倾斜光纤光栅溶液折射率传感器的实验研究

根据倾斜光纤光栅(TFBG)和表面镀金的TFBG传感器测量折射率的基本原理,通过OptiGrating软件模拟了不同浓度溶液下TFBG的透射谱和芯层模与某阶包层模耦合引起的谐振峰,初步得出了TFBG各阶包层模随着外界折射率的增大而向右偏移、在一定的传感范围内中心波长与外界折射率呈线性关系的结论。用小型离子溅射仪对TFBG镀45 nm厚度左右的金膜,并用扫描电镜在微观上观察镀膜效果。通过不同浓度下的NaCl溶液、MgCl₂溶液、CaCl₂溶液实验,对比研究了裸TFBG和镀金TFBG传感器对溶液折射率的传感特性。从而验证了模拟仿真得出的结论并定量分析得知：镀金后具有表面等离子体共振的TFBG溶液折射率灵敏度大于500 nm·RIU-1,而裸TFBG为2 nm·RIU-1左右,大约提高了200～300倍,且在一定范围内中心波长与溶液折射率的线性拟合度都在0.99以上。     

Biochemical sensor based on a novel all-fibre cavity ring down spectroscopy technique incorporating a tilted fibre Bragg grating

A novel all-fibre cavity ring down spectroscopy technique is proposed where a tilt fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) or long-period grating (LPG) in the cavity provides sensitivity to surrounding medium. Such configuration with an LPG as the representative was theoretically analyzed. Two spectral bands were identified employable for sensing of surrounding refractive index for a weak LPG while only one band existed for a strong LPG. A TFBG, with enhanced sensitivity compared to usual LPGs, was used in a ring down cavity of 1 m constructed with 2 fibre Bragg gratings as the reflectors and the decay time changed from 220 to 450 ns when the TFBG was immersed into water from air.     

Single-mode fiber laser based on core-cladding mode conversion

A single-mode fiber laser based on an intracavity core-cladding mode conversion is demonstrated. The fiber laser consists of an Er-doped active fiber and two fiber Bragg gratings. One Bragg grating is a core-cladding mode converter, and the other Bragg grating is a narrowband high reflector that selects the lasing wavelength. Coupling a single core mode and a single cladding mode by the grating mode converter, the laser operates as a hybrid single-mode laser. This approach for designing a laser cavity provides a much larger mode area than conventional large-mode-area step-index fibers.     

Highly sensitive bend sensor with hybrid long-period and tilted fiber Bragg grating

We demonstrate a new type of fiber optic bend sensor with a hybrid structure made up of a long period grating (LPG) and a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG). The sensing mechanism is based on the spectrum of power transfers between the core and cladding modes from a TFBG located downstream from a LPG. We show that the curvature of a beam can be determined by the reflected power difference between the core mode and the recoupled cladding modes. We further provide design rules for the LPG and TFBG to optimize and linearize the sensor response. In addition, the temperature cross-sensitivities of this configuration are also investigated for two different types of fiber.     

Growth dynamics of Bragg gratings in multimode optical fibre

The spectrum of a Bragg grating in a multimode optical fiber can be controlled by the number of irradiation pulses during the writing procedure. Hence, a single mode grating can be fabrication readily within a multimode fiber. The width of the stop band of the grating can also be controlled by means of the number of irradiation pulses. A tilted grating leads to the coupling of core mode to cladding mode, and when the tilt is sufficiently large, eventually to radiation mode. In the case of small tilt, the grating spectrum is the sum of the core-core mode spectrum and the core-cladding mode spectrum.     

A Continuously Tunable Erbium-Doped Fibre Laser Using Tunable Fibre Bragg Gratings and Optical Circulator

A continuously tunable erbium-doped fibre laser （TEDFL） based on tunable fibre Bragger grating （TFBG） and a three-port optical circulator （OC） is proposed and demonstrated. The OC acts as a 100%-reflective mirror. A strain-induced uniform fibre Bragger grating （FBG） which functions as a partial-reflecting mirror is implemented in the linear cavity. By applying axial strain onto the TFBG, a continuously tunable lazing output can be realized. The wavelength tuning range covers approximately 7.00nm in C band （from 1543.6161 to 1550.3307nm）. The side mode suppression ratio （SMSR） is better than 50 dB, and the 3 dB bandwidth of the laser is less than 0.01 nm. Moreover, an array waveguide grating （AWG） is inserted into the cavity for wavelength preselecting, and a 50 km transmission experiment was performed using our TEDFL at a 10 Gb/s modulation rate.     

波长间隔可调的可开关双波长掺铒光纤激光器

对两种波长间隔可调的可开关双波长掺铒光纤激光器结构进行了实验研究。一种结构应用保偏光纤中布拉格光栅作为波长选择器件，另一种结构则利用侧向压力下的常规单模光纤光栅作为波长选择器件。两种结构均利用了光纤光栅的双折射特性。在室温下，通过调整偏振控制器的状态可使两激光器工作在稳定的双波长状态或在两单波长之间转换。通过改变加在光纤光栅上侧向应力的大小和方向，可有效控制双波长激射的波长间隔。     

Lateral force sensor based on a core-offset tilted fiber Bragg grating

A novel lateral force sensor based on a core-offset tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The lateral force is determined by the differential reflected powers between the cladding mode and Bragg mode in the TFBG. The sensors respond monotonically with the lateral force increasing from 0 to 1.75 N. The sensitivity of such a core-offset TFBG sensor can be tailored by choosing different core-offset values. The simple differential power detection method makes the implementation of the sensor system cost-effective and free of the influence of environmental and system fluctuations.     

Study of the behaviour of the fibre Bragg grating fabricated with cladding mode suppression fibre

One effective method for suppression of coupling from guided optical modes into cladding modes in an optical fibre Bragg grating is to use cladding mode suppression fibre. In this specially engineered fibre, the grating is written into the core and the inner cladding, both of which are photosensitive. A theory is presented in this paper to analyse the spectral characteristics of this kind of gratings. A fibre Bragg grating was experimentally fabricated with this kind of photosensitive fibre (PS-RMS-50 from StockerYale). It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that such gratings exhibit strong suppression of the coupling between core mode and cladding mode. The experimental result is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.     

Fiber-optic vector vibroscope

A directional vibration sensor based on polarization-controlled cladding-to-core recoupling is demonstrated. A compact structure in which a short section of multi-mode fiber (MMF) stub containing a weakly tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is spliced to another single-mode fiber without any lateral offset. Multiple core modes of the MMF are coupled at the junction and appear as well defined resonances in reflection from the TFBG. Some of those resonances exhibit a strong polarization and bending dependence. Both the orientation and the amplitude of the vibrations can be determined unambiguously via dual-path power detection of the orthogonal-polarimetric lowest order LP(1n) modes. Meanwhile, the unwanted power fluctuations and temperature perturbations can be referenced out by monitoring the fundamental LP(01) mode resonance.     

多模光纤中简并模式群的分别探测

用多模倾斜光纤光栅(Tilted fiber Bragg grating,TFBG)实现多模光纤中简并模式群(Degenerated modegroup,DMG)的分别探测。多模倾斜光纤光栅将光纤中的导模耦合到辐射光线,用透镜将辐射光线聚焦在焦平面上,使非简并模式群对应的辐射光线的像在焦平面上分离。在焦平面上用空间滤波器使简并模式群选择透过并进行分别探测。用芯径为62.5μm的标准通信多模光纤进行了简并模式群分别探测实验,用单模光纤激励多模光纤,测量简并模式群功率随激励光纤的横向对准偏差的变化关系。低阶简并模式群的测量结果与仿真计算结果基本一致,高阶简并模式群的测量结果与仿真结果有一些不同。用倾斜光纤光栅进行单简并模式群激励,在单简并模式群条件下测量简并模式群耦合效率的想法还需进一步实验验证。     

Fabrication of a tilted fiber Bragg grating with a designed reflection spectrum profile

A method of fabricating a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) with a designed reflection spectrum profile is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In a reflective TFBG the central wavelength and the reflectivity are dependent on the tilt angles. Controlling the rate at which the tilt angle is continuously varied and the exposure dose in the UV-light writing process permits accurate control of the bandwidth and reflectivity of the grating. The experimental result agrees well with TFBG theory and calculation.     

少模光纤布拉格光栅折射率传感的分析与测量

理论分析和模拟计算了少模光纤布拉格光栅基模及高阶模的耦合与传输特性,得到在相同外部折射率变化情况下,少模光纤基模与高阶模耦合对应的布拉格波长变化,比正、反向基模之间耦合对应的布拉格波长变化显著增大.实验上制作了少模光纤布拉格光栅,测量了基模之间以及基模与高阶模之间对应的布拉格波长随外部折射率、温度变化的情况,得到与理论分析相符的结果.而对于温度变化对折射率测量结果干扰的问题,提出了通过计算布拉格波长差来克服温度影响的方法.这些结果为采用布拉格光纤光栅测量外部折射率变化提供了一种新的途径.     

Novel B/Ge codoped photosensitive fibres and their dispersion compensation applications

A novel B/Ge codoped fibre was proposed, which also has photosensitive depressed inner cladding. The transmission spectrum of written grating in this fibre verified its strong photosensitivity and suppression of cladding mode coupling. After taking the diffraction into account, a more exact equation of the Bragg wavelength tuning theory of phase mask method was given. Then 8 cascaded fibre Bragg gratings centered at different wavelengths were successfully written with 248 nm KrF excimer laser and one piece of 1067 nm phase mask. By tilting the phase mask, chirp was also written in each grating. At last, it compensated the dispersion of 44 km single mode fibre in the 8 × 10 Gbit/s wavelength division multiplexing system successfully.     

Cascaded tilted fiber Bragg grating for enhanced refractive index sensing

We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a cascaded tilted fiber Bragg grating(TFBG) for enhanced refractive index sensing. The TFBG is UV-inscribed in series in ordinary single-mode fiber(SMF) and reduced-diameter SMF with the same tilt angle, and then excites two sets of superposed spectral combs of cladding modes. The cascaded TFBG with total length of 18 mm has a much wider wavelength range over 100 nm and narrower wavelength separation than that of a TFBG only in the SMF, enabling an enlarged range and a higher accuracy of refractive index measurement. The fabricated TFBG with the merits of enhanced sensing capability and temperature self-calibration presents great potentials in the biochemical sensing applications.     

利用倾斜光纤光栅的可开关双波长光纤激光器

报导了一种在四波混频作用下利用倾斜光纤布拉格光栅进行波长选择的可开关双波长掺铒光纤激光器。通过将倾斜光纤光栅与单模光纤进行横向错位焊接,使光栅的反向LP01和LP11两个模式具有相近的有效反射率,从而可以用来进行激光器的双波长选择。接入腔内的一段高非线性光子晶体光纤引入的四波混频效应克服了模式竞争,使得双波长激光在室温下稳定振荡。腔内起偏器和偏振控制器的联合作用可产生依赖于波长的损耗,以补偿光纤光栅两反射峰峰值的大小差异。基于以上原理,通过调节腔内的偏振态,该激光器实现了室温下稳定的双波长输出,也实现了在两波长之间的转换。两波长激光均有超过45 dB的信噪比,最大的功率波动为0.8 dB     

不同包层直径的倾斜光纤光栅折射率传感特性

倾斜光纤光栅的透射谱中有纤芯模和大量的包层模,它们具有与布拉格光栅相同的温度特性.利用HF酸腐蚀的方法得到具有不同包层直径的倾斜光纤光栅,研究了其对外界折射率的传感特性.结果表明,外界环境折射率在1.333～1.4532之间变化时,同一直径倾斜光纤光栅的高阶包层模的敏感性要比低阶包层模强;随着包层直径的减小,包层模的敏感性增强,且在折射率比较高的环境中有更高的敏感性.因此,利用倾斜光纤光栅的温度特性不仅可以解决温度交叉敏感问题,而且通过小同的腐蚀程度能定制所需要的灵敏度,以实现对环境折射率的高灵敏度测量.该办法可应用于对生物和化学等高灵敏度传感领域的各种溶液进行实时监控.     

光纤Bragg光栅热敏力敏效应研究及应用探讨

本文报道了光纤Bragg光栅热敏力敏效应的实验研究结果,测量所得的光纤Bragg光栅温度系数和应力系数分别为6.84×10^-6/℃和7.27×10^-6/gf,与理论值6.85×10^-6/℃和7.32×10^-6/gf符合得很好.在20～180℃和0～50gf的温度应力测量范围内,光纤Bragg光栅透射谱中心波长移动量同温度应力具有良好的线性关系.基于光纤Bragg光栅的热敏力敏效应,本文还讨论了光纤Bragg光栅温度应变传感器实用化时必须首先考虑的一些关键问题.     

Fibonacci quasi-periodic superstructure fiber Bragg gratings

Superstructure fiber Bragg gratings constructed following the Fibonacci sequence are proposed and simulated by using the transfer matrix method. The reflection spectrum has a multi-fractal structure as a function of the wavelength and is symmetric to the center. The reflectivity has self-similarity and scaling with respect to the Fibonacci sequence order at the central wavelength. For the transmission spectrum, the interaction of the core-cladding mode is investigated and the particular wavelengths for which the resonance condition is satisfied are located by varying the grating parameters. The potential application of the quasi-periodic structure as fiber sensors is also proposed.     

Effect of interstitial air holes on Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibre with a Ge-doped core

The effect of interstitial air holes on Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibre (PCF) with a Ge-doped core is numerically investigated by using the beam propagation method (BPM). It is shown that the interstitial air holes (IAHs) can make Bragg resonance wavelength λ_B shift a little towards short wavelengths and increase λ_B-λ₁ (the wavelength spacing between the main peak with Bragg resonance wavelength λ_B and the first side peak with wavelength λ₁ and the coupling coefficient к of Bragg resonance. Moreover, when the ratio of air hole diameter (d) to pitch (Λ), d/Λ, is small, IAHs can suppress the cladding mode resonance. When d/Λ is large, IAHs increase the number of mode that could strongly interact with the fundamental mode. By comparing the transmission spectral characteristics of PCF-based fibre Bragg grating (FBG) with IAHs with those without IAHs at the same air-filling fraction, it is clarified that the change of transmission spectral characteristics of PCF-based FBG with IAHs is not due to a simple change in air-filling fraction. It is also closely related to the distribution of interstitial air holes.