Al2O3陶瓷引弧微爆炸加工温度场模拟

建立了Al2O3陶瓷引弧微爆炸加工(micro-detonationofstrikingarcmachining,MDSAM)过程的 传热模型,基于有限元理论,利用ANSYS软件对加工过程中的温度场分布进行了模拟。结合材料性质,对模 拟和实验得到的蚀坑尺寸进行了比较,并分析了加工参数对温度场的影响。模拟结果表明,Al2O3陶瓷引弧 微爆炸加工时在给定的加工参数下的最高温度可达13435℃,且高温影响区范围很小,加工实验与模拟结果 符合较好。随着脉冲宽度和工作电流的增加,加工区域的温度以及蚀坑的半径和深度增大;随着喷嘴半径的 增大,加工区域的温度降低而蚀坑的径深比增大。模拟结果可为Al2O3 陶瓷引弧微爆炸加工过程中表面形 貌的预测、材料去除机理的揭示以及加工参数的选择等提供参考。     

面向工程陶瓷的电极引弧微爆炸加工系统开发与加工特性研究

在对工程陶瓷加工技术发展现状和加工原理简要分析的基础上,借鉴电极放电基本理论和高功率 脉冲技术,研制了电极引弧微爆炸加工系统,对该系统核心组件专用脉冲电源的组成和功能进行了详细的 介绍。通过对Si3N4 陶瓷材料的加工实验,确定了主要加工参数的取值范围,并分析了该系统的加工特性,最 后对电极引弧微爆炸加工技术与激光、电火花和等离子等特种加工技术以及传统的金刚石砂轮磨削技术进 行了简要综合的比较。结果表明,电极引弧微爆炸加工技术是一项全新的低成本加工技术,具有非常广阔的 应用前景。     

含能微球敏化乳化炸药水下爆炸能量输出特性研究

将内部含有烷烃的含能微球引入乳化基质,得到一种新型乳化炸药。采用水下爆炸实验探究微球质量分数对乳化炸药水下爆炸性能的影响,得到含能微球质量分数为0.2%～7%的乳化炸药水下爆炸冲击波压力-时程曲线。依据压力结果,通过公式计算和分析得到炸药的水下冲击波峰值压力、比气泡能、比冲击波能以及比爆炸能等水下爆炸参数。实验结果表明:含能微球质量分数0.2%的乳化炸药的峰值压力最大,并且随着微球质量分数增大而下降;乳化炸药的比气泡能随着含能微球质量分数的增大先上升再下降,微球质量分数为4%的比气泡能最大;乳化炸药的爆速、比冲击波能以及比爆炸能均随着含能微球质量分数的增大而下降。     

地下爆炸气体输运的一种双孔隙度数学模型

考虑气体在压力驱动下的渗透、气体和岩体的热传导以及气体的扩散,建立了用于模拟地下爆炸气体输运的二维轴对称双孔隙度双渗透率数学模型,并编制了数值模拟程序;研究了参数在取值范围内变化对计算结果的影响。结果显示：泄漏到地表的气体随着裂隙区域圆心角的增大而先增大后减小,随裂隙渗透率的增大而增大,随介质孔隙度和孔隙渗透率的增大而减小。用该模型对一次砂砾岩中地下爆炸实验气体的泄漏行为进行了数值模拟。将数值模拟结果与气体泄漏实测结果进行对比,反推出当地介质的裂隙渗透率在4×10^-11 m2～5×10^-11 m2之间。利用反推得到的介质参数,可以对同类介质中地下爆炸气体泄漏行为进行预测。     

油气在顶部含弱约束结构受限空间内的爆炸特性

建立了顶部含有弱约束结构的受限空间油气爆炸实验系统,并对含有弱约束的受限空间中油气爆炸特性进行实验研究,获得超压变化规律及火焰发展特征。结果表明:(1)容器内部超压受泄流、外部爆炸、火焰扩张等因素的影响,出现多个峰值,并伴以强烈的振荡;容器外部超压随着距离的增大而减小,且竖直方向超压大于水平方向超压。(2)与无约束爆炸相比,弱约束结构对爆炸的影响主要体现在对爆炸超压的增强效应和对爆炸发展速率的滞后效应。(3)爆炸超压随着油气体积分数的增加先增大后减小,最大超压所对应的初始油气体积分数为1.79%。(4)容器外火焰发展过程分为初级燃烧阶段、过渡燃烧阶段、次级燃烧阶段,由于受Rayleigh-Talor不稳定、Helmholtz不稳定、斜压效应的影响,火焰出现褶皱和卷曲,最大火焰高度和直径分别为0.8和0.55 m。     

超磁致伸缩车削加工刀架特性实验分析

利用光栅测微传感器(DG-10)和自行开发研制的优化后的超磁致伸缩车削加工刀架,对不同预压力、电流强度下刀架性能进行实验研究。实验中分别由压力传感器和改进后的控制电路调整所加预压力、电流的大小,通过数据采集系统记录光栅测微传感器所测得的磁致伸缩量。实验结果表明:在不同预压力下,刀架输出位移随着激励电流的增大而增大,直到达到饱和;同时在最大工作电流作用下,刀架的输出位移随着预压力的增大而增大,但当预压力增大到一定数值后,刀架的输出位移随着预压力的增大而减小。利用最小二乘曲线拟合、线性回归等数学方法得出了刀架在最大工作电流下,预压力与磁致伸缩量之间的拟合曲线及函数多项式,并确立了最佳工作预压力。建立了最佳工作预压力下电流与磁致伸缩量之间的函数关系式。通过误差分析看出理论分析和实验结果吻合的很好。     

横向爆炸载荷下薄壁圆管的动态响应

采用实验研究、理论分析和有限元模拟相结合的方法，研究了横向爆炸载荷作用下薄壁圆管的动态响应。利用弹道冲击摆锤系统，对圆管在爆炸载荷下的动力响应进行了实验研究，分析了薄壁圆管的变形模式；基于地基梁模型，建立了横向爆炸载荷作用下圆管跨中挠度的理论模型，并进行了无量纲化；通过有限元模拟，分析了圆管的几何参数对其变形模式和跨中挠度的影响，并与理论结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:随着TNT药量增加圆管的变形区域和跨中挠度增大；圆管的长径比、厚度及爆炸载荷参数对圆管的变形模式有较大影响；理论预测、有限元模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

液体推进剂爆炸理论与实验研究

建立了自燃液体火箭推进剂爆炸热辐射效应和冲击波特性理论模型，介绍了实验研究的方法，给出了Ｎ２Ｏ４／ＵＤＭＨ液体推进剂爆炸产生的火球直径、火球温度、火球辐射热流、爆炸冲击波超压值等参数计算与实验观测结果，结果表明计算结果与实验观测结果吻合。由Ｎ２Ｏ４／ＵＤＭＨ液体火箭推进剂爆炸产生的火球最大直径Ｄｍａｘ和火球持续时间ｔ０是推进剂总重量Ｗ０的函数，根据实验数据整理的函数关系式:利用该理论模型预测了大型Ｎ２Ｏ４／ＵＤＭＨ组元液体推进剂运载火箭发生爆炸事故产生的上述参数，以及热辐射和冲击波不发生破坏和危害的安全距离。该计算模型可为载人航天器逃逸系统及航天靶场设计提供理论数据。     

高速碰撞下圆柱壳自由梁的穿孔特性

利用二级轻气炮加载,进行了球状2A12铝弹丸垂直撞击圆柱壳自由梁实验。并进行了弹丸速度、圆柱壳直径和壁厚等因素对穿孔直径影响的数值模拟,数值模拟结果和实验结果基本吻合。通过量纲分析和数值模拟结合,推导了穿孔直径与相关影响参数的经验关系式。研究结果表明:当圆柱壳直径和厚度不变时,高速撞击产生的穿孔直径在径向和轴向都随着弹丸速度增大而增大;当弹丸速度和圆柱壳厚度不变时,高速撞击产生的穿孔直径随着圆柱壳自由梁直径的增大而减小;当弹丸速度和圆柱壳直径不变时,穿孔直径随着圆柱壳厚度的增大而减小。     

水中电爆炸的实验研究

利用冲击大电流通过水中的一段金属丝进行水中电爆炸实验 ,通过对水中电爆炸的放电电压、电流波形测量以及高速阴影摄影和扫描摄影 ,记录了冲击波的传播、汽泡增长和等离子体半径的时间特性 ;由不同充电参数的实验 ,得到了一些基本规律。比较了水中电爆炸和空中电爆炸的异同 ,揭示了水中电爆炸存在的放电模式。     

围压下自振空化射流冲蚀性能实验研究

自振空化射流是利用瞬态流和水声学原理调制而成的一种新型射流,为研究围压下自激振荡空化射流的冲蚀破碎规律,利用高压釜装置测量了1.0mm出口直径的风琴管自振空化喷嘴在各种射流参数情况下冲蚀铝试样的冲蚀质量,并与同等条件下锥形喷嘴冲蚀效率进行了对比。测量结果表明,冲蚀质量基本与射流压力成正比;存在最优喷距和围压,使得冲蚀效果最佳,在本实验条件,分别为喷嘴出口直径的5～7倍和2MPa左右;相同条件下,自振空化喷嘴冲蚀质量约为同等条件下锥形喷嘴冲蚀的1～2倍,这为自振空化射流提高钻井速度等实际应用提供了实验依据。     

Extensional rheology of concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) solutions

The shear and extensional rheology of three concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) solutions is examined. Shear theology including steady shear viscosity, normal stress difference and linear viscoelastic material functions all collapse onto master curves independent of concentration and temperature. Extensional flow experiments are performed in fiber spinning and opposed nozzles geometries. The concentration dependence of extensional behavior measured using both techniques is presented. The zero-shear viscosity and apparent extensional viscosities measured with both extensional rheometers exhibit a power law dependence with polymer concentration. Strain hardening in the fiber spinning device is found to be of similar magnitude for all test fluids, irrespective of strain rate. The opposed nozzle device measures an apparent extensional viscosity which is one order of magnitude smaller than the value determined with the fiber spinline device. This could be attributed to errors caused by shear, dynamic pressure, and the relatively small strains developed in the opposed nozzle device. This instrument cannot measure local kinematics or stresses, but averages these values over the non-homogenous flow field. These results show that it is not possible to measure the extensional viscosity of non-Newtonian and shear thinning fluids with this device. Fiber spin-line experiments are coupled with a momentum balance and constitutive model to predict stress growth and diameter profiles. A one-mode Giesekus model accurately captures the plateau values of steady and dynamic shear properties, but fails to capture the gradual shear thinning of viscosity. Giesekus model parameters determined from shear rheology are not capable of quantitatively predicting fiber spinline kinematics. However, model parameters fit to a single spinline experiment accurately predict stress growth behavior for different applied spinline tensions.     

淹没条件下不同结构参数的自激吸气式脉冲射流喷嘴压力变化试验研究

运用自行研制的试验装置对淹没条件下的自激吸气式脉冲射流喷嘴特性进行了大量的试验,研究了吸气对喷嘴内的压力变化和脉冲射流峰值打击力的影响。通过研究淹没条件下10-16-125-75和8-14-85-60结构参数喷嘴在不同吸气根数下的腔套内各测点压力及峰值打击力的变化,得出不同结构喷嘴的压力和峰值打击力随吸气量的增大而逐渐提高,存在最优吸气量使脉冲射流峰值打击力最大。通过研究淹没条件下结构参数分别为8-14-85-60、10-16-105-75、14-28-125-105的喷嘴在不吸气及吸气根数为4情况下的射流峰谷差及峰值打击力,得出三种喷嘴在吸气时的射流峰值打击力分别提高45%~78%、40%~46%、22%~38%。研究表明:对于不同结构参数喷嘴,吸气可提高射流压力波动值和峰值打击力,随上喷嘴直径和振荡腔内容积的增大,该吸气方式对射流打击力的提高程度呈减小趋势。结果对进一步研究淹没条件下自激吸气式脉冲射流喷嘴特性具有指导意义。     

A CORRELATION EQUATION FOR CALCULATING INCLINED JET PENETRATION LENGTH IN A GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZED BED

Numerical simulation of gas-solid flow in a two-dimensional fluidized bed with an inclined jet was performed. The numerical model is based on the two-fluid model of gas and solids phase in which the solids constitutive equations are based on the kinetic theory of granular flow. The improved ICE algorithm, which can be used for both low and high-velocity fluid flow, were used to solve the model equations. The mechanism of jet formation was analyzed using both numerical simulations and experiments. The emergence and movement of gas bubbles were captured numerically and experimentally. The influences of jet velocity, nozzle diameter, nozzle inclination and jet position on jet penetration length were obtained. A semi-empirical expression was derived and the parameters were correlated from experimental data. The correlation equation, which can be easily used to obtain the inclined jet penetration length, was compared with our experimental data and published correlation equations.     

Droplet formation from a pulsed vibrating micro-nozzle

Micro-droplet formation from a passive vibrating micro-nozzle driven by a pulsed pressure wave is numerically simulated. The micro-nozzle is formed from an orifice in a thin walled plate that is allowed to freely vibrate due to the pressure loading on the plate. The analysis couples the fluid flow from the nozzle and the resultant droplet formation with the nozzle vibration calculated using large deflection theory. The problem is made nondimensional based on the capillary parameters of time, velocity and pressure. The applied pressure and nozzle material properties are varied to alter the vibration characteristics of the orifice plate used to form the nozzle. The initiation of drop formation is found to coincide with a threshold impulse input, defined as the product of the pressure magnitude and the pulse duration. Increasing the impulse can result in multiple satellite droplet formation, but the effect on the primary droplet size is minor. The vibration of the nozzle only weakly influences the droplet break-off time, but is shown to significantly affect the droplet volume, shape, and satellite droplet formation.     

Influence of nozzle geometry on the near-field structure of a highly underexpanded sonic jet

Detailed near-field structures of highly underexpanded sonic free jets have been investigated with the help of computational fluid dynamics. Two-dimensional, axisymmetric Euler equations have been chosen to predict the underexpanded jets, and the third-order total variation diminishing finite-difference scheme has been applied to solve the system of governing equations numerically. Several different nozzles have been employed to investigate the influence of the nozzle geometry on the near-field structures of highly underexpanded sonic free jets. The results obtained show that the distance from the nozzle exit to the Mach disk is an increasing function of the jet–pressure ratio, which also significantly influences the shape of the jet boundary. The diameter of the Mach disk increases with the jet–pressure ratio, and it is further significantly influenced by the nozzle geometry, unlike the distance of the Mach disk from the nozzle exit. However, such a dependence on the nozzle geometry is no longer found when an effective-diameter concept is taken into account for the flow from a sharp-edged orifice. A good correlation in the diameters of the Mach disk is obtained, so that the near-field structure of highly underexpanded sonic free jets is a unique function of the pressure ratio, regardless of the nozzle geometry.     

Liquid flow in a simplex swirl nozzle

Pressure-swirl nozzles are widely used in applications such as combustion, painting, air-conditioning, and fire suppression. Understanding the effects of nozzle geometry and inlet flow conditions on liquid film thickness, discharge coefficient and spray angle is very important in nozzle design. The nozzle-internal flow is two-phase with a secondary flow which makes its detailed analysis rather complex. In the current work, the flow field inside a pressure-swirl nozzle is studied theoretically. Using the integral momentum method, the growth of the boundary layer from the nozzle entry to the orifice exit is investigated and the velocity through the boundary layer and the main body of the swirling liquid is calculated. A numerical modeling and a series of experiments have also been performed to validate the theoretical results. The effect of various geometrical parameters is studied and results are compared for viscous and inviscid cases. In addition, the condition in which the centrifugal force of the swirling flow overcomes the viscous force and induces an air core is predicted. The theoretical analysis discussed in this paper provides better criteria for the design and the performance analysis of nozzles.     

Numerical study of the spontaneous nucleation of self-rotational moist gas in a converging–diverging nozzle

Spontaneous nucleation is the primary way of droplet formation in the supersonic gas separation technology, and the converging–diverging nozzle is the condensation and separation unit of supersonic gas separation devices. A three-dimensional geometrical model for the generation of self-rotational transonic gas flow is set up, based on which, the spontaneous nucleation of self-rotational transonic moist gas in the converging–diverging nozzle is carried out using an Eulerian multi-fluid model. The simulated results of the main flow and nucleation parameters indicate that the spontaneous nucleation can occur in the diverging part of the nozzle. However, different from the nucleation flow without self-rotation, the distributions of these parameters are unsymmetrical about the nozzle axis due to the irregular flow form caused by the self-rotation of gas flow. The nucleation region is located on the position where gas flows with intense rotation and the self-rotation impacts much on the nucleation process. Stronger rotation delays the onset of spontaneous nucleation and yields lower nucleation rate and narrow nucleation region. In addition, influences of other factors such as inlet total pressure p ₀, inlet total temperature T ₀, the nozzle-expanding ratio ? and the inlet relative humidity ф ₀ on the nucleation of self-rotational moist gas flow in the nozzle are also discussed.