Maximizing Young's fringe visibility through reversible optical transformations

When a Young's interferometer is fed by an electromagnetic beam, fringes of low, or even zero, visibility do not necessarily indicate lack of correlation between two typical field components at the pinholes. The passage of light that emerges from one of the pinholes through a nonabsorbing anisotropic optical element may enhance the visibility. We inquire about the maximum visibility that can be attained through such a reversible transformation (polarizers being excluded). We find that such a quantity can be evaluated in closed form. Its value is directly related to the Ky Fan 1-norm of the correlation matrix of the illuminating beam.     

强度涨落在热光鬼成像中的作用

热光鬼成像的图像质量在实际应用中具有重要作用. 通过理论分析和数值模拟, 发现光场的强度涨落程度会影响热光鬼成像的对比度, 基于此, 提出可以通过调节热光场的平均强度和强度波动的方差来提高成像对比度, 并且研究了这一方法对成像信噪比的影响. 将这种方法与另一种提高成像对比度的方法——高阶鬼成像进行了对比, 所得结果将有助于提高对热光鬼成像的理解. 关键词： 鬼成像 强度涨落 对比度 信噪比     

基于光场一阶关联的时域成像

与通常利用二阶强度关联测量实现时域鬼成像不同,本文利用时域热光源借助干涉仪通过一阶关联实现时域成像.基于空域光束的近轴衍射和时域窄带脉冲在色散介质中色散之间的空间-时间二象性,在时域脉冲响应函数的基础上得到了表征一阶关联时域成像的强度表达式,分析研究了光源脉冲宽度和相干时间对成像可见度和分辨率的影响.结果一方面表明基于热光场一阶关联的时域成像在不需要额外色散补偿或消除条件下可以实现时域物体信号的再现,另一方面表明当光源脉冲宽度一定时,成像可见度随光源脉冲相干时间的增加而增加,但是成像分辨率逐渐降低,其中当光源脉冲宽度约为100 ps,相干时间约为0.5 ps时,间隔为20 ps,宽度为8 ps的时域矩形波型物体的成像质量(兼顾可见度和分辨率)较好.该结果对于基于热光一阶关联的时域成像在时序信号测量中的应用具有重要意义.     

Quantitative coherence analysis of dual phase grating x-ray interferometry with source grating

Dual phase grating x-ray interferometry is compatible with common imaging detectors,and abandons the use of an absorption analyzer grating to reduce the radiation dose.When using x-ray tubes,an absorbing source grating must be introduced into the dual phase grating interferometer.In order to attain a high fringe visibility,in this work we conduct a quantitative coherence analysis of dual phase grating interferometry to find how the source grating affects the fringe visibility.Theoretical analysis shows that with the generalized Lau condition satisfied,the fringe visibility is influenced by the duty cycle of the source grating and the transmission through the grating bar.And the influence of the source grating profile on the fringe visibility is independent of the phase grating type.Numerical results illustrate that the maximum achievable fringe visibility decreases significantly with increasing transmission in the grating bar.Under a given transmission,one can always find an optimal duty cycle to maximize the fringe visibility.These results can be used as general guidelines for designing and optimizing dual phase grating x-ray interferometers for potential applications.     

Direct measurement of the coherence length of edge states in the integer quantum Hall regime

We have determined the finite temperature coherence length of edge states in the integer quantum Hall effect regime. This was realized by measuring the visibility of electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometers of different sizes, at filling factor 2. The visibility shows an exponential decay with the temperature. The characteristic temperature scale is found inversely proportional to the length of the interferometer arm, allowing one to define a coherence length l_(phi). The variations of l_(phi) with magnetic field are the same for all samples, with a maximum located at the upper end of the quantum Hall plateau. Our results provide the first accurate determination of l_(phi) in the quantum Hall regime.     

On the propagation of random electromagnetic fields with position-independent stochastic behavior

A certain kind of vectorial fields with position-independent stochastic behavior is introduced, for which several main features are preserved upon free propagation. For this set of random electromagnetic fields, it is shown that the uniform degree of polarization, the maximum attainable visibility in a Young experiment, and the expansion of the cross-spectral density tensor as the sum of totally-polarized and unpolarized terms are properties that apply for any propagation distance. An elementary example is also shown.     

Electric-tunable magnetoresistance effect in a two-dimensional electron gas modulated by hybrid magnetic-electric barrier nanostructure

The electric-tunable spin-independent magnetoresistance effect has been theoretically investigated in ballistic regime within a two-dimensional electron gas modulated by magnetic-electric barrier nanostructure. By including the omitted stray field in previous investigations on analogous structures, it is demonstrated based on this improved approximation that the magnetoresistance ratio for the considered structure can be efficiently enhanced by a proper electric barrier up to the maximum value depending on the specific magnetic suppression. Besides, it is also shown the introduction of positive electrostatic modulation can effectively overcome the degradation of magnetoresistance ratio for asymmetric configuration and enhance the visibility of periodic pattern induced by the size effect, while for an opposite modulation the system magnetoresistance ratio concerned may change its sign.     

低透过率下隧道照明亮度对能见度的影响

为了研究低透过率下隧道照明亮度对能见度的影响,为低透过率条件下隧道照明亮度的调节提供依据,分别以两种不同光谱特性的摄像机作为观测装置获得了透过率、照明亮度、目标/背景对比度三者之间的变化关系.实验结果表明:目标/背景对比度随照明亮度的增加而增加,两者呈非线性关系;透过率限定了目标/背景对比度所能达到的最大值;在一定的亮度范围内,提高亮度增加目标/背景对比度可以有效改善能见度.当照明亮度较高时,提高照明亮度对能见度影响不大;当照明亮度较低时,提高照明亮度对能见度提高的效果明显.因此,根据透过率按比例调节照明亮度能保证能见度和行车安全.     

On the vectorial fields with position-independent stochastic behavior

Vectorial fields with position-independent stochastic behavior within a certain region are analyzed. More specifically, we deal with the transverse components of this class of beamlike fields (the longitudinal component assumed to be negligible). The general form of the cross-spectral density tensor (CDT) of these fields is shown. Attention is also focused on the properties of these kinds of fields. Thus, among other characteristics, it is seen that the CDT of these fields can be written as the sum of two CDTs associated, respectively, to a totally polarized field and to an unpolarized field. It is also shown that, for such fields, a Young's interference experiment can always be performed whose fringe visibility is optimized. This behavior has analytically been characterized by means of a certain parameter, valid for general beamlike fields. It is shown that, for the fields studied, this parameter reaches its maximum value.     

基于数字摄像的测量观测系统设计

在大气能见度观测中,相关研究多集中于白天观测,夜间观测的研究比较少见,而对于昼夜连续观测的研究更是鲜有报道。目前,国内外尚没有完全按照能见度定义研制的大气能见度自动观测仪出现。针对这一问题,基于CCD数字摄像技术,模拟人工观测光学原理,提出了一种能够昼夜进行大气能见度连续观测的方法。该方法基于对目标物获得能见度计算公式,并针对昼夜模式下的系统参数进行修正,能够有效消除外在环境因素和相机自身系统内部因素引发的观测误差。为验证算法的有效性,针对天空遮挡、半遮挡和空旷等不同情况（不同情况,会影响观测环境的亮度,以此测试系统对杂散光的抵抗能力,以及对不同环境的适应能力）,搭建了基于该方法的3套原理样机。利用搭建的数字摄像能见度仪（DPVS）在北京地区进行了实际的大气能见度分钟级观测。观测实验表明,基于该方法构建的观测系统,不但具有较宽的观测范围,而且能够有效适应各类复杂天气情况,在雨雪霾等不同天气下,均有较好的观测效果,且无论是在能见度变化较快或者较为缓慢的情况下,DPVS系统均能够进行快速正确的响应。而透过DPVS与散射仪和透射仪这两种标准观测仪器观测结果的对比分析发现,DPVS与前两者的观测结果具有较高的相关性：0.973 1,且观测性能相当,其平均相对误差在-1.54%左右,均方根相对误差在8.82%左右。而本文算法出现的最大相对误差为-14.11%。世界气象组织MOR规定：能见度仪在满量程范围内,其最大相对误差小于20%,即认为是达到标准的能见度仪,可以投入实际观测使用。基于该算法研发的DPVS系统符合观测标准,能够投入实际使用,且DPVS系统的观测成本远比散射仪和透射仪更低,具有较好的前景和应用价值。     

Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with two independent weak coherent states

Recently,the Hong-Ou-Mandel(HOM) interference between two independent weak coherent pulses(WCPs) has been paid much attention due to the measurement-device-independent(MDI) quantum key distribution(QKD).Using classical wave theory,articles reported before show that the visibility of this kind of HOM-type interference is ≤ 50%.In this work,we analyze this kind of interference using quantum optics,which reveals more details compared to the wave theory.Analyses confirm the maximum visibility of 50%.And we conclude that the maximum visibility of 50%comes from the two single-photon states in WCPs,without considering the noise.In the experiment,we successfully approach the visibility of 50%by using WCPs splitting from the single pico-second laser source and phase scanning.Since this kind of HOM interference is immune to slow phase fluctuations,both the realized and proposed experiment designs can provide stable ways of high-resolution optical distance detection.     

位错的会聚束电子衍射研究

从硅位错附近得到的会聚束电子衍射图样表明高阶劳厄带线和菊池线分裂,晶体学等效的衍射显示不同的分裂或不分裂,这些结果可以用晶体缺陷的衍衬理论来解释,不分裂的衍射相当于位错的不可见,即g·b=0,会聚束电子衍射提供了强有力的研究缺陷的高空间分辨率手段。 关键词：     

激光告警散射截获距离仿真

针对近地面来袭的激光威胁源,建立基于米氏散射理论的散射探测模型。利用matlab软件对散射光光强随激光探测方向、大气能见度的变化进行了数值分析,结果表明,探测散射光最强的方向是平行于主轴传输方向,大气能见度和散射光强成非线性关系。在分析散射光强受气象条件变化的基础上,得到了不同激光威胁源情况下,激光告警的最大散射截获距离。     

小视场轻型星敏感器在白天测星中的应用

从白天天空背景、恒星光谱特性、星敏感器的构造特点3方面分析白天大气层内小视场轻型星敏感器对恒星探测的可行性。在此基础上,采用光谱滤波、合理选择系统参数等方法,研制了小视场轻型星敏感器,并在高海拔地区进行了白天地面观星实验,理论分析和实验结果表明:小视场轻型星敏感器能够实现白天恒星的探测。在3 km海拔高度、大气能见度10 km、视场21.5、太阳规避角30以外、天空晴朗无云的环境下,可探测星等极限值达到3.8等。     

国家自然科学基金(40776059)资助

为了克服水下探测中后向散射光背景噪音的影响,提出了非均匀光场水下探测方法,推导得出非均匀光场的照度分布函数与接收口径、目标与接收器的距离以及海水的体积衰减系数几个因素有关.通过搭建集束光水下图像系统,对其产生的非均匀光场的分布特性和水下探测特性进行了水池实验.观测结果为,在0.6倍能见度下,可分辨1 mm细节,在1倍能见度时,可分辨目标轮廓,在1.5倍能见度时,可探测到目标.结果证明,该系统具有宽视角、全景深、图像清晰度高等特点.     

A bi‐prism interferometer for hard X‐ray photons

Micro‐fabricated bi‐prisms have been used to create an interference pattern from an incident hard X‐ray beam, and the intensity of the pattern probed with fluorescence from a 30 nm‐thick metal film. Maximum fringe visibility exceeded 0.9 owing to the nano‐sized probe and the choice of single‐crystal prism material. A full near‐field analysis is necessary to describe the fringe field intensities, and the transverse coherence lengths were extracted at APS beamline 8‐ID‐I. It is also shown that the maximum number of fringes is dependent only on the complex refractive index of the prism material.     

A linear optical method for measuring the carrier-envelope phase drift

The carrier-envelope offset frequency of a laser oscillator is determined from the visibility of spectrally resolved fringes in a combined two-path multiple-path interferometer. At maximum visibility the pulses have zero carrier-envelope phase drift, while the visibility becomes zero for uncorrelated pulses. The method is widely independent of bandwidth and pulse energy. The effects of carrier-envelope offset phase noise, finite detection time, and dispersion are also discussed. M. G?rbe and C. Grebing have equally contributed to this paper.     

恒温双色光源夜间能见度观测方法研究

能见度一般为人眼视觉能够观测目标物的最大估计水平距离。能见度的观测和预报已经广泛的应用于气象预报、环境污染分析、交通运输等各个领域。现有的能见度观测方法主要分为散射式与透射式。其中数字摄像式能见度观测方法最贴近能见度定义,随着数字摄像技术的发展,加快了数字图像能见度的测量方法的研究与应用。但在利用数字摄像进行夜间能见度观测量过程中不可避免的受到不同天气背景光、光源灰度等影响从而造成能见度测量不稳定,观测结果精度低、观测范围较小。已知利用双光源的稳定性可以保证能见度的测量精度,大多数研究都是通过使用白光源的角度来解决能见度的测量不稳定问题。本文从准单色光源的角度出发,通过不同频段光源对能见度的穿透能力不同,在可见光范围内对不同频段光源的穿透能力进行特性分析。在已有的双光源基础上,提出了一种改进的恒温双色光源夜间能见度观测方法,实现在不同天气状况下,对能见度的高精度、大范围观测。通过设计恒温双光源,消除了环境温度变化对光强的影响;恒压恒流模块保证双光源光强一致性;利用积分球保证光强的均匀性;根据不同频段光源对能见度的穿透能力不同,选用双色光源实现高精度、大范围能见度的有效测量。在恒温双色光源的能见度观测系统中进行一系列的实验验证,实验结果表明两个光源的一致性达到0.99,能见度不好时,蓝光到达相机的光强弱,红光的测量结果接近真值;晴天时夜间能见度良好,蓝光透射率差值大,有利于提高信噪比,双光源为蓝光的标准差36.90,蓝光的测量结果接近真值。当观测极限为15 000 m时,进行1个月的实验观测,通过与真实值进行比较,所提出的改进恒温双色光源夜间能见度观测方法能够很好的在能见度观测极限范围内进行准确的测量。     

Photodégradation des colorants fluorescents dans le PMMA appliquée à l'étude de déformationa par moiré

Photobleaching of rhodamine 6G in PMMA illuminated by two interfering laser beams gives rise to a fluorescence grating which can be used for strain analysis by moiré technique in the illuminated slice of the model. According to the fluorescence decay curves, the maximum visibility of the moiré fringes is 0.24. Application to a disk under compression is reported.     

Measurement of the polarization of high-order harmonics from aligned N(2) molecules by spatial interferometry

The polarization of high-harmonics from aligned N(2) molecules was measured by observing the visibility of spatial interference between two high-harmonics generated separately. The minimum visibility was observed at an angle of 60 degrees between the polarization of the harmonic generation laser field and the molecular orientation. In this case, the angular shift of harmonic polarization is 15 degrees from the molecular orientation. Our measurement of the visibility variation matches the theoretical prediction based on the harmonic field calculation for aligned N(2) molecules.