observations. The geometrical restriction imposed on the magnetization by the small lateral size of the wires proves to play an important role in the domain structures formed. Received 14 September 2000     

Microwave metamaterials with ferromagnetic microwires

This paper discusses a new type of wire media based on amorphous ferromagnetic microwires. The combination of two effects, namely, a strong dispersion of the effective permittivity in metallic wire composites (resonance or plasmonic type) and giant magnetoimpedance effect in wires, will result in unusual property that an effective dielectric response may strongly depend on the wire magnetization which can be changed with external stimuli: magnetic field, mechanical stress and temperature.     

The electromagnetic characteristics and design of mechanically alloyed Fe–Co particles for electromagnetic-wave absorber

The electromagnetic and microwave-absorbing properties of mechanically alloyed Fe–Co particles were studied in this work. Their complex permeability and permittivity were measured over a frequency range of 2 – 4 GHz. It is found that the permeability of the Fe–Co particles–epoxy composites decreases with the Co content and is two to three times larger than that of spinel-type ferrite particles. The permittivity is tunable with varying the Co content. It results in the variation of the normalized input impedance and thus affects the absorbing properties. The numerical calculations indicate that the Fe–Co particles have potential application for thin quasi-microwave absorbers.     

Experimental study of composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity

Inclassicalelectrodynamics,theresponse(typicallyfrequencydependent)ofamaterialtoelectricandmagneticfieldsischaracterizedbytwofundamentalquantities,thepermittivityeandthepermeabilitym.Bothmandearepositiveinmostmaterials.In1968,Veselago[1]predictedthattheelectromagneticwavepropagationinamediumhavingsimultaneouslynegativepermittivityandpermeabilityshouldgiverisetoseveralpeculiarcharacteristics.Butnoneofhispredictionsweretestedduringthelastcentury,becausenonaturalmaterialswithsimultaneouslynegativ…     

Current distribution and giant magnetoimpedance in composite wires with helical magnetic anisotropy

The giant magnetoimpedance effect in composite wires consisting of a non-magnetic inner core and soft magnetic shell is studied theoretically. It is assumed that the magnetic shell has a helical anisotropy. The current and field distributions in the composite wire are found by means of a simultaneous solution of Maxwell equations and the Landau–Lifshitz equation. The expressions for the diagonal and off-diagonal impedance are obtained for low and high frequencies. The dependences of the impedance on the anisotropy axis angle and the shell thickness are analyzed. Maximum field sensitivity is shown to correspond to the case of the circular anisotropy in the magnetic shell. It is demonstrated that the optimum shell thickness to obtain maximum impedance ratio is equal to the effective skin depth in the magnetic material.     

Influence of demagnetizing field on the permeability of soft magnetic composites

The influence of demagnetizing field on the effective permeability of magnetic composites has been investigated. A theoretical expression of the effective permeability has been obtained and discussed according to four typical composites with spheres, needles, flakes, and aligned prolate ellipsoidal particles. The results indicate that the demagnetizing field within the particles can reduce the effective permeability significantly. In order to increase the effective permeability, it is necessary to decrease the demagnetizing field within the particles. A linear relationship between effective permeability and volume fraction is also observed for composites filled with spherical particles at low volume fraction.     

Nonlinear conductance of long quantum wires at a conductance plateau transition: where does the voltage drop?

We calculate the linear and nonlinear conductance of spinless fermions in clean, long quantum wires, where short-ranged interactions lead locally to equilibration. Close to the quantum phase transition, where the conductance jumps from zero to one conductance quantum, the conductance obtains a universal form governed by the ratios of temperature, bias voltage, and gate voltage. Asymptotic analytic results are compared to solutions of a Boltzmann equation which includes the effects of three-particle scattering. Surprisingly, we find that for long wires the voltage predominantly drops close to one end of the quantum wire due to a thermoelectric effect.     

直线感应加速腔横向阻抗的测量

 采用束流模拟法测量强流直线感应加速器加速腔横向阻抗,给出了加速腔的测量结果。采用了时域变换法提高不匹配情况下测量精度的方法,对引起测量误差的 原因进行了分析。这有助于深入理解强流加速腔内的物理过程,改进加速腔设计,提高 直线感应加速器整机性能     

Low field microwave absorption and magnetization process in CoFeNi electroplated wires

Ferromagnetic resonance （FMR）, Ferromagnetic antirresonance （FMAR） and low field magnetoimpedance （MI） are the characteristic features of high frequency losses in applied fields. While some results on FMR and FMAR in CoFeNi electroplated wires were reported earlier, here we present microwave absorption in CuBe wires electroplated by 1 μm FeCoNi magnetic layer at very low fields. These data are comparatively analysed together with longitudinal hysteresis loops in order to reveal the correlation between power absorption and magnetization processes. Microwave studies are made by using the cavity perturbation method at 9.65 GHz for a DC field parallel to the sample axis, and with microwave magnetic field hrf parallel or perpendicular to the wire axis. Two peaks have been observed in all samples, one is due to FMR, and the other is, at very low fields, related to MI. The MI peaks represent minima in power absorption. By comparing with the hysteresis loop we remark the close correspondence between the MI phenomena in the axial mode and the concomitant magnetization process.