Temperature and strain discrimination using a single tilted fibre Bragg grating

A fibre optic sensor capable of discriminating between temperature and strain, using a single fibre Bragg grating, is presented. The technique exploits the core-cladding mode coupling of a tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG). The core and cladding modes exhibit different thermal sensivities, while the strain sensivities are approximately equal. Monitoring the core-core mode coupling resonance and the core-cladding mode coupling resonance of the TFBG spectrum allows the separation of the temperature and strain induced wavelength shifts.     

Highly sensitive bend sensor with hybrid long-period and tilted fiber Bragg grating

We demonstrate a new type of fiber optic bend sensor with a hybrid structure made up of a long period grating (LPG) and a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG). The sensing mechanism is based on the spectrum of power transfers between the core and cladding modes from a TFBG located downstream from a LPG. We show that the curvature of a beam can be determined by the reflected power difference between the core mode and the recoupled cladding modes. We further provide design rules for the LPG and TFBG to optimize and linearize the sensor response. In addition, the temperature cross-sensitivities of this configuration are also investigated for two different types of fiber.     

倾斜光纤光栅溶液折射率传感器的实验研究

根据倾斜光纤光栅(TFBG)和表面镀金的TFBG传感器测量折射率的基本原理,通过OptiGrating软件模拟了不同浓度溶液下TFBG的透射谱和芯层模与某阶包层模耦合引起的谐振峰,初步得出了TFBG各阶包层模随着外界折射率的增大而向右偏移、在一定的传感范围内中心波长与外界折射率呈线性关系的结论。用小型离子溅射仪对TFBG镀45 nm厚度左右的金膜,并用扫描电镜在微观上观察镀膜效果。通过不同浓度下的NaCl溶液、MgCl₂溶液、CaCl₂溶液实验,对比研究了裸TFBG和镀金TFBG传感器对溶液折射率的传感特性。从而验证了模拟仿真得出的结论并定量分析得知：镀金后具有表面等离子体共振的TFBG溶液折射率灵敏度大于500 nm·RIU-1,而裸TFBG为2 nm·RIU-1左右,大约提高了200～300倍,且在一定范围内中心波长与溶液折射率的线性拟合度都在0.99以上。     

Fiber-optic vector vibroscope

A directional vibration sensor based on polarization-controlled cladding-to-core recoupling is demonstrated. A compact structure in which a short section of multi-mode fiber (MMF) stub containing a weakly tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is spliced to another single-mode fiber without any lateral offset. Multiple core modes of the MMF are coupled at the junction and appear as well defined resonances in reflection from the TFBG. Some of those resonances exhibit a strong polarization and bending dependence. Both the orientation and the amplitude of the vibrations can be determined unambiguously via dual-path power detection of the orthogonal-polarimetric lowest order LP(1n) modes. Meanwhile, the unwanted power fluctuations and temperature perturbations can be referenced out by monitoring the fundamental LP(01) mode resonance.     

Temperature-independent bending sensor with tilted fiber Bragg grating interacting with multimode fiber

A new type fiber bending sensor based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) interacting with a multimode fiber (MMF) is presented. The sensing head is formed by insertion of a small section of MMF between a single-mode fiber (SMF) and the TFBG. The average reflective power in the cladding modes decreases with the increase of curvature. The measurement range of the curvature from 0 to 2.5 m⁻¹ with a measurement sensitivity of −802.4 nW/m⁻¹ is achieved. The proposed sensor is also proved as temperature-independent from the experimental investigation.     

Characteristics of the distributed Bragg reflector fiber laser sensor for lateral force measurement

Characteristics of the distributed Bragg reflector fiber laser sensor for lateral force measurement are investigated. The distributed Bragg reflector fiber laser operates in dual-polarization modes and converts the lateral force into a corresponding shift in the beat frequency generated by the fiber laser. The sensitivity dependence on the angle between the force direction and the polarization axis orientation of the fiber is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The impact of the force action location and force length on the sensor response is also discussed. Good agreement between the theoretical data and the experimental results was obtained. A maximal sensitivity magnitude of ∼10 GHz/(N/mm) is recorded.     

多模光纤中简并模式群的分别探测

用多模倾斜光纤光栅(Tilted fiber Bragg grating,TFBG)实现多模光纤中简并模式群(Degenerated modegroup,DMG)的分别探测。多模倾斜光纤光栅将光纤中的导模耦合到辐射光线,用透镜将辐射光线聚焦在焦平面上,使非简并模式群对应的辐射光线的像在焦平面上分离。在焦平面上用空间滤波器使简并模式群选择透过并进行分别探测。用芯径为62.5μm的标准通信多模光纤进行了简并模式群分别探测实验,用单模光纤激励多模光纤,测量简并模式群功率随激励光纤的横向对准偏差的变化关系。低阶简并模式群的测量结果与仿真计算结果基本一致,高阶简并模式群的测量结果与仿真结果有一些不同。用倾斜光纤光栅进行单简并模式群激励,在单简并模式群条件下测量简并模式群耦合效率的想法还需进一步实验验证。     

Design of triangular FBG filter for sensor applications using covariance matrix adapted evolution algorithm

The design of triangular fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) filters using covariance matrix adapted evolution strategy (CMAES) algorithm is presented. The TFBG filter can be used as a readout device in FBG-based sensor applications. Two different filter design problems are investigated. The first problem is the design of TFBG filter for a specified bandwidth. The other is maximizing the bandwidth of the TFBG filter for a given grating length and maximum index modulation of the FBG. A more practical asymmetrical triangular FBG filter design is also considered. The results show that for the same grating length and maximum index modulation, a larger bandwidth can be achieved with a chirped grating. The maximized bandwidth design can be used to achieve the maximum possible bandwidth for the specified grating length, maximum index modulation and chirp rate. The results obtained using CMAES algorithm (codes available at http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/epnsugan) is compared with the results of PSO and other algorithms. Comparisons show that the CMAES algorithm is more consistent in obtaining the best solution with reduced computation time. Hence, the CMAES algorithm is effective for the design of TFBG filters for sensor applications.     

Development of tilted fibre Bragg gratings using highly coherent 255 nm radiation

This paper reports the study on development of tilted fibre Bragg gratings using highly coherent 255 nm radiation, obtained from the second harmonic generation (SHG) of copper vapour laser (CVL). The transmission and reflection spectra of the tilted fibre Bragg gratings (TFBG) were studied for the tilt angles of 0° (normal FBG), 1°, 3° and 4° between the fibre axis and the interference fringe plane. It was observed that as the angle of fibre axis and phase mask increased, the main Bragg peak shifted towards the higher wavelength and transmission dip decreased. The transmission dip of the cladding mode first increased and then decreased after reaching a maximum with the increase in the tilt angle.     

氧化石墨烯修饰倾斜光纤光栅10–12级重金属离子传感

设计了一种氧化石墨烯(GO)功能化的倾斜光纤光栅(TFBG)传感器,用于检测水溶液中的重金属离子.通过氧等离子体活化光纤表面,以及采用GO的无水乙醇分散液,避免了咖啡环效应引起的GO的团聚和堆叠,充分了暴露GO的表面和羧基.吸附重金属离子后, GO-TFBG传感器的透射光谱中的谐振峰发生红移,这是由GO向重金属离子的电子转移导致的有效折射率变化造成的.对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺离子最低检测限可达到10^–10 mol/L (ng/L量级),相应灵敏度分别为0.426 d B/(nmol·L^–1)和0.385 d B/(nmol·L^–1)(2.06和3.43 d B/(μg·L^–1)).此外, GO-TFBG传感器具有出色的器件一致性, 5组传感器的传感性能稳定.本研究实现了GO纳米片在光纤表面的无团聚和均匀成膜,获得了具有超大表面积的GO并充分暴露表面羧基实现对重金属离子的吸附,利用了TFBG不同模式谐振对环境的高度敏感性,完成了对低浓度重金属离子的高灵敏度、可重...     

不同包层直径的倾斜光纤光栅折射率传感特性

倾斜光纤光栅的透射谱中有纤芯模和大量的包层模,它们具有与布拉格光栅相同的温度特性.利用HF酸腐蚀的方法得到具有不同包层直径的倾斜光纤光栅,研究了其对外界折射率的传感特性.结果表明,外界环境折射率在1.333～1.4532之间变化时,同一直径倾斜光纤光栅的高阶包层模的敏感性要比低阶包层模强;随着包层直径的减小,包层模的敏感性增强,且在折射率比较高的环境中有更高的敏感性.因此,利用倾斜光纤光栅的温度特性不仅可以解决温度交叉敏感问题,而且通过小同的腐蚀程度能定制所需要的灵敏度,以实现对环境折射率的高灵敏度测量.该办法可应用于对生物和化学等高灵敏度传感领域的各种溶液进行实时监控.     

Biochemical sensor based on a novel all-fibre cavity ring down spectroscopy technique incorporating a tilted fibre Bragg grating

A novel all-fibre cavity ring down spectroscopy technique is proposed where a tilt fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) or long-period grating (LPG) in the cavity provides sensitivity to surrounding medium. Such configuration with an LPG as the representative was theoretically analyzed. Two spectral bands were identified employable for sensing of surrounding refractive index for a weak LPG while only one band existed for a strong LPG. A TFBG, with enhanced sensitivity compared to usual LPGs, was used in a ring down cavity of 1 m constructed with 2 fibre Bragg gratings as the reflectors and the decay time changed from 220 to 450 ns when the TFBG was immersed into water from air.     

Fabrication of a tilted fiber Bragg grating with a designed reflection spectrum profile

A method of fabricating a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) with a designed reflection spectrum profile is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In a reflective TFBG the central wavelength and the reflectivity are dependent on the tilt angles. Controlling the rate at which the tilt angle is continuously varied and the exposure dose in the UV-light writing process permits accurate control of the bandwidth and reflectivity of the grating. The experimental result agrees well with TFBG theory and calculation.     

C-band continuously tunable lasers using tunable fiber Bragg gratings

We report the development of a ring tunable fiber laser based on tunable fiber Bragg gratings (TFBG) integrated with an optical circulator. The TFBG is embedded inside a 3-piont bending device for wavelength tuning. The tunable laser operating in the C-band has power variation, tuning resolution, tuning range and laser line width of ±0.5 dB, 0.5 nm, 25.0 nm and less than 0.05 nm, respectively. As 40 mW of pump power is used, the ring tunable laser has a side mode suppression ratio of 60 dB and a power conversion efficiency of 25%. These specifications ensure the high-quality operation of a tunable laser.     

基于光纤光栅的螺纹管压弯扭测量技术

引入光纤光栅传感器,并结合螺纹管压弯扭分离测量理论,实现对螺纹管所受压力、弯矩和扭矩的测量.由测量结果可知,光纤光栅传感器测得压力与驱动电机上压力传感器测得压力基本相符,两者测得压力的差值为-11.4~15.5N;光纤光栅传感器测得弯矩与理论值基本一致,两者之间的差值为-0.54~0.46N·m;光纤光栅传感器测得扭矩与驱动电机上扭矩传感器测得扭矩基本相符,两者测得扭矩的差值为-0.54~0.87N·m.测量结果验证了光纤光栅传感器对螺纹管力学参数测量的可行性,为螺纹管的力学参数测量提供了一种新方法.     

Cascaded tilted fiber Bragg grating for enhanced refractive index sensing

We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a cascaded tilted fiber Bragg grating(TFBG) for enhanced refractive index sensing. The TFBG is UV-inscribed in series in ordinary single-mode fiber(SMF) and reduced-diameter SMF with the same tilt angle, and then excites two sets of superposed spectral combs of cladding modes. The cascaded TFBG with total length of 18 mm has a much wider wavelength range over 100 nm and narrower wavelength separation than that of a TFBG only in the SMF, enabling an enlarged range and a higher accuracy of refractive index measurement. The fabricated TFBG with the merits of enhanced sensing capability and temperature self-calibration presents great potentials in the biochemical sensing applications.     

Widely tunable mode-locked all-fiberized Yb-doped fiber laser with near-transform-limited spectrum linewidth

A widely tunable mode-locked all-fiberized Yb-doped fiber laser with near-transform-limited spectrum linewidth is used. It consists of a tunable fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) and a fiber-coupled LiNbO₃ phase modulator (PM) in a linear cavity. The TFBG is used to achieve tunable emission wavelength, and the intracavity PM is used to achieve actively mode-locking operation. We have experimentally demonstrated that the laser-emitting wavelength can be tuned between 1,041 and 1,091 nm with power fluctuation less than 3 dB. The temporal width of the laser pulse is about 1 ns, and the pulses are near transform-limited with a spectral linewidth of 1.3 GHz. The results may find useful application in optical communication and optical measurement system.     

基于虚拟仪器和可调谐激光技术的光纤光栅传感系统

提出了一种新颖的基于虚拟仪器(VI)和可调谐激光技术的光纤光栅(FBG)传感系统,利用可调谐激光对由光纤光栅组成的传感器阵列进行波长扫描,实现了多根光栅的复用准静态解调,并结合抖动技术和反馈环结构,使得探测信号在每一根传感光栅中心波长处过零,以提高系统在测定波长偏移时的分辨力。当反馈环工作在闭环状态下时,该系统还可对单根光栅实现动态跟踪锁定,实现单根光栅的动态解调。该传感系统的数据采集采用虚拟仪器技术,通过多通道同时输入输出实现了在线实时解调。实验采用了4根光栅组成传感阵列,获得了静态多根光栅小于1με和单根光栅动态频率10 Hz时3.3 n/εHz的解调分辨力,动态应变范围在850με。     

利用倾斜光纤光栅的可开关双波长光纤激光器

报导了一种在四波混频作用下利用倾斜光纤布拉格光栅进行波长选择的可开关双波长掺铒光纤激光器。通过将倾斜光纤光栅与单模光纤进行横向错位焊接,使光栅的反向LP01和LP11两个模式具有相近的有效反射率,从而可以用来进行激光器的双波长选择。接入腔内的一段高非线性光子晶体光纤引入的四波混频效应克服了模式竞争,使得双波长激光在室温下稳定振荡。腔内起偏器和偏振控制器的联合作用可产生依赖于波长的损耗,以补偿光纤光栅两反射峰峰值的大小差异。基于以上原理,通过调节腔内的偏振态,该激光器实现了室温下稳定的双波长输出,也实现了在两波长之间的转换。两波长激光均有超过45 dB的信噪比,最大的功率波动为0.8 dB     

Multi-component force measurement using embedded fiber Bragg grating

The development of new fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based multi-component force sensors is described. A two-component and a three-component force sensor have been fabricated and tested. The two-component force sensor measures the normal and the longitudinal shear component of the force. The three-component force sensor measures the normal, the longitudinal shear and the transverse shear component, and thus provides the magnitude as well as the direction of the force in the three-dimensional space. In the two-component sensor, one FBG is embedded rectilinearly and another non-rectilinearly within carbon composite layer. In the three-component force sensor, one FBG is embedded rectilinearly and two mutually perpendicular FBGs non-rectilinearly within the carbon composite layer. This paper presents the basic sensor structure and the proof-of-concept experimental demonstration of the two sensors. Force measurement within the range 0–15 N has been successfully conducted within 10% deviation.