Vertical focusing study in the central region of the CYCIAE-100 cyclotron

The vertical focusing is one of the primary problems in the central region of cyclotrons. This focusing effect brought about by the magnetic field is inclined to be weak near the center of the machine due to the fact that the flutter is small, while the electric focusing forces incurred from the dee gaps become very strong. Since the electric focusing effect is dependent on the RF phase, we have proceeded to carry out analytical calculations and numerical simulation about the vertical focusing in the central region of CYCIAE100, including magnetic focusing, electric focusing and the defocusing effect from the space charge effect. All the results have been used for the design of the central region for CYCIAE-100 and a good vertical focusing has been obtained.     

Fokussierende Parabelspektrographen

A stigmatic focusing parabola spectrograph was constructed consisting of a tandem arrangement of a magnetic and an electric sector field. The mean planes of deflection of these fields are vertical to each other. Each field is giving the focusing in its own direction of deflection. Using an electron impact ion source and a circular entrance diaphragm of a diameter of 0.05 mm a mass resolution of about 2500 and in the direction of the parabolas an energy resolution of at least 1000 was obtained.     

Measurement of the tensor electric polarizability of a deuteron in storage rings

When an electric field of resonant frequency acts on a deuteron beam in a storage ring, the tensor electric polarizability stimulates buildup of the vertical polarization of the beam (the Baryshevsky effect). This effect allows high-precision measurement of the tensor electric polarizability of the deuteron, which contains important information about spin-dependent nuclear forces. The general formulas describing the Baryshevsky effect are derived. It is shown that doubling of the resonant frequency leads to dramatic enhancement of the effect.     

Research on Changes of Focusing Structure Parameters Caused by the DC-Clearing Electric Field of Storage Ring

The changes of focusing structure parameters caused by the DC-clearing electric field of storage ring were researched. The conclusion is made that tune shift caused by the DC-clearing electric field is related to the real-time close orbit of stored beam. The clearing electric field asymmetrically distributed along the ring destroys the symmetry of the focusing structure and decreases the acceptance of storage ring. It has negative effect to the injection and accumulation process in certain condition.     

Super-Enhancement Focusing of Teflon Spheres

A Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) sphere can be used as a focusing lens in the applications of imaging and sensing due to its low-loss property in the terahertz band. Herein, field intensities and focusing parameters are analytically calculated for Teflon spheres at different low-loss levels and then a super-enhancement focusing effect in the spheres with particular size parameters was discovered, which can stimulate about 4000 times stronger field intensity than that for incident radiation as well as the great potential of overcoming diffraction limit despite high sensitivity to the magnitude of Teflon loss. A subsequent analysis of scattering amplitudes proves that the strong scattering of a single-order mode in the internal electric or magnetic field is the main factor causing this phenomenon.     

浅海低频垂直相控阵多模声场聚焦研究*

为了提高低频垂直相控阵声场聚焦的环境适应性,增强环境失配情况下的声场聚焦效果,提出一种多模声场聚焦方法。该方法利用环境失配对低阶模态影响相对较小的特点,只利用前3阶模态进行发射权系数的计算。仿真结果表明,多模声场具有较大的聚焦跨度,在环境失配情况下仍能在期望的聚焦位置实现良好的聚焦效果。进一步地,根据巴斯微扰理论计算分析了多模声场的混响特性。由于多模声场聚焦将能量集中到了掠射角较小的低阶模态中,因此比最优权系数聚焦具有更低的混响平均强度。多模聚焦对聚焦深度进行扫描可以实现目标的深度分辨,这在水下目标探测方面具有较高的应用前景。     

直流清洗电场对储存环聚焦参数修正作用的研究

研究了直流清洗电场对储存环聚焦参数的修正作用.认为该清洗电场形成的横向振荡数移位,与储存束流闭轨实时位置有关.指出电极沿环不对称分布的此类清洗电场,会破坏储存环聚焦结构的对称性,降低储存环的接受度,在一定条件下,对注入积累束流过程有负作用.     

Photogalvanic current in a parabolic well

We study the in-plane stationary photocurrent in a parabolic potential well. The well has vertical asymmetry due to inhomogeneous distribution of scatterers. The electric field of light has both vertical and in-plane components. The photogalvanic effect originates from the periodic oscillation of electrons in a vertical direction caused by the normal component of the alternating electric field with simultaneous in-plane acceleration/deceleration by the in-plane component of electric field. The problem is considered in classical approximation assuming inhomogeneously-distributed friction. Photocurrent has a resonance character. Resonance occurs at light frequencies close to a characteristic well frequency. The effect of in-plane magnetic field is also studied.     

紧凑型回旋加速器物理问题及调束技术

介绍了紧凑型回旋加速器CYCIAE-100的特点及设计过程中重点考虑的一些物理问题,如紧凑型直边扇磁铁结构的轴向聚焦、异性高频谐振腔的设计、空间电荷效应等。研究了该加速器的调束技术,包括调束方案、诊断设备布局及径向靶测量的束流信息、物理图像。CYCIAE-100的主磁铁设计中,为降低磁铁和高频腔的加工难度而采用直边扇形磁极,为解决直边扇形磁极在大半径处的轴向聚焦力下降的问题,采用变气隙技术,从而有效提高轴向聚焦力。采用自行开发的基于PIC技术的宏离子模拟程序OPAL-CYCL进行了空间电荷效应的研究,结果表明,CYCIAE-100的极限流强为10 mA。     

On the interaction of microparticles with ion flux in gas discharge plasma

The charging and interaction of microparticles in the gas discharge near-electrode region, where the role of the external electric field and ion drift is significant, are considered. It is shown that the ion focusing, responsible for, as is generally accepted, the formation of vertical linear dust structures, is strongly suppressed under conditions typical of experiments with dusty plasma (i.e., the gas discharge at pressures of 10–100 Pa). The contribution of ions trapped by an ion microparticle to the dusty particle charge is estimated. It is shown that trapped ions can appreciably reduce the microparticle charge.     

Photogalvanic current in electron gas over a liquid helium surface

We study the stationary surface photocurrent in 2D electron gas near the helium surface. Electron gas is assumed to be attracted to the helium surface due to the image attracting force and an external stationary electric field. The alternating electric field has both vertical and in-plane components. The photogalvanic effect originates from the periodic transitions of electrons between quantum subbands in the vertical direction caused by a normal component of the alternating electric field accompanied by synchronous in-plane acceleration/deceleration due to the electric field in-plane component. The effect needs vertical asymmetry of the system. The problem is considered taking into account a friction caused by the electron-ripplon interaction. The photocurrent resonantly depends on the field frequency. The resonance occurs at field frequencies close to the distance between well subbands. The resonance is symmetric or antisymmetric depending on the kind (linear or circular) of polarization.     

时间反演聚焦经颅磁声电刺激仿真与实验研究*

无创脑神经调控技术是生物医学领域的研究热点,经颅磁声电刺激是利用静磁场和声场的耦合而产生的感应电场作用于神经组织,对大脑的目标位置进行刺激和调控的一项技术。颅骨的存在使超声在传播过程中发生相位畸变和幅值衰减,聚焦区域偏离,难以实现精准聚焦。该文基于时间反演法,模拟颅内点声源发射脉冲以及超声传播过程,计算各个阵元接收到的时间差,按照后到先发的原则发射脉冲进行聚焦刺激。与传统相控阵聚焦相比,焦点偏移现象基本得到解决,焦域横向、纵向分辨率均有所提高,提高了声束聚焦精度和感应电场峰值。通过搭建实验平台,将两种聚焦方法所测得的声场归一化处理,验证了时间反演法能补偿焦点偏移,并通过实验证实了超声换能器声场和产生感应电场分布存在较高的一致性。基于真实颅脑结构的虚拟点源时间反演聚焦可以实现无创、精准、灵活的经颅磁声电刺激,有助于推动精准神经调控技术的发展。     

二次发射微波电子枪的倍增特性

 利用3DRun程序通过数值模拟计算，对二次发射微波电子枪的束流倍增特性作了研究。用1维模型计算了束流倍增与腔两极间距离以及腔中场强的关系，并详细给出了腔两极间距离为10mm,场强为5-4MV/m时出射电子纵向聚束及能量聚焦过程；利用3DRun程序研究了在高频场及粒子束本身空间电荷场的共同作用下，束流在3维运动过程中的倍增特性，计算了出射束流的发射度。通过计算表明：二次发射微波电子枪可以提供低发射度、高流强的电子束。     

Phase field simulation of single bubble behavior under an electric field

Based on the Cahn-Hilliard phase field model, a three-dimensional multiple-field coupling model for simulating the motion characteristics of a rising bubble in a liquid is established in a gas-liquid two-phase flow. The gas-liquid interface motion is simulated by using a phase-field method, and the effect of the electric field intensity on bubble dynamics is studied without electric field, or with vertical electric field or horizontal electric field. Through the coupling effect of electric field and flow field, the deformation of a single rising bubble and the formation of wake vortices under the action of gravity and electric field force are studied in detail. The correctness of the results is verified by mass conservation, and the influences of different electric field directions and different voltages on the movement of bubbles in liquid are considered. The results show that the ratio of the length to axis is proportional to the strength of the electric field when the air bubble is stretched into an ellipsoid along the electric field line under the action of electrostatic gravity and surface tension. In addition, the bubble rising speed is affected by the electric field, the vertical electric field accelerates the bubble rise, and the horizontal direction slows it down.     

具有电与磁非线性效应超常介质中光束的聚焦特性

基于Drude模型,采用解析法与数值模拟法研究了具有电与磁非线性效应超常介质中光束的聚焦特性。结果表明超常材料中光束聚焦现象不但可以发生在自聚焦非线性介质中(正折射区)而且可以发生在自散焦非线性介质中(负折射区),且光束中心频率离介质的等离子频率越近,其聚焦效应越明显。特别是当电与磁非线性极化率为异号时,超常介质的非线性符号可以通过调控电与磁等离子频率的相对大小控制,这为主动操控光束的传输提供一种新的自由度。     

A new analytical model of high voltage silicon on insulator （SOI） thin film devices

A new analytical model of high voltage silicon on insulator (SOI) thin film devices is proposed, and a formula of silicon critical electric field is derived as a function of silicon film thickness by solving a 2D Poisson equation from an effective ionization rate, with a threshold energy taken into account for electron multiplying. Unlike a conventional silicon critical electric field that is constant and independent of silicon film thickness, the proposed silicon critical electric field increases sharply with silicon film thickness decreasing especially in the case of thin films, and can come to 141V/μm at a film thickness of 0.1μm which is much larger than the normal value of about 30V/μm. From the proposed formula of silicon critical electric field, the expressions of dielectric layer electric field and vertical breakdown voltage (V_B,V) are obtained. Based on the model, an ultra thin film can be used to enhance dielectric layer electric field and so increase vertical breakdown voltage for SOI devices because of its high silicon critical electric field, and with a dielectric layer thickness of 2μm the vertical breakdown voltages reach 852 and 300V for the silicon film thicknesses of 0.1 and 5μm, respectively. In addition, a relation between dielectric layer thickness and silicon film thickness is obtained, indicating a minimum vertical breakdown voltage that should be avoided when an SOI device is designed. 2D simulated results and some experimental results are in good agreement with analytical results.     

Exciton and biexciton binding and vertical Stark effect in a model lens-shaped quantum box: Application to InAs/InP quantum dots

The problem of excitonic and biexcitonic binding is studied in the system of parabolic coordinates for a lens-shaped quantum box. The exciton wavefunction is expanded in terms of electron–hole configurations made from electron and hole single-particle states. Configuration interaction method and perturbative calculations are used to study the competition between confinement and correlation effects. Biexcitonic binding energy is calculated in the strong confinement regime and a comparison to the case of a spherical box is made. Absorption spectra with and without correlation effects are computed for InAs/InP quantum dots. Excitonic binding energy and enhancement factor are estimated to be equal to about 20 meV and 1.5, respectively. The excitonic absorption is finally studied in the presence of a uniform vertical electric field. A weak vertical Stark effect is predicted for lens-shaped quantum box described within this model.     

一种飞秒电子衍射系统的设计与分析

设计了飞秒电子衍射系统,详细分析了影响系统时间分辨率的因素,如阴极的材料及厚度、阴极附近场强、聚焦方式、偏转灵敏度及扫描速度等.设计的电子枪采用35 nm厚的Ag阴极,阴栅之间场强为10 kV/mm,磁线圈聚焦,偏转灵敏度为26.3 mm/kV的平折扫描板,5.5 kV/ns的扫描电压斜率,最终获得了1.45×108 m/s的扫描速度.计算出系统总的时间分辨率为500 fs左右.     

Rogue waves at low Benjamin-Feir indices: Numerical study of the role of nonlinearity

The nonlinear interaction between waves in incoherent sea states is weaker than their dispersion. In this situation, random space-time focusing is the main mechanism of the formation of rogue waves. The numerical simulation has indicated that nonlinearity becomes important at the final stage of focusing and can significantly change predictions of the so-called second-order theory concerning the parameters of rogue waves. The elongation of the crest of a rogue wave as compared to that predicted by the second-order theory is an important effect promoting the “weighting of the tails” of the distribution function of the vertical deviation of the free surfaces.     

基于近零折射率材料的声非对称聚焦透镜

研究基于近零折射率声子晶体的声非对称聚焦透镜。声非对称聚焦透镜的两侧分别为竖直平面与圆弧面结构,由于近零折射率材料的声波方向选择性,当声波从竖直平面一侧入射时,可以通过透镜,实现高性能声聚焦效应;而当声波从圆弧面一侧任意方向入射时,声波无法通过透镜,从而实现同时具有聚焦与非对称传输特性的声学透镜。在此基础上,改变透镜圆弧面的曲率半径,可以调控非对称透镜的正向聚焦焦点位置,且声非对称传输性能保持不变.此外,透镜内部的刚性散射体对声非对称聚焦性能的影响较小。研究结果表明所设计的声非对称聚焦透镜具有多功能、单一结构及高鲁棒性等优点,为设计新型近零折射率声学器件提供相应的理论方案与实验参考.