Ni/Al2O3和Fe/Al2O3催化剂催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢的对比研究

甲醇、乙醇等低碳醇催化重整制氢是燃料电池氢源的重要技术之一.乙醇和甲醇相比,更容易存储,低毒且可以从生物质经发酵获得[1,2].乙醇可以通过裂解、部分氧化、水蒸气重整和氧化重整等途径制氢[3~6].已有的文献表明,Pt、Ru、Rh、Pd等贵金属可有效地催化乙醇重整反应,载体多选用     

稀土金属在生物乙醇制氢及其相关反应中的应用

催化生物乙醇制氢有望成为用清洁可再生能源替代化石能源的有效途径,近年来受到广泛关注。本文介绍了制氢的研究概况及燃料电池的相关应用,概括了生物乙醇制氢的优势及反应过程。重点综述了以Ce和La为代表的稀土金属在乙醇制氢反应中的催化效果,并对与制氢反应紧密相关的甲烷水蒸气变换反应、水汽变换反应、CO选择性氧化反应和黑碳氧化反应中稀土金属的催化作用进行了探讨。在综述相关研究进展的基础上为生物乙醇制氢催化剂的开发提供建议。     

Co/Fe催化剂乙醇裂解和部分氧化制氢研究

采用共沉淀法制备的Co/Fe催化剂催化乙醇裂解和部分氧化制氢反应，考察了反应温度对两种途径反应的影响。结果发现，Co/Fe催化剂对乙醇部分氧化制氢显示出较高的氢选择性，且稳定性较好；该催化剂对乙醇裂解制氢也具有较高的氢选择性，但其稳定性很很差。XRD表征结果表明，在催化乙醇部分氧化反应后，Co70Fe30催化剂中存在CoFe合金和CoO相；而催化乙醇裂解反应后，Co70Fe30催化剂中仅存在CoFe合金，即CoFe合金可能是裂解反应的活性组分。     

硼氢化钠水解制氢*

质子交换膜燃料电池技术的迅速发展大大促进了对氢的廉价制取和高效储存的研究。作为一种安全、方便的新型制氢技术,硼氢化钠水解制氢成为当前燃料电池氢源研究中的热点课题之一。本文介绍了硼氢化钠制氢原理,综述了硼氢化钠水解催化剂和反应动力学研究进展,并对硼氢化钠制氢技术实用化前景进行了展望。     

硼氢化钠催化水解制氢*

硼氢化钠（NaBH₄）催化水解制氢是一项具备车载氢源应用前景的储氢/制氢一体化技术。本文介绍了该技术催化水解制氢的原理,综述了制氢催化剂、反应动力学、反应机理、反应装置的设计和反应副产物回收利用的最新研究进展,讨论了该技术研发中需解决的问题。水解制氢系统的实际应用需研发高效、耐久性负载型催化剂。制氢装置的设计应考虑反应热的综合利用、燃料电池产生的水循环利用及膜分离技术的应用。NaBH4的高效再生将降低其生产成本,实现NaBH4基水解制氢系统的商业化应用。     

甲醇水蒸汽重整微反应器性能研究

燃料电池具有工作效率高、无污染物排放等优点,因此,燃料电池技术的研究和开发受到各国政府和大公司的重视.燃料电池的最佳原料为氢,自从燃料电池诞生起,供氢与燃料电池本身都是同样重要的核心技术[1].甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢是近年来发展较快的制氢方法,具有操作方便、原料易得、反应条件温和、副产物少等优点,而且装置规模大小均宜,并可做成便携式来满足不同用户对氢源的要求[2].本文采用制氢微反应器进行甲醇水蒸汽重整实验,研究了反应温度、进料速度、水醇比和反应时间对甲醇转化率、CO2选择性等的影响.     

层状Au/α-MoC负载催化剂催化低温水煤气变换反应

正水煤气变换反应(CO+H2O=CO2+H2)可以从水中取氢,是化石能源和生物质制氢以及氢气纯化过程的重要反应,其与水蒸汽重整反应的组合是目前廉价制氢的主要工业技术,广泛应用于合成氨以及油品和化学品的生产过程~1。同时,随着氢能经济的发展,氢燃料电池成为重要的新能源应用平台。为防止氢燃料中一氧化碳(CO)对燃料电池催化剂的毒化,需采用水煤气变换反应对     

电解醇制氢

发展了利用甲醇直接电解制氢这种经济的制氢方法, 实验结果表明电解甲醇制氢能够极大地降低电能消耗. 此方法的新颖之处在于方法简单和成本低. 将直接甲醇燃料电池膜电极作为电解装置, 可以达到任何规模的要求. 如果将这种电解装置与太阳能电池联用, 可非常经济地制氢及氢气储存, 或直接向燃料电池或其它化学工程装置供氢.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的研究

燃料电池作为一种无污染、高效率的能源引起世界各大汽车公司的广泛关注[1,2]。用于燃料电池的燃料目前研究较多的是氢气,用氢气作燃料存在储存、安全、运输等问题,寻求合适贮氢方法或替代燃料,实现车载制氢是解决问题的办法。甲醇作为液体燃料,因具有高能量密度,低碳含量,以及运输和贮存等优势成为车载制氢的理想燃料,甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应也成为研究的热点[3～10]。车载制氢对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应体系中的产氢速率,氢气和CO的含量都有一定的要求。尤其对CO含量要求更为苛刻,因CO易引起燃料电池阳极催化剂中毒[11,12]。因此,开…     

甲醛催化制氢的研究进展

氢有较高的能量密度,其能量转换过程可循环、零污染,是未来替代传统化石燃料的理想能源载体.甲醛相较于其它的氢载体,具有可规模制备、来源广泛、安全性高、易于输运、储存和转化的特点,已逐渐成为一种新的制氢原料.此外甲醛制氢技术还可以应用于其它对环境有一定毒性的有机化合物转变为清洁的氢的过程.我们较全面的总结了甲醛的工业化制备、催化转化制氢和催化剂的研究发展历程,详细介绍了近年来在相关领域的研究成果,分析对比了各种甲醛催化制氢技术的特点,并对未来甲醛制氢的发展前景进行了展望.     

Le vaporeformage catalytique : application a la production embarquee d'hydrogene a partir d'hydrocarbures ou d'alcools

Catalytic steam reforming : Use for on-board hydrogen production from hydrocarbons or alcohols. To identify the challenges in the development of electrical vehicles, literature was rapidly reviewed. Research on hydrogen production processes suitable for fuel cell applications is a major challenge. Catalytic steam reforming of hydrocarbons as well as alcohol is a very promising route. The choice of ethanol and supported rhodium catalysts will be justified in the light of ethanol physico-chemical properties, reaction mechanism, cerium-based oxides characteristics and the specifications imposed by fuel cell applications.     

化学制氢技术研究进展

本文综述了化学制氢技术的新近研究进展.氢能作为一种很有应用前景的载能体,已得到越来越广泛的研究和应用.在化学制氢、电解水制氢、生物制氢这三种制氢模式中,化学制氢仍是近期主要的制氢方式,其中催化重整制氢仍然是大规模制氢的主流.随着燃料电池这一环境友好的发电方式在技术上的不断突破,诸如生物质制氢、金属置换制氢、太阳能制氢、金属氢化物制氢等许多其他的化学制氢技术得到了迅速的发展,并将伴随着燃料电池、氢燃料发动机等技术的发展和应用,一同步入氢能时代.     

固体氧化物燃料电池LSCM-CeO_2/Ni-ScSZ复合阳极制备及性能表征

采用双层流延法制备Ni-ScSZ阳极支撑层-ScSZ电解质复合膜.在烧结的Ni-ScSZ阳极支撑层表面丝网印刷一层LSCM-CeO2阳极催化层,得到LSCM-CeO2/Ni-ScSZ功能梯度层阳极.研究表明,LSCM/CeO2比为1:3(bymass)的功能梯度层阳极Ni-ScSZ13具有较佳的性能.单电池在850℃以H2和乙醇蒸气作燃料的最大功率密度分别为710和669mW/cm2,而LSCM/CeO2为1:0(bymass)的功能梯度层Ni-ScSZ10作阳极的单电池,最大功率密度分别为521和486m W/cm2.两种阳极单电池,分别在700℃于乙醇蒸气中作长时间运行实验,X-射线能量散射分析表明Ni-ScSZ13阳极比Ni-ScSZ10阳极具有较好的抗碳沉积性能.     

Rare earth hydrogen storage alloy used in borohydride fuel cells

Fuel cell using the borohydride as the fuel has attracted much attentions because of high energy density and working potential. In this work, LaNi_4.5Al_0.5 hydrogen storage alloy used as the anodic material to replace noble metals has been investigated. Experimental results showed that H₂ evolution was unavoidable during discharge process because of the hydrolysis of , but the utilization of the fuel increased with the increasing current densities. At high discharge current, the alloy electrode showed the lowest hydrogen generation rate and higher utilization of the fuel because, the generated hydrogen was absorbed and oxidized to produce electric energy similar to the behavior of hydrogen storage alloy in nickel–metal hydride batteries. The reaction mechanism of borohydride on the surface of electrode made of hydrogen storage alloy also has been discussed. Hydrogen storage alloy would be a promising material as the anodic catalyst in borohydride fuel cell.     

燃料电池汽车氢源选择的研究进展和预测

燃料电池汽车被认为是能源和交通领域的新方向之一,而目前氢源问题已成为其商业化的技术瓶颈。本文从国内外燃料电池汽车的发展现状出发,结合国外对燃料电池汽车氢源选择的评估和预测,及国内863计划“燃料电池汽车氢源基础设施工程前期研究”项目的研究结论,对我国燃料电池汽车的技术发展和商业化进程进行了预测。     

Highly active iridium catalyst for hydrogen production from formic acid

Formic acid(FA) dehydrogenation has attracted a lot of attentions since it is a convenient method for H_2 production. In this work, we designed a self-supporting fuel cell system, in which H_2 from FA is supplied into the fuel cell, and the exhaust heat from the fuel cell supported the FA dehydrogenation. In order to realize the system, we synthesized a highly active and selective homogeneous catalyst Ir Cp*Cl_2 bpym for FA dehydrogenation. The turnover frequency(TOF) of the catalyst for FA dehydrogenation is as high as7150 h~(-1)at 50°C, and is up to 144,000 h~(-1)at 90°C. The catalyst also shows excellent catalytic stability for FA dehydrogenation after several cycles of test. The conversion ratio of FA can achieve 93.2%, and no carbon monoxide is detected in the evolved gas. Therefore, the evolved gas could be applied in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) directly. This is a potential technology for hydrogen storage and generation. The power density of the PEMFC driven by the evolved gas could approximate to that using pure hydrogen.     

Catalysis in high-temperature fuel cells

Catalysis plays a critical role in solid oxide fuel cell systems. The electrochemical reactions within the cell--oxygen dissociation on the cathode and electrochemical fuel combustion on the anode--are catalytic reactions. The fuels used in high-temperature fuel cells, for example, natural gas, propane, or liquid hydrocarbons, need to be preprocessed to a form suitable for conversion on the anode-sulfur removal and pre-reforming. The unconverted fuel (economic fuel utilization around 85%) is commonly combusted using a catalytic burner. Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. has developed anodes that in addition to having electrochemical activity also are reactive for internal steam reforming of methane. This can simplify fuel preprocessing, but its main advantage is thermal management of the fuel cell stack by endothermic heat removal. Using this approach, the objective of fuel preprocessing is to produce a methane-rich fuel stream but with all higher hydrocarbons removed. Sulfur removal can be achieved by absorption or hydro-desulfurization (HDS). Depending on the system configuration, hydrogen is also required for start-up and shutdown. Reactor operating parameters are strongly tied to fuel cell operational regimes, thus often limiting optimization of the catalytic reactors. In this paper we discuss operation of an authothermal reforming reactor for hydrogen generation for HDS and start-up/shutdown, and development of a pre-reformer for converting propane to a methane-rich fuel stream.     

Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Cellulose: A Cellulose‐Based Fuel Cell System

Direct electricity generation from cellulose without saccharification and fermentation processes was achieved on gold electrode under the alkaline conditions. We (i) overcame problems with the insolubility of cellulose, and captured its electrochemical potential, and (ii) showed that cellulose was converted to cellulose derivatives due to electrochemical oxidation. In addition, we (iii) constructed a cellulose‐based fuel cell, demonstrating that cellulose can be direct electrical based fuel source. The presented fuel cell system overcomes the enormous distribution challenges encountered with other alternative bioenergy sources such as hydrogen.     

Use of biofuels to produce hydrogen (reformation processes)

This tutorial review deals with the catalytic reformation of ethanol and glycerol to produce hydrogen that can be used as an energy carrier in a fuel cell. Both the worldwide production of ethanol in large amounts to be used as a biofuel and that of glycerol as a by-product in biodiesel manufacture are presented. The catalytic reformation processes of both ethanol and glycerol are contemplated, including thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Catalysts are analyzed as a function of operation conditions, selectivity and stability.     

Hydrogen generation from steam reforming of ethanol in dielectric barrier discharge

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was used for the generation of hydrogen from ethanol reforming. Effects of reaction conditions, such as vaporization temperature, ethanol flow rate, water/ethanol ratio, and addition of oxygen, on the ethanol conversion and hydrogen yield, were studied. The results showed that the increase of ethanol flow rate decreased ethanol conversion and hydrogen yield, and high water/ethanol ratio and addition of oxygen were advantageous. Ethanol conversion and hydrogen yield increased with the vaporization room temperature up to the maximum at first, and then decreased slightly. The maximum hydrogen yield of 31.8% was obtained at an ethanol conversion of 88.4% under the optimum operation conditions of vaporization room temperature of 120 ?C, ethanol flux of 0.18 mL/min, water/ethanol ratio of 7.7 and oxygen volume concentration of 13.3%.