1997年全国高中学生化学竞赛(初赛)试题与试题分析

今年的全国高中学生化学竞赛的初赛刚刚结束。我们认为这次竞赛的试题较好地体现了今年5月全国高中学生化学竞赛工作会议上再次肯定的试题的水平要求:原理水平大致与人民教育出版社的《化学读本》相当,基本上不涉及更高一级的,即大学化学的原理,但考虑到冬令营的优胜选手以及参加国际竞赛的选拔,需要补充一定量的静态立体化学的知识(包括立体异构),当然试题涉及的具体化学内容本身对中学生是陌生的,但用竞赛学生的已有知识以及适当增加的知识为基础是可以理解的。为进一步考察试题的难易,我们对试题作如下的分析。     

姜黄素衍生物与类似物的构效关系研究进展

根据目前对姜黄素衍生物与类似物的结构与药理作用的关系的研究现状,论述了姜黄素衍生物与类似物的结构与其抗氧化、抗炎和抗肿瘤的药理作用的关系,包括对姜黄素及其衍生物与类似物的结构修饰与其活性之间的关系的论述。大量的实验结果显示姜黄素衍生物与类似物的药理作用与其结构中所具有的官能团有着密切的关系,这为新药开发提供了一个很好的方向。     

泽林斯基学派底发展道路(二)

二、烃的互相转变泽林斯基及其学派在烃的互相转变方面的研究,也有不可比拟的巨大成就。石油工业在国民经济中是相当庞大的、最重要的工业部门之一,天然气和石油是烃的最重要的来源。全世界石油年产量达三亿吨以上(不包括苏联在内),它的产量仅次于煤炭工业。但是几乎所有产品都用来做内燃机的燃料、润滑油等,仅有少数的作为化学工业的原料,然而利用石油作化学工业原料的需要是与日俱增的。对于石油的产品用为内燃机燃料及润滑油的要求,在今后会变得更为严格,这就是说:在不同用途的产品中烃类的化学组成不是完全没有关系的,仅一定类型的烃类在现代的航空、汽车及拖拉机发     

在化学教学中对学生的科学—无神论教育

在对学生的科学-无神论的教育中,化学教师的任务取决于我们苏维埃学校的总任务。苏维埃的学校是“教育出能够彻底建成共产主义一代”的工具。共产主义与宗教是不相容的。共产主义者“不能够也不应该对表现在宗教信仰形式中的无知、愚昧、和黑暗势力熟视无睹。”“因为党是拥护科学的,而宗教偏见是反对科学的”。在培养极积的、自觉的共产主义建议者的事业中,对学生的科学-无神论教育是化学教师的一项极其重要的任务。在共产党和苏联政府的领导下,总的来讲我们的学校卓有成效地担起了自己的教育-教养的任务。她培养了掌握科学基础的、思想健全的、体魄     

如何教给同学系统的，巩固的化学基础知识

在中学化学教学大纲上指示,中学化学教学的基本任务:“第一就是使学生获得一定的系统的和巩固的化学基本知识……。”我觉得这样的要求是非常恰当的。系统的鞏固的化学基本知识,就不是零碎的、片面的、散乱的一堆化学材料,而是系统的、科学的、自然界物质变化的规律;不是无用的、累赘的、死板的知识,而是学了化学之後,能获得合乎高等学校要求的化学基础,或是直接为国家的生产建设服务。因而在正确的进行系统的、鞏固的基本化学知识的讲授     

定性分析教学中的一些问题

在当前的分析化学教学中,定性分析仍占有相当重要的地位。它的主要作用,是使学生在系统地学习元素周期律的基础上,进一步掌握常见离子的基本性质,为定量分析及今后的工作打下坚实的基础。但是,从最近几年来的实际教学情况来看,定性分析部分的教学工作一直存在一些问题。造成这种情况的原因是多方面的：如在编写教材过程中,对有些问题未能进一步进行研究;不同的参考书的提法不尽相同;硫代乙酰胺的引入带来了许多新的实验现象而目前得不到很好的解释;实验条件的改变导致许多离子的反应出现异常情况等。     

改进的微乳液聚合制备的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的力学和光学性能研究

研究了改进的微乳液聚合方法制备的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的力学和光学性能, 并与本体聚合制备的PMMA相比较. 研究结果表明, 由改进的微乳液聚合制备的PMMA具有较高的Tg和富间规度, 在较宽的温度范围内具有较高的力学模量. 此外, 它的拉伸强度、拉伸模量及断裂伸长率均比本体聚合制备的PMMA样品高. PMMA的折光率与制备方法关系不大, 但由改进的微乳液聚合制备的PMMA样品消光系数更小, 更加透明. 这说明由改进的微乳液聚合方法制备的PMMA具有更广泛的应用前景.     

Mn助剂对CuFeZrO2低碳醇合成催化剂的修饰作用

利用程序升温还原和原位漫反射红外光谱技术研究了Mn修饰的CuFeZrO2催化剂的结构特性,并测试了催化剂的CO加氢合成低碳醇的反应性能.研究表明，适量添加锰助剂有利于提高催化剂的反应活性,提高产物中C2＋醇的含量,抑制甲烷的生成,但随锰含量的增加催化剂的活性和选择性呈现先增加后下降的趋势.程序升温还原的测试表明,锰助剂通过与铜的相互作用使铜的还原变得困难,影响铜在催化剂上的状态,随锰的加入量的增加这种作用得到加强.铜分散度的测定表明锰促进了铜的分散,利用探针分子CO在催化剂上吸附的漫反射红外光谱研究发现,锰助剂可以提高组分间的相互作用,影响铜的电子性质,从而增加了CO在铜上的吸附.     

伴有辅酶再生的生物催化过程

很多生物催化的氧化还原反应需要昂贵辅酶的参与,本文详细介绍了伴有辅酶再生的生物催化过程中,辅酶的使用、辅酶的酶反应再生、电化学再生及载体再生的特点,并对各种再生方法的优缺点进行了比较,同时介绍了辅酶的固定化及化学改性方法的研究进展.简单综述了伴有辅酶再生的基于细胞、游离酶和固定化酶的生物催化系统的研究和应用,并展望了辅酶的研究前景及辅酶再生研究的发展方向和亟待解决的问题.     

自然界中的原子核反应

宇宙中的实物根据宇宙各部分的温度和密度的不同而以各种形式存在着:有炽热的巨大的物体——恒星,有紧密的本身不发光的物体——行星,有尘雾状的和蒸气状的云彩,最后,还有充满在星球和银河之间的疏散的气体介质。实物的这一切形式是相互联系的。在宇宙的各部分之间存在着直接的联系——实物交换。譬如:宇宙线和陨石屑从宇宙空间不断地落到地球上来。在研究极光光谱时证明了,氢气不是从接近大地的大气层中进入大气的上层,而是以宇宙线的质子的形式侵入的。另一方面,地球也不断地在星际空间中损失气体(譬如,惰性气体)和极微小的尘粒。所以,无可争辩地,地     

Cun、Agn和Aun(n≤9)团簇的静电极化率

The static polarizabilities and polarizability anisotropies of Cun,Agn and Aun (n≤9)clusters have been calculated by the B3LYP density functional method,which is a three parameter mixture of density functional and"exact" Hartree Fock exchange. The calculated results are compared with experimental polarizabilities of sodium clusters. It is shown that the size dependency of the static polarizabilities per atom of Cun,and Agn clusters possesses the same trend as that observed in sodium clusters exception of the Aunclusters while the polarizability of Au atom is much smaller than these of Cu and Ag.The(α-)of Au atom is the smallest and the(α-)per atom of Au approach to the values of Cu from the dimmer to the hexamer. It indicates that in Au clusters the electrons are more strongly attracted by the nuclei because of the more electrons. However,the absolute polarizabilities of the noble mental clusters are considerably smaller than those of the sodium clusters and the electronic structures of the noblemental are much more compact.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Effect of Ag on the Grain Growth and Dielectric Properties of PbTiO3

A series of Ag-PbTiO3 composites were synthesized, and the effects of silver on the morphological development of hydrothermal synthesized PbTiO3 particles and dielectric properties of PbTiO3 ceramic were investigated. Results show that the introduction of Ag benefits the crystal growth of PbTiO3. The diffusion of Ag+ into the perovskite accelerates the crystal growth of PbTiO3 and leads to large fine PbTiO3 crystal. Furthermore, the dielectric constant of PbTiO3-based ceramic was enhanced greatly by the percolation effect of inner Ag clusters.     

酞菁染料的金属化和溴化与光物理影响的研究

以α位(2,4-二特戊基)苯氧基邻苯二腈作为环合前体,制备了多种金属酞菁,产物经元素分析、紫外、红外、核磁氢谱等分析手段进行表征.并选择了部分酞菁进行溴化,其中着重研究了不同中心金属以及溴化对染料Q带吸收的影响.结果表明,酞菁染料的金属化对于其Q带吸收影响很大,多数染料金属化后会出现蓝移,而选择合适的条件进行溴化,可以使得金属酞菁的Q带吸收出现一定程度的红移,其中部分溴化金属酞菁的吸收波长与光信息产业中使用的近红外激光器很接近,具有潜在的实用价值.     

Development of enzyme technology and enzyme engineering in China

Enzymes have been utilized in China for thousands of years for the production of various foods and alcoholic beverages. Today China manufactures and uses enzymes for not only the traditional areas of application, but is expanding the use of enzymes for a variety of nonfood areas. This report describes the present state of the art of enzyme manufacture and application in China today.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION OF ANILINE IN PHOSPHORIC ACID AND THE PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE

The behavior of the electrochemical polymerization of aniline in a weak acid, phosphoric acid, is very similar to that in strong acids, i.e. its polymerization rate increases quickly with the electrolysis time. The FTIR spectra of polyaniline samples synthesized in phosphoric acid indicate that the counter ion H2PO4^- is present in both the oxidized form and the reduced form of polyaniline. The counter ion plays an important role in adjusting the pH value at the electrode surface of polyaniline during the oxidation and reduction processes. As a result, a pair of redox peaks still appear in cyclic voltammograms of polyaniline in a solution of sodium sulfate of pH 5.5 and in a solution of NaH2PO4 of pH 7.0,respectively, at low potential scan rate; and the color of polyaniline film also changes with applied potential at pH 7.0. Thus,the pH region for the electrochemical activity and the electrochromism of polyaniline is extended to pH 5.5 for a solution of sodium sulfate and to pH 7.0 for a solution of NaH2PO4. The conductivity of polyaniline is 3.3 S cm^-1, depending on the concentration of phosphoric acid used in the stage of polymerization of aniline. The result of elemental analysis of polyaniline is presented here.     

Thermodynamics of dissolving and solvation processes for benzoic acid and the toluic acids in aqueous solution

Experimental data are presented for the solubility in water of benzoic and toluic acids from 5° to 65°C. From the solubility the molality of the monomeric form of the acid is calculated using literature data for both ionization and dimerization of the acid. These data for the monomer combined with data from the literature for vaporization of the solid and ionization in both the gas phase and the aqueous phase yield entropy and enthalpy changes for the solvation of molecular and anionic forms of the acid. A similar procedure is also applied to literature data for the solubility of benzene in water. It is shown that the hydration entropies of the monomeric forms are a linear function of their partial molar volumes. It is concluded that hydration of the undissociated o-toluic acid may be crucial to the increased acidity of that acid compared to benzoic acid.     

OPTIMIZATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF ACRYLAMIDE HYDROGEL BY γ-RAY IRRADIATION

Hydrogels have been synthesized from 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% aqueous solutions of acrylamide monomer by gamma radiation employing doses in the range of 0.2-30 kGy from a Co-60 source. The effect of solution concentration, γ-ray dose, pH and time was studied in order to observe the optimizing conditions in the characterization of hydrogels. Gel fraction increases with dose for all concentrations indicating hundred-percentage conversion of gel at doses ≥5 kGy for homogenous solutions in the range of 20%-50% concentration. On the other hand, 10% solution provides conversion less than 86% even at 30 kGy, whereas 60% monomer makes an inhomogeneous solution which stile gives about 100% gel fraction. Swelling of hydrogels under water with respect to time varies with both the doses and concentrations due to the change of crosslinking density in the gels. The maximum volume change of hydrogels during swelling and water desorption mainly occurs within 24 h. Swelling is also enhanced with the rise of pH due to change of ionic content of the solvent. Considering the amount of gel fraction and the properties of hydrogel, the samples prepared from 20% solution at 5kGy show better results. Moreover, the effect of bacteria on hydrogel was found to be nil, suggesting a prohibition of growth of microorganism in it.