Directional coupler design based on coupled cavity waveguides in photonic crystals

We propose a directional coupler design based on coupled cavity waveguide in photonic crystals. The plane wave expansion is used to give the dispersion of the coupled cavity waveguides and two parallel such waveguides. The couple length is got from the dispersion curves. Based on the research of the dispersion, we present a directional coupler and the transmission property is given. This structure is potentially important for highly efficient directional coupler in integrate optical circuit.     

Optimized design for 2 × 10 ultra-high Q silicon photonic crystal cavities

We propose an optimized design for the measurement in transmission of photonic crystal width-modulated line-defect cavities. By controlling the number of holes and rows that separate the cavity from the coupling waveguides, the measured quality factor of the cavity can be tuned to be close to the unloaded one. In the case of a weakly coupled cavity, we measure an ultra-high quality factor that reaches a value of 2 × 10⁶. This value is not obtained for the largest spacing but for an intermediate one. This counter-intuitive result is supported by 3D-FDTD modeling.     

Tailoring dispersion properties of photonic crystal waveguides by topology optimization

The paper describes a systematic method for the tailoring of dispersion properties of slab-based photonic crystal waveguides. The method is based on the topology optimization method which consists in repeated finite element frequency domain analyzes, analytical sensitivity analyzes and gradient based design updates. The goal of the optimization process is to come up with slow light, zero group velocity dispersion photonic waveguides or photonic waveguides with tailored dispersion properties for dispersion compensation purposes. Two examples concerning reproduction of a specific dispersion curve and design of a wide bandwidth, constant low group velocity waveguide demonstrate the efficiency of the method.     

Properties of a 1 × 4 optical power splitter made of photonic crystal waveguides

Optical power splitters made of photonic crystal waveguides are believed to become essential components for compact photonic integrated circuits used in fiber optic networks. We design a 1 × 4 optical power splitter made of linear-defect waveguides in photonic crystals, and analyze its properties using the finite-difference time-domain method. Our simulation results show that the transmission properties vary with wave frequency and branch geometry, and that an incident wave is divided equally into four output ports. To reduce the reflections at the three branching regions in the 1 × 4 splitter, we place the defects of extra rods in the branching region, and achieve high transmission in each output waveguide.     

二维光子晶体耦合腔阵列的慢波效应研究

设计了一种六角晶格二维光子晶体耦合腔阵列,平面波展开法计算能带表明,处于禁带中的耦合缺陷腔模的色散曲线在光子晶体平面内所有k矢量方向更加平坦.模拟了横电波沿ΓK方向的透射谱.与光子晶体单缺陷腔相比,耦合腔阵列结构的缺陷腔模透射率提高三个量级以上,而群速度降低一个量级,得到0.007c的结果.该慢波效应在构造微型可调谐光延迟器和低阈值光子晶体激光器等方面具有潜在的应用前景. 关键词： 光子晶体 耦合腔阵列 慢波 透射率     

光子晶体定向耦合三波长功分器

以二维三角晶格光子晶体为研究对象,在该光子晶体中引入两行以一行耦合介质柱为间距的平行单模线缺陷波导.通过分析和研究光子晶体波导耦合结构的耦合和解耦合特性,发现在不同频率下耦合波导的耦合长度不同.利用平面波展开法和定向耦合原理计算了在不同入射光频率下,缺陷波导间耦合波导的耦合长度,设计了一种新型超微光子晶体波导耦合型三波长功分器,实现了归一化频率分别为0.369、0.394、0.435的光波的分束效果.采用时域有限差分法验证了该功分器具有很好的功率分配效果.本文结果有助于光子晶体新型滤波器、定向耦合器、波分复用器、偏振光分束器以及光开关等光子器件的研究.     

Intersection of nonidentical optical waveguides based on photonic crystals

An intersection based on photonic crystal coupled resonator optical waveguides is proposed and analyzed. The two waveguides are designed to have different transmission bands without overlap, which enables light in the two corresponding bands to propagate through the intersection with no cross talk and with excellent transmission. The MIT Photonic-Bands code is used to calculate the band structures of photonic crystal waveguides. The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the relevant structures.     

光子晶体耦合波导实现光开关效应的研究

提出了一种基于光子晶体耦合波导实现光开关效应的方法:将线缺陷引入二维光子晶体以形成两平行的邻近波导,两邻近波导及其中间的两排介质柱构成了光开关模型耦合区;利用平面波展开法计算了不同介质填充率情况下的色散特性.结果发现:减小介质填充率可以实现波导耦合长度的减小;分段调整中间介质柱的填充率和选择不同的耦合搭配长度,定向耦合...     

Broadening compensation for ultrashort pulses in photonic crystals

Extremely large group velocity dispersion of both signs can be achieved at the band edges of guided modes in photonic crystal waveguides. The selection of a proper value and sign of this parameter allows the design of short-length waveguides to compensate for pulse broadening. This pulse broadening can be caused, for instance, when a photonic crystal delay line is introduced. We present a theoretical study of the possibilities of using photonic crystal waveguides as intra-circuital dispersion compensation elements for ultrashort pulses, so the width of a transmitted pulse can be reduced. However, we also demonstrate that recovering the original pulse shape is not possible for these large-bandwidth pulses due to higher-order dispersion terms.     

Propagation of light through localized coupled-cavity modes in one-dimensional photonic band-gap structures

We report on the observation of a new type of propagation mechanism through evanescent coupled optical cavity modes in one-dimensional photonic crystals. The crystal is fabricated from alternating silicon-oxide/silicon-nitride pairs with silicon-oxide cavity layers. We achieved nearly full transmission throughout the guiding band of the periodic coupled cavities within the photonic band gap. The tight-binding (TB) parameter κ is determined from experimental results, and the dispersion relation, group velocity and photon lifetime corresponding to the coupled-cavity structures are analyzed within the TB approximation. The measurements are in good agreement with transfer-matrix-method simulations and predictions of the TB photon picture. Received: 21 August 2000 / Revised version: 22 August 2000 / Published online: 9 November 2000     

Magneto-optical defects in two-dimensional photonic crystals

We analyze the properties of magneto-optical defect states in two-dimensional photonic crystals. With out-of-plane magnetization, the magneto-optical coupling splits doubly-degenerate TE states into two counter-rotating modes at different frequencies. The strength of magneto-optical coupling strongly depends on the spatial overlap of the cavity domain structures and the cross product of the modal fields. The transport property of the resultant nonreciprocal states is demonstrated in a junction circulator structure with a magneto-optical cavity coupled to three waveguides. By a proper matching of the magneto-optical frequency splitting with the cavity decay rate into the waveguide, ideal three-port circulator characteristics with complete isolation and transmission can be achieved, with an operational bandwidth proportional to the magneto-optical constant. The proposed optical circulator in a bismuth-iron-garnet/air photonic crystal is demonstrated with finite-difference time-domain calculations and is compared to an alternative implementation of silicon/air crystal infiltrated with a single bismuth-iron-garnet domain.     

Anti-resonant reflecting photonic crystal waveguide (ARRPCW): modeling and design

In this paper, we apply an antiresonant reflecting layer concept in photonic crystal based waveguides. We have proposed a thin core ARRPCW with linear waveguide carved in it and hence calculated the transmission spectra for various length of waveguide and have shown that the longer waveguides in ARRPCW yields transmission with significantly high quality factor. Comparison of the transmission characteristics of normal conventional planar ARROW-B waveguides & ARRPCW has also been reported. The 2D FDTD numerical modeling reveals improved transmission for various lengths of planar ARROW and ARRPCW with low losses in long waveguides. Transmittance and quality factor are also calculated to confirm superior performance of the proposed design of ARROW based photonic crystal waveguide.     

Contra-directional coupling between two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides

The contra-directional coupling between two photonic crystal (PC) waveguides is studied, using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. A design of contra-directional coupler is presented and its transmission properties are investigated. The device can be used as an add/drop filter. It is also shown that the coupled mode theory is suitable to study the photonic crystal waveguide coupler.     

Development of curved two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides

A two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide with a novel geometry is introduced. The center line of this waveguide is bent along a free-curve such that the direction of the propagating light can be changed without scattering or reflection losses. The design method is described for a triangular lattice, its optical properties such as transmission spectrum and dispersion relation are calculated, and actual devices are then fabricated and demonstrated that they worked as optical waveguides.     

二维光子晶体全光异或门的设计及研究

分析了二维光子晶体马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的传输特性,将二维光子晶体波导、环形腔和马赫-曾德尔干涉仪有效结合,提出了一种基于二维光子晶体马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的异或门设计。用平面波展开法分析二维光子晶体能带结构,并用时域有限差分法验证光信号在该器件中的电场稳态分布。结果表明,该结构能够实现异或逻辑,且具有高逻辑对比度7.88 dB,快速响应周期0.388 ps和高传输速率7.87 Tbit/s;并且该器件结构尺寸仅为13 μm×14 μm,易于集成。该异或逻辑结构中引入了二维光子晶体马赫-曾德尔干涉仪,使得光子晶体逻辑门结构的设计更加多样,并为二维光子晶体半加器与全加器的设计提供了基础,具有重要的研究意义。     

Optical circulators in two-dimensional magneto-optical photonic crystals

We propose an optical circulator formed of a magneto-optical cavity in a 2D photonic crystal. With spatially engineered magnetic domain structures, the cavity can be designed to support a pair of counterrotating states at different frequencies. By coupling the cavity to three waveguides, and by proper matching of the frequency split of the cavity modes with the coupling strength between the cavity and the waveguide, ideal three-port circulators with complete isolation and transmission can be created. We present a guideline for domain design needed to maximize the modal coupling and the operational bandwidth for any given magneto-optical constant.     

Numerical characterization of nanopillar photonic crystal waveguides and directional couplers

We numerically characterize a novel type of a photonic crystal waveguide, which consists of several rows of periodically arranged dielectric cylinders. In such a nanopillar photonic crystal waveguide, light confinement is due to the total internal reflection. A nanopillar waveguide is a multimode waveguide, where the number of modes is equal to the number of rows building the waveguide. The strong coupling between individual waveguides leads to the proposal of an ultrashort directional coupler based on nanopillar waveguides. We present a systematic analysis of the dispersion and transmission efficiency of nanopillar photonic crystal waveguides and directional couplers. Plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods were used to characterize numerically nanopillar photonic crystal structures both in two- and three-dimensional spaces.     

An FDTD Analysis of Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Waveguides

We present a modelling technique for analyzing dispersion characteristics of nonlinear photonic crystal waveguides. This technique combines the nonlinear finite-difference time-domain method, based on the numerical simulation of oscillating dipole radiation, with the super cell approach and the periodic boundary conditions. The technique presented makes it possible to calculate the dispersion characteristics of Kerr-like nonlinear photonic crystals waveguides made by removing some scatterers. A numerical tool based on this technique can be used to design various components for integrated optical circuits.     

Photonic crystal based cross connect filters

We propose optical cross connect filters using photonic crystal ring resonators coupled waveguide crossings. We investigate the properties of this component numerically by using the finite-difference time-domain method. Our simulations reveal that the photonic crystal based cross connect filter has more than 92% normalized transmission. Extending our concept for cross connection applications, we demonstrate a 1 × 2 PC-based cross connect filter which utilizes a heterostructure. In this filter, at the resonance of each ring resonator, the normalized power transferred to the related waveguide of the two drop waveguides is found to be more than 91%.     

Physics and applications of photonic crystals

In this article, we investigate how the photonic band gaps and the variety of band dispersions of photonic crystals can be utilized for various applications and how they further give rise to completely novel optical phenomena. The enhancement of spontaneous emission through coupled cavity waveguides in a one-dimensional silicon nitride photonic microcrystal is investigated. We then present the highly directive radiation from sources embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystals. The manifestation of novel and intriguing optical properties of photonic crystals are exemplified experimentally by the negative refraction and the focusing of electromagnetic waves through a photonic crystal slab with subwavelength resolution.