ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COPOLYMERS OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL ACRYLATE WITH STYRENE:SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND REACTIVITY RATIOS

Some copolymers of 2,4-dichlorophenyl acrylate (2,4-DCPA) with styrene (St) of different teed compositions were prepared by tree radical polymerization technique using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator,and the copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy.The copolymer composition obtained by UV-spectra led to determination of reactivity ratio by employing Fineman-Ross (F-R) and Kelen-Tudos (K-T) methods.Average molecular weight,as well as intrinsic viscosity,was obtained by vapor pre...     

Modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) with acid chlorides and crosslinking with difunctional hardeners

The reaction of acid chlorides with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) leads to vinyl alcohol-vinyl ester copolymers. The esterification by Schotten-Baumann enables degrees of modification to be reached which depend on the chemical structure of the pendant unit introduced. High degrees of modification were obtained in the reaction with water-stable acid chlorides such as benzoyl or cinnamoyl chloride. The copolymers obtained were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, thermal methods, and viscosity determinations. Since in all cases they were only partially modified, the remaining hydroxyl groups were reacted with difunctional hardeners, Epiclon B-4400, hexamethylene diisocyanate, and tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate, to obtain tridimensional networks. Vinyl alcohol-vinyl benzoate copolymers with different degrees of modification were crosslinked to study how the percentage of remaining hydroxylic groups affects the crosslinking process. The exotherm maximum of the curing process was lower when diisocyanates were used as hardeners and the degree of crosslinking was higher when hexamethylene diisocyanate was used according to the observed increase in T_g values. Whereas the TGA curves of linear polymers only showed one degradation, in crosslinked polymers two degradation steps were detected, suggesting several degradation mechanisms. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

THE STRUCTURE AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COPOLYMER OF CHOLESTERIC ESTER

The structure and switching properties of liquid crystalline side chain copolymers of cholesteric ester of 1,2-hydroxypropyl 2,4-di-isocyanatoluene methylmethacrylate (PHCPM) have been studied in detail. The cholesteric mesophase of PHCPM is shown by polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction and selective light reflection. Solution of PHCPM in CHCl_3 is optically anisotropic; its optical properties were determined by specific rotation [α], circular dichroism (CD) and wide-angle hght scattering (WALS) methods.     

氯甲基化苯乙烯-二乙烯苯共聚物的Friedel-Craft反应

氯甲基化苯乙烯-二乙烯苯共聚物在傅氏催化剂存在下与取代酚(芳香胺)反应可以得到一些含取代酚基的离子交换树脂。它们的物理化学性质和红外光谱分析证实了该类树脂的结构。溶剂的性质、催化剂的种类、用量、反应温度、时间、取代酚(芳香胺)的取代基位置、聚合物的含氯量和孔结构都对反应和副反应有明显的影响。这类离子交换树脂在重金属分离、脱色,特别在维生素和抗菌素的选择吸附等方面,都有十分重要的意义。     

2,4‐Dichlorophenyl Acrylate/8‐Quinolinyl Methacrylate Copolymers: Ion‐Exchange Study

The chelating ion‐exchange properties of the 2,4‐dichlorophenyl acrylate (2,4‐DCPA)/8‐quinolinyl methacrylate (8‐QMA) copolymers, synthesized using different monomer feed ratios, were investigated by the batch equilibrium method. Five metal ions Cu⁺², Ni⁺², Co⁺², Zn⁺², and Fe⁺³ were used to evaluate the cation‐exchanger capability of 2,4‐DCPA‐co‐8‐QMA copolymers. The ion‐exchange study was carried out for three different experimental variables viz., pH of the aqueous medium, ionic strength of electrolyte and shaking time. It was observed that due to the presence of a pendant ester‐bound quinolinyl group, the copolymers are better suited as cation exchangers.     

Photoconductive copolymers containing N-vinylcarbazole

The synthesis of N-vinylcarbazole (VCbz) copolymers in which electron-accepting groups are incorporated into the polymer chain is reported. The acceptors were introduced by appropriate reactions of VCbz–vinyl acetate or VCbz–acryloyl chloride copolymers and consisted of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl acrylate, β-2,4-dinitrophenoxy propionate, and trichlorobenzoquinone units. The copolymer containing the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl units required no chloranil as a dopant to be photoconductive, and in fact showed a slightly improved photoresponse relative to conventional poly VCbz doped with external chloranil.     

Novel Copolymers of Vinyl Acetate and Halogen Ring‐Disubstituted 2‐Phenyl‐1,1‐dicyanoethylenes

Electrophilic trisubstituted ethylene monomers, halogen ring‐disubstituted 2‐phenyl‐1,1‐dicyanoethylenes, RC₆H₃CH?C(CN)₂ (where R is 2,3‐diCl, 2,4‐diCl, 2,6‐diCl, 3,4‐diCl, 3,5‐diCl, 2,4‐diF, 2,5‐diF, 2,6‐diF, 3,4‐diF, 3,5‐diF, 2‐Cl, 6‐F) were synthesized by piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring‐substituted benzaldehydes and malononitrile, and characterized by CHN elemental analysis, IR, ¹H‐and ¹³C‐NMR. Novel copolymers of the ethylenes and vinyl acetate were prepared at equimolar monomer feed composition by solution copolymerization in the presence of a radical initiator (ABCN) at 70°C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the structures were analyzed by IR, ¹H and ¹³C‐NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. High T_g of the copolymers, in comparison with that of polyvinyl acetate, indicates a substantial decrease in chain mobility of the copolymer due to the high dipolar character of the trisubstituted ethylene monomer unit. The gravimetric analysis indicated that the copolymers decompose in the 220–800°C range.     

Antimicrobial activity on the copolymers of 2,4‐dichlorophenyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate: Synthesis and characterization

Copolymers of monomers 2,4‐dichlorophenyl methacrylate (2,4‐DMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized with different monomer feed ratios using toluene as a solvent and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator at 70 °C. The copolymers were characterized by IR‐spectroscopy, and copolymer composition was determined with UV‐spectroscopy. The linearization method of Fineman–Ross was employed to obtain the monomer reactivity ratios. The molecular weights and polydispersity indexes were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermogravimetric analyses of polymers were carried out in nitrogen atmosphere. The homo‐ and copolymers were tested for their antimicrobial properties against selected microorganisms. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5227–5234, 2004     

Novel Copolymers of Difluoro Ring-substituted 2-Phenyl-1,1-dicyanoethylenes with 4-Fluorostyrene: Synthesis,Structure and Dielectric Study

Copolymerization of fluorine ring-substituted 2-phenyl-1,1-dicyanoethenes, RC₆H₃CH?C(CN)₂ (R is 2,3-F,F, 2,4-F,F, 2,5-F,F, 2,6-F,F, and 4-CF₃) with 4-fluorostyrene were prepared in the presence of a radical initiator (ABCN) at 70°C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the copolymers were characterized by IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. The monomer reactivity ratios for 4-fluorostyrene (M₁), r₁ = 0.6 and 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-dicyanoethene (M₂), r₂ = 0 were determined from Fineman-Ross plot. The order of relative reactivity (1/r₁) for difluoro-substituted monomers is 2,4-F,F (0.31) > 2,3-F,F (0.25) > 2,5-F,F (0.22) > 2,6-F,F (0.10). DSC curves showed that the copolymers were amorphous with high T _g in comparison with that poly(4-fluorostyrene) indicating a substantial decrease in chain mobility of the copolymer due to the high dipolar character of the trisubstituted ethylene monomer units. From the thermogravimetric analysis, the copolymers began to degrade in the range 214–260°C. The copolymer of 4-fluorostyrene and 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-dicyanoethene and poly(4-fluorostyrene) were dielectrically characterized in the range 25–200°C. The dominating relaxation process detected in both materials was the α-relaxation, associated with the dynamic glass transition. The relationship polarity-permittivity was discussed.     

Synthesis of segmented polyurethanes based on furazan units

Linear polyurethane thermoplastics comprising furazan blocks soluble in organic solvents and having low melting points were obtained by nonequilibrium polycondensation of 3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)furazan, butane-1,4-diol and 2,4-di-isocyanatotoluene. The thermal behavior of some copolymers was studied by DSC and TGA methods.     

Preparation of hydrophobically-modified acrylamide copolymers using poly(ethylene imine) as a photoinitiator and its performance evaluation in Bohai oilfield

This paper presents copolymers of acrylamide, N,N-dimethyl-N-vinylnonadecan-1-ammonium chloride and N-(2,4-dimethylpentan-2-yl) acrylamide synthesized by photopolymerization using modified poly(ethylene imine) as initiator in water. These hydrophobically modified acrylamide copolymers were dissolved in the brine that was used in enhanced oil recovery in Bohai oilfield. It was found that when the content of N-(2,4-dimethylpentan-2-yl) acrylamide and N,N-dimethyl-N-vinylnonadecan-1-ammonium chloride were 0.1 mol % and 0.3 mol %, respectively, the resulting polymer could meet the demand of solution time and the polymer mechanical shear stability required in Bohai oilfield. The solution properties of synthesized copolymers were compared with the hydrophobically modified polymer currently used in enhanced oil recovery in Bohai oilfield.     

较高等规度丙烯腈成纤聚合物的合成

以无水氯化镁为添加剂,考察了不同条件下的丙烯腈聚合反应,研究了溶剂种类、聚合温度和氯化镁与丙烯腈的摩尔配比对聚合反应及聚合物等规度的影响,并确定了最佳反应条件,正己烷为溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,聚合温度为60℃,氯化镁与丙烯腈的摩尔比为2∶1.在此条件下,研究了单体浓度和引发剂浓度对丙烯腈(AN)均聚合、丙烯腈/衣康酸(AN/IA)二元共聚合和丙烯腈/衣康酸/丙烯酸甲酯(AN/IA/MA)三元共聚合反应的影响,并获得了较高等规度(三单元组全同分数30.2%～55.9%)的丙烯腈均聚物和共聚物.不同等规度的丙烯腈聚合物的热分析(DSC及TGA)表明,随着聚合物等规度的提高,聚合物的环化放热峰值温度向高温区移动,而且随着聚合物等规度的提高,环化放热峰变宽.随着聚合物等规度的提高,聚合物的热稳定性变差,热失重增加,碳收率降低.     

聚丙烯-聚磷酸酯嵌段共聚物的设计与合成

以苯乙烯基团封端的聚丙烯(PP-t-St)为起始物,通过马氏加成反应将溴化氢(HBr)加成到该聚丙烯的苯乙烯双键上,得到了苄基溴基团封端的等规聚丙烯(PP-t-BzBr).以PP-t-BzBr为大分子引发剂,引发含磷烯烃单体4-乙烯基苄基膦酸二乙酯(DEVBP)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),合成了一种新型聚丙烯-聚磷酸酯嵌段共聚物(PP-b-PDEVBP,其中PDEVBP嵌段质量含量可达64.3%).对该共聚物进行了1H-NMR表征、示差扫描量热(DSC)、热失重(TGA)和微型量热(MCC)分析,结果表明该嵌段共聚物在保持聚丙烯本身的熔点和结晶度的同时,有效降低了热释放速率和提高了高温热分解残余物,可望改善聚丙烯材料的阻燃性.     

Novel Copolymers of Styrene. 7. Dihalogen Ring-substituted Ethyl 2-Cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates

Electrophilic trisubstituted ethylenes, dihalogen ring-substituted ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates, RPhCH?C(CN)CO₂C₂H₅ (where R is 2,3-diCl, 2,4-diCl, 2,6-diCl, 3,4-diCl, 3,5-diCl, 2,3-diF, 2,4-diF, 2,5-diF, 2,6-diF, 3,4-diF, 3,5-diF) were prepared and copolymerized with styrene. The monomers were synthesized by the piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and ethyl cyanoacetate, and characterized by CHN analysis, IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR. All the ethylenes were copolymerized with styrene (M₁) in solution with radical initiation (ABCN) at 70°C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the structures were analyzed by IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR. The order of relative reactivity (1/r ₁) for the monomers is 3,4-diCl (1.89) > 2,4-diCl (1.84) > 3,5-diCl (1.40) > 2,6-diCl (1.21) > 2,4-diF (1.16) > 2,3-diF (1.01) > 2,3-diCl (0.74) > 3,4-diF (0.52) > 2,6-diF (0.45) > 3,5-diF (0.44) > 2,5-diF (0.33). Relatively high T_g of the copolymers in comparison with that of polystyrene indicates a decrease in chain mobility of the copolymer due to the high dipolar character of the trisubstituted ethylene monomer unit. Decomposition of the copolymers in nitrogen occurred in two steps, first in the 250–500°C range with residue (2.6–5.0 wt%), which then decomposed in the 500–800°C range.     

Novel Copolymers of Styrene and Halogen Ring‐Disubstituted 2‐Cyano‐N,N‐Dimethyl‐3‐Phenyl‐2‐Propenamides

Electrophilic trisubstituted ethylene monomers, halogen ring‐disubstituted 2‐cyano‐N,N‐dimethyl‐3‐phenyl‐2‐propenamides, RC₆H₃CH?C(CN)CON(CH₃)₂ (where R is 2,3‐dichloro, 2,4‐dichloro, 2,6‐dichloro, 3,4‐dichloro, 3,5‐dichloro, 2,3‐difluoro, 2,4‐difluoro, 2,6‐difluoro, 3,4‐difluoro, 3,5‐difluoro), were synthesized by potassium hydroxide catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring‐substituted benzaldehydes and N,N‐dimethyl cyanoacetamide, and characterized by CHN elemental analysis, IR, ¹H‐ and ¹³C‐NMR. Novel copolymers of the ethylenes and styrene were prepared at equimolar monomer feed composition by solution copolymerization in the presence of a radical initiator, ABCN at 70°C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the structures were analyzed by IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. High T_g of the copolymers in comparison with that of polystyrene indicates a substantial decrease in chain mobility of the copolymer due to the high dipolar character of the trisubstituted ethylene monomer unit. The gravimetric analysis indicated that the copolymers decompose in the 300–450°C range.     

杯芳烃钕/二正丁基镁/六甲基磷酰胺催化4-乙烯基吡啶的均聚及其与苯乙烯的共聚

聚4-乙烯基吡啶[P（4-VP）]是一种功能高分子,由于在吡啶环上有一个碱性的氮原子,它能进一步与酸反应生成各种盐,与卤代烃生成季铵盐以及与金属离子生成配合物,可用作高分子电解质,高分子试剂,高分子功能材料等,因此有不少文献对它的合成进行了报道,合成聚4-乙烯基吡啶及其与苯乙烯（St）的共聚物,除了用丁基锂作引发剂外,过渡金属的Ziegler-Natta催化剂,以及烷基铝和烷基锌等也常被用作催化剂,但用这些催化剂催化所得的聚4-乙烯基吡啶及其与苯乙烯的共聚物产率低,分子量小。     

BDIE·[Zn-Al]催化二氧化碳与氧化环己烯的共聚反应

用α二亚胺型BDIE配体(N,N′(2,6二异丙基苯基)乙二亚胺)与氧联锌铝醇盐([ZnAl])以配位的方式制备了高位阻催化体系BDIE·[ZnAl],并催化二氧化碳与氧化环己烯共聚.研究了各种因素对该反应的影响,发现最适宜的反应条件为BDIE[ZnAl]的摩尔比为0.5、反应温度为80℃、催化剂浓度为0.1gmL、二氧化碳压力为2MPa.在此条件下反应24h其催化效率达到31.6gg与其它高位阻体系相比,该催化剂用成本低的异丙醇铝和无水醋酸锌代替二乙锌,聚合操作过程简单,是一种有发展前景的催化体系.     

强阴离子型丙烯酰胺共聚物P(AM-co-NaAMPS)的结构与性能

在水介质中实施了丙烯酰胺 (AM)与 2 丙烯酰胺基 2 甲基丙磺酸钠 (NaAMPS)的溶液共聚合 ,制备了组成系列变化的强阴离子型共聚物P(AM co NaAMPS) ;通过红外光谱法与元素分析法对共聚物的组成进行了表征 ;稀释外推粘度法测定了共聚物的特性粘数及Huggins常数 ;测定了共聚物纯水溶液及盐水溶液的表观粘度及高温下共聚物盐水溶液的粘度保持率 ;重点考察了共聚物的结构与组成对其各种性能的影响规律 .实验结果表明 ,在聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM)分子主链上引入NaAMPS链节后 ,磺酸根的强阴离子性与庞大侧基的位阻效应 ,赋于共聚物P(AM co NaAMPS)以优良的溶解、增稠、耐温与抗盐性能 ,且这些性能随共聚物的结构与组成的改变发生规律性的变化 .     

Analysis of thermal degradation of diacetylene-containing polyurethane copolymers

This work investigates the thermal degradation of diacetylene-containing polyurethane (PUDA) copolymers that consist of 2,4-hexadiyene-1,6-diol (DA), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and TGA coupled with Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The results of TGA at different heating rates and under various annealing conditions demonstrated that the PUBD and PUDA copolymers underwent three stages of degradation. These stages of degradation of PUBD copolymers differed from those in earlier works, in which two stages of degradation were proposed. The three stages of degradation of PUBD and PUDA copolymers involved four and five steps of degradation, respectively, as revealed by TG-FTIR, which identified the main decomposition products, CO₂, tetrahydrofuran and ether-containing olefin. The effect of the cross-linked network of diacetylene-containing hard segments on the degradation of PUDA copolymers was investigated under various annealed conditions. Annealing at a high temperature for a long time promote the PUDA TG and DTG curves shifting to a higher temperature region, but the effect on the temperature does not obviously increase as the annealing further performed at 80-160 °C for a long time. This event is caused by the cross-linked networks inhibiting further cross-polymerization in the diacetylene-containing hard-segmented domains.     

丙烯酰胺型阴离子表面活性单体与丙烯酰胺共聚物水溶液的流变特性

以丙烯酰胺型阴离子表面活性单体2-丙烯酰胺基十四烷基磺酸钠(NaAMC14S)为共单体,与丙烯酰胺(AM)的水溶液均相共聚合,使NaAMC14S的浓度分别处于临界胶束浓度上下,分别制备了具有无规结构与微嵌段结构的两类共聚物;用红外光谱法对共聚物的结构进行了表征,使用乌氏粘度法测定了特性粘数,相对表示出了共聚物的分子量;采用荧光探针法与表观粘度法重点研究了两类共聚物的疏水缔合性与水溶液的流变特性.研究结果表明,具有微嵌段结构的共聚物具有很强的疏水缔合性,当其水溶液的浓度达0.2wt%后,表观粘度迅速提高;其水溶液的切力变稀行为具有明显的可逆性,表现出强的抗剪切性能.本研究中特别发现,具有微嵌段结构的共聚物其盐水溶液的表观粘度远高于纯水溶液的表观粘度,当共聚物浓度为0.3wt%、CaCl2浓度为2wt%时,溶液的表观粘度竟然提高了3个数量级,表现出独特的正性盐敏性(即遇盐变稠).