Effective changes in cellulose cell walls,gas permeability and sound absorption capability of Cocos nucifera (palmwood) by steam explosion

Steam explosion is a useful method to soften and dimensionally stabilizing wood. A significant increase in air permeability and sound absorption capability of steam-exploded palmwood compared to untreated palmwood is observed due to changes in cell wall. Cell wall’s changes are characterized by instrumental techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope and gas permeability by capillary flow porometry and sound absorption coefficient by two-microphone transfer function method. The average increase in air permeability (259.3%) and sound absorption coefficient (52.33% at frequency range of 250–6400 Hz) of steam-exploded samples is higher than that of untreated samples. Color of steam-exploded woods become black due to chemical reactions in cell wall during steam explosion. The color change, air permeability and sound absorption coefficient of wood are correlated with the findings. These results suggest that low-pressure steam explosion could be considered as an effective technique for improving the air permeability and sound absorption capability of palmwood in the longitudinal direction. This approach could be useful to manufacture sound absorption board to control the acoustical housing environment.

     

Biosorbents from Plant Fibers of Hemp and Flax for Metal Removal: Comparison of Their Biosorption Properties

Lignocellulosic fibers extracted from plants are considered an interesting raw material for environmentally friendly products with multiple applications. This work investigated the feasibility of using hemp- and flax-based materials in the form of felts as biosorbents for the removal of metals present in aqueous solutions. Biosorption of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn from a single solution by the two lignocellulosic-based felts was examined using a batch mode. The parameters studied were initial metal concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH. In controlled conditions, the results showed that: (i) the flax-based felt had higher biosorption capacities with respect to the metals studied than the hemp-based felt; (ii) the highest removal efficiency was always obtained for Cu ions, and the following order of Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni > Co > Al > Mn was found for both examined biosorbents; (iii) the process was rapid and 10 min were sufficient to attain the equilibrium; (iv) the efficiency improved with the increase of the adsorbent dosage; and (v) the biosorption capacities were independent of pH between 4 and 6. Based on the obtained results, it can be considered that plant-based felts are new, efficient materials for metal removal.     

功能化聚丙烯腈纳米纤维膜同时高效萃取莠去津及其毒性代谢物

研制了一种新型固相萃取(SPE)介质,用于同时高效萃取莠去津(ATZ)及其两种毒性代谢产物脱乙基莠去津(DEA)和脱异丙基莠去津(DIA),为全面客观地评价ATZ的水污染状况提供基础.以聚丙烯腈纳米纤维(PAN NFs)膜为基底膜,制备了3种功能化的NFs膜.吸附容量和吸附效率实验结果表明,羧基修饰的PAN NFs(COOH-PAN NFs)膜对3种目标物的静态和动态吸附容量分别为2.00和0.19 mg/g,动态吸附流出率低于30.0％,显著优于其它3种NFs膜,且对极性较大的目标物保留最强,表明其为同时高效吸附ATZ、 DIA和DEA的优势SPE介质,且主要通过羧基基团与目标物之间形成的氢键进行目标物吸附.采用基于COOH-PAN NFs膜的SPE,结合高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD),建立了同时检测水样中ATZ、 DIA和DEA的方法,方法回收率为81.4％～120.3％, DIA检出限(LOD, S/N=3)为0.12 ng/mL,DEA和ATZ的检出限为0.09 ng/mL,可应用于实际水样监测.     

Sound absorption behavior of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes

The acoustical damping property of electrospun polyacrylonitrile(PAN) nanofibrous membranes with different thicknesses and porosities was investigated.The sound absorption coefficients were measured using the impedance tube instrument based on ISO 10534-2:1998(E).Results indicate that the first resonance absorption frequency of nanofibrous membranes shifts to the lower frequency with the increase of the back cavity or the thickness of membranes.Moreover,the sound absorption performance of the perforated panel can be greatly improved by combination with a thin layer of PAN nanofibrous membrane.Traditional acoustical damping materials(foam,fiber) coated with nanofibrous membranes have better acoustical performance in the low and medium frequency range than that of acoustical materials alone.All of the results demonstrate the PAN nanofibrous membrane is a suitable candidate for noise reduction.     

Fe-Ni/C复合纳米纤维的原位制备与微波吸收性能

采用静电纺丝技术结合稳定化和碳化处理原位制备了Fe-Ni/C复合纳米纤维, 其平均直径约为215 nm, 所生成的Fe-Ni合金纳米颗粒较均匀地分布在碳基纳米纤维的内部和表面, 且被石墨化碳层所包覆. 以Fe-Ni/C复合纳米纤维为吸收剂、 硅橡胶为基质制备成吸波涂层, 研究了碳化温度对电磁特性和微波吸收性能的影响. 结果表明, 涂层厚度为1.2~2.0 mm、 Fe-Ni/C复合纳米纤维质量分数为5%的吸波涂层表现出优良的微波吸收性能, 在7.4~18 GHz频率范围内的反射损耗均低于-20 dB; 随着复合纳米纤维的碳化温度由800 ℃升高到1200 ℃, 由于阻抗匹配特性的改善, 吸波涂层的微波吸收能力逐步加强, 其最小反射损耗由-22.6 dB降低到-63.0 dB.     

钒液流电池用石墨毡电极电化学活化机理的交流阻抗研究

研究了不同氧化程度下的石墨毡在钒溶液中的吸附性、润湿性及其交流阻抗图谱(EIS), 结果发现随着氧化程度增加, 吸附性和润湿性增强; 交流阻抗谱包括两个半圆和一条直线, 高频半圆对应离子的吸脱附反应, 低频半圆对应电化学反应, 直线对应离子在溶液中的扩散过程. 随石墨毡氧化程度的增加, 低频半圆显著减小, 通过等效电路拟合及动力学参数计算, 发现电荷传递电阻显著减小.     

全钒氧化还原液流电池用石墨毡电极的分步氧化活化

石墨毡电极是组成钒电池的关键材料,其较低的电化学活性是造成钒电池功率密度较低的关键因素之一. 本论文采用一种简便的石墨毡电极分步氧化活化法,先将石墨毡在高锰酸钾溶液中进行氧化,后置于活化溶液中激发其反应活性. 通过对处理后的石墨毡进行循环伏安、交流阻抗测试、XPS以及SEM表征,发现氧化时间和活化溶液组成是影响电极性能的因素,在本文中,先经过3天氧化时间,后在配比为3:1的活化溶液中处理的电极,较其他方法处理的电极,电荷传递电阻明显降低,其与溶液之间的接触电阻最低,为7.33 Ω·cm ²,氧化还原峰值比更接近于1,有效提高了反应的活性与可逆性,经X射线光电子能谱分析发现性能提高的原因与表面含氧官能团数目增加有关. 单电池性能测试结果进一步证实,利用该方法处理的石墨毡为电极的单电池,较未经处理的电池相比性能更优,有更高的放电容量和能量效率,在100 mA·cm ^-2电流密度下,能量效率较未处理电极高出7.47%. 与热处理法、酸处理法及电化学氧化法相比较,该方法不需要辅助设备,不消耗能源.     

SOUND ABSORPTION BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES

The acoustical damping property of electrospun polyacrylonitrile(PAN) nanofibrous membranes with different thicknesses and porosities was investigated.The sound absorption coefficients were measured using the impedance tube instrument based on ISO 10534-2:1998(E).Results indicate that the first resonance absorption frequency of nanofibrous membranes shifts to the lower frequency with the increase of the back cavity or the thickness of membranes.Moreover,the sound absorption performance of the perforated ...     

Hydrothermal ammoniated treatment of PAN-graphite felt for vanadium redox flow battery

A novel method of hydrothermal ammoniated treatment on the polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based graphite felt for vanadium redox flow battery was developed. The graphite felt was treated in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave for different time at 180 °C. The content of nitrogen in the PAN graphite felt changed from 3.803% to 5.367% by adjusting treatment time to 15 h in ammonia solution, while FT-IR results indicated that nitrogenous groups were introduced. The electrochemical properties of these graphite felts were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, as well as cell charge and discharge tests. The energy efficiency of the treated graphite felt reached 85% at a current density of 20 mA/cm². The corresponding coulombic efficiency and voltage efficiency were 95.3% and 75.1%, respectively. The improvement of the electrochemical properties for the treated graphite felt might be attributed to the increase of polar nitrogenous groups of carbon fiber surface, which facilitated charge transfer between electrode and vanadium ions.     

Adsorption and Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Electrospun PAN@W18O49 Nanofibers

Low density and high porosity polyacrylonitrile(PAN) nanofibers prepared by electrospinning were used as brackets for photocatalyst W₁₈O₄₉ to prepare a kind of light weight and easy recycling water purification material for the first time. The influence of tungsten source concentration on the formation of W₁₈O₄₉ during a solvothermal process was systematically investigated. The prepared PAN@W₁₈O₄₉ nanofibers(NFs) utilize the outstanding visible light photocatalytic performance and the adsorption performance of W₁₈O₄₉, and at the same time give the advantages of low density and easy recyclability. The pollutant removal performance of the composite nanofibers was investigated by using five contaminants including rhodamine B(RhB), methylene blue(MB), malachite green(MG), methyl orange(MO) and chlortetracycline(CTC) as substrates. Among them, the degradation process of rhodamine B has been studied in detail. After five cycles, the degradation efficiency did not decrease significantly, showing excellent reusability of PAN@W₁₈O₄₉ NFs. Besides, the adsorption performance of PAN@W₁₈O₄₉ NFs during the photocatalytic process was also studied in detail. Compared with recently reported literature, the degradation efficiency of organic pollutants by PAN@W₁₈O₄₉ NFs showed better performance, and PAN@W₁₈O₄₉ NFs felt had a promising prospect in the field of degradation of contaminants.     

Shaping and Mechanical Reinforcement of Silica Aerogel Biocatalysts with Ceramic Fiber Felts

The synthesis of silica aerogels reinforced with either carbon or silica fibre felts and which encapsulate the lipase PS of Amano (LPS AB025407) obtained from Burkholderia cepacia is described. The materials were further shaped by moulding them in Teflon^® tubes. The silica aerogels were synthesized with various ratios of hydrophobic groups and dried according to the supercritical CO₂ method. Both types of reinforcements improve the catalytic activity of the material per mass of lipase. The fibre felts reinforcements also enable the encapsulation of higher concentrations of lipase. The materials were shaped into small moulded monoliths, which were readily washed and recycled without significant mechanical deterioration or loss of catalytic activity. In addition, hydrophobic carbon felts reinforce more efficiently silica aerogels that incorporate a high ratio of hydrophobic groups, while silica felts strengthen those aerogels that carry a low proportion of hydrophobic groups.     

棉基吸音毡中游离氨的测定

用水浸提棉基吸音毡中的游离氨,通过浸提温度和浸提时间的选择,采用纳氏试剂分光光度法对游离氨浓度进行测定,样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.5%～5.0%,加标回收率为97%～109%。方法快速、简便,且具有较好的精密度和准确度,实际操作性强。     

Gold Spherical and Flake Assemblies Fabrication Through Calcination of Gold Nanoparticles Incorporated Poly(acrylonitrile) Nanofibers

Journal of Cluster Science - This work reports on the outcome of the calcination of gold nanoparticles incorporated polyacrylonitrile nanofibers in air which results in the formation of gold...     

Miniaturized pipette‐tip‐based electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers for the micro‐solid‐phase extraction of nitro‐based explosive compounds

In this study, a self‐assembly of miniaturized pipette‐tip‐based solid‐phase extraction for the simultaneous extraction of nitroaromatic compounds was developed, with electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers used as sorbents. The electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR analysis and surface area analysis. Good linearities for the four nitroaromatic compounds (2,6‐dinitrotoluene, 2‐nitrotoluene, 3‐nitrotoluene, and 4‐nitrotoluene) were obtained in a range of 250–1000 μg/L with coefficients of determination > 0.99. The limits of detection of these analytes were between 21 and 38 μg/L. The results showed that the pipette‐tip‐based solid‐phase extraction was effective in extracting nitrotoluenes in the pH regime of environmental interest (≈ 6). The investigation also revealed that the optimum mass of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers sorbent was 15 mg and 20 aspirating/dispensing cycles gave the maximum recovery of nitrotoluenes with 200 μL acetonitrile as the best eluting solvent. Moreover, the performance of the present method was studied for the extraction and determination of nitroaromatic compounds in real environmental water samples and good recoveries ranging from 70 to 115% were found, and respective relative standard deviations of <12% were obtained.     

静电纺丝法制备Mn2O3纳米纤维及其磁性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶过程和静电纺丝技术相结合方法, 以聚丙烯腈和醋酸锰为前驱物, 制得了PAN/Mn(CH₃COO)₂复合纳米纤维. 将该复合纤维高温煅烧, 获得了Mn₂O₃纳米纤维. 采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、差热-热重(TG-DTA)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析等对样品进行了表征. 结果表明, Mn₂O₃纳米纤维为规则的一维结构, 直径分布均匀, 具有铁磁性-反铁磁性-顺磁性相互转化的特性.     

基于Li0.35Zn0.3Fe2.35O4和碳纳米纤维双层吸波体的结构设计与吸收性能研究

通过静电纺丝技术和热处理制备了Li_0.35Zn_0.3Fe_2.35O₄纳米纤维和碳纳米纤维,并将它们各自均匀分散在硅橡胶基质中,测量了相应复合体在2~18GHz频率范围内的相对复介电常数和复磁导率,并根据传输线理论评估了由它们所构成的单层和双层结构吸波体的微波吸收特性。结果显示由于Li_0.35Zn_0.3Fe_2.35O₄纳米纤维与碳纳米纤维的电磁特性的有机结合,双层吸波体的微波吸收性能明显优于同厚度的单层吸波体。当以厚为1.8mm的Li_0.35Zn_0.3Fe_2.35O₄纳米纤维/硅橡胶复合体为吸收层和厚为0.2mm的碳纳米纤维/硅橡胶复合体为匹配层时,双层吸波体的反射率在13.9GHz达到一个最小值-47.8dB,反射率低于-10dB的吸收带宽为8.8GHz,频率范围为9.2~18GHz,反射率小于-20dB的频率范围为11.5~18GHz,带宽为6.5GHz,覆盖整个Ku波段。优化设计的双层吸波体有望作为一种轻质高效的Ku波段微波吸收材料。     

Fabrication of polyacrylonitrile/lignin-based carbon nanofibers for high-power lithium ion battery anodes

Low-cost carbon nanofibers are fabricated from lignin, the second most abundant raw material in wood after cellulose and polyacrylonitrile mixture as a carbon precursor by electrospinning, followed by suitable heat treatments. As the lignin content in the precursor increases, the carbon nanofibers become thinner, as seen from scanning electron microscopy images. However, their carbon structure and electrochemical performance are found to be very similar, even though surface functional groups on carbon nanofibers are slightly different from each other. For example, in the initial charge (lithium insertion) and discharge (lithium deinsertion) process, the reversible specific capacities of the various carbon nanofibers come from different precursor ratios of lignin and polyacrylonitrile are similar. Even at a fast (7 min) charge and discharge condition, the carbon nanofibers prepared from the lignin-containing precursors show a discharge capacity of 150 mAh g^?1. The lignin-based carbon nanofibers thus show promise for use in high-power lithium ion battery anodes with low price.     

基于Li_(0.35)Zn_(0.3)Fe_(2.35)O_4和碳纳米纤维双层吸波体的结构设计与吸收性能研究

通过静电纺丝技术和热处理制备了Li0.35Zn0.3Fe2.35O4纳米纤维和碳纳米纤维,并将它们各自均匀分散在硅橡胶基质中,测量了相应复合体在2~18 GHz频率范围内的相对复介电常数和复磁导率,并根据传输线理论评估了由它们所构成的单层和双层结构吸波体的微波吸收特性。结果显示由于Li0.35Zn0.3Fe2.35O4纳米纤维与碳纳米纤维的电磁特性的有机结合,双层吸波体的微波吸收性能明显优于同厚度的单层吸波体。当以厚为1.8 mm的Li0.35Zn0.3Fe2.35O4纳米纤维/硅橡胶复合体为吸收层和厚为0.2mm的碳纳米纤维/硅橡胶复合体为匹配层时,双层吸波体的反射率在13.9 GHz达到一个最小值-47.8 dB,反射率低于-10 dB的吸收带宽为8.8 GHz,频率范围为9.2~18 GHz,反射率小于-20 dB的频率范围为11.5~18 GHz,带宽为6.5 GHz,覆盖整个Ku波段。优化设计的双层吸波体有望作为一种轻质高效的Ku波段微波吸收材料。     

Metal‐containing Ionic Liquid/Polyacrylonitrile‐derived Carbon Nanofibers for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Flexible Zn–Air Battery

Practical applications of Zn–air batteries are usually limited by sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction. Replacing Pt‐based catalysts with convenient, efficient and low‐cost materials to boost oxygen reduction reaction is highly desirable. Herein, a class of Fe?N co‐doped carbon nanofibers is successfully synthesized by pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile/metal‐containing ionic liquid‐based electrospun films. The ionic liquids act as porogen to provide multiscale pores as well as activator to bring carbon nanofibers active sites. The catalyst possessing appropriate active sites and unique 3D porous architecture exhibits remarkable long‐term stability and electrocatalytic activity. Particularly, the catalyst maintains a shape of membrane after carbonization, manifesting its direct use as air electrode without binders. It is notable that an all solid‐state Zn–air battery based on the carbon nanofibers exhibits good flexibility, indicating its promising application as wearable devices.     

静电纺丝制备多孔碳纳米纤维及其电化学电容行为

采用静电纺丝技术,以聚丙烯腈(PAN)/醋酸锌为前驱体制备复合纳米纤维,随后经碳化、酸化获得多孔碳纳米纤维.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察发现,碳纳米纤维表面分布大量孔洞.N2吸脱附等温曲线(BET)测试材料比表面积达413m2·g-1.循环伏安法(CV)和恒流充放电(CP)性能测试表明:多孔碳纳米纤维具有较好的电化学性能,在1A·g-1的电流密度下比电容达275F·g-1.相比碳纳米纤维比容量提高了162%.