爆轰法合成纳米CeO粉末*2

爆轰合成过程中采用Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O制备的可爆药剂,并利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对合成的纳米CeO₂粉末进行了检测,研究了起爆方式对于合成产物结晶化度、粒径和形貌的影响。结果表明,采用Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O制备的可爆药剂,可以合成立方晶系的球形纳米CeO₂; 提高可爆药剂的爆速,可有效降低纳米CeO₂的粒径,得到球形化更好的纳米粒子。     

爆轰加载下银气溶胶源项实验研究

为研究钚气溶胶生成规律及源项分布,提出了一种密封环境下的金属气溶胶源项实验方法,利用爆炸容器及气溶胶采样器等实验设备,开展了钚替代材料银的气溶胶源项生成实验,分析了空气动力学直径小于10 μm的银气溶胶源项分布特性,并与外场扩散试验中钚气溶胶数据进行了对比。进一步采用不同炸药及加载装置,对相同银片样品进行加载实验,研究了加载峰值压力对银气溶胶源项分布的影响。研究结果表明,金属银可作为替代材料研究爆轰加载条件下钚气溶胶的源项参数,在一定实验条件下,二者归一化积累质量分布具有较高的一致性;爆轰加载产生的银气溶胶中,较小粒径气溶胶质量含量较高。气溶胶总量与加载峰值压力呈二次函数分布,当峰值压力超过某个临界值时,气溶胶总量将达到极值;此外,通过对同发次实验的3次不同采样数据进行分析,发现了较明显的气溶胶凝并和沉降现象。     

基于Z箍缩X射线源的热-力学效应实验

材料或结构对强脉冲X射线的响应如热激波的传播和喷射冲量等,统称为X射线热-力学效应,在抗辐射加固研究、天体物理、行星科学等领域具有重要应用。利用驱动电流近10 MA脉冲功率装置上的丝阵Z箍缩X射线源开展了初步的热-力学效应实验。采用20 mm直径的双层铝丝阵产生了约230 kJ的X射线总辐射能,其中铝的K壳层产额约为30 kJ,距离源中心5 cm处的样品上的X射线能注量为732 J/cm2。受辐照样品为厚度2 mm、直径10 mm的铝制圆盘,其背面设置有铝衬套,样品与衬套的总质量为585 mg。采用全光纤光子多普勒测速（PDV）系统来测量受辐照样品后表面的运动过程。PDV测量的样品后表面速度历程显示,当热激波到达后表面时的自由面速度为2.12 km/s,样品最终的整体运动速度为180 m/s。根据冲击波关系式以及动量守恒原理,推导出X射线在样品中产生的热激波应力为19.2 GPa,单位面积上的喷射冲量为1341 Pa·s,进而由喷射冲量和X射线能注量测量结果可以推出冲量耦合系数为1.83 Pa·s·cm2/J。同时,对实验测量结果的可靠性和不确定度进行了讨论和分析。这些实验结果初步验证了将PDV技术应用于热-力学效应研究的可行性。     

二硫化钨纳米粉体作为锂基润滑脂添加剂的摩擦学研究

制备了二硫化钨纳米粉体作为添加剂的锂基润滑脂,采用SRV-Ⅳ摩擦磨损试验机考察了二硫化钨对锂基润滑脂摩擦学性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDAX)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对磨损表面的微观形貌、元素含量和价态进行了表征,分析了其润滑机理.结果表明:二硫化钨纳米粉体能够显著提高锂基润滑脂的摩擦学性能.摩擦过程中,二硫化钨纳米粉体在摩擦副表面产生吸附沉积,并在高温高负荷条件下生成含有Fe_2O_3、FeSO_4、WO_3和Fe_3O_4的化学反应膜,从而共同产生润滑作用.     

钢帘线拉拔液润滑特性研究

本文中针对钢帘线拉拔过程中出现的断丝原因进行了分析. 同时，对两种拉拔液的润滑性能进行了研究. 分别使用三维白光表面形貌仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱对摩擦副的表面形貌、表面微观结构和表面成分进行了分析，并讨论了两种拉拔液的润滑机理，以及对断丝和与橡胶粘附性的影响.      

纳米-Al2O3陶瓷粉末的预热爆炸压实实验研究

对纳米-Al2O3陶瓷粉末在预热温度为0.5Tm的条件下,以不同的爆炸压实压力实施了烧结实验。通过X射线衍射分析了烧结体的晶型,并用高分辨率扫描电子显微镜进行了微观组织观察。实验结果表明,纳米-Al2O3陶瓷粉末在爆炸压力为13.1 GPa时可得到晶粒间结合致密且晶粒度在100 nm左右的-Al2O3烧结体;而在爆炸冲击压力为9.35 GPa以下时,烧结体的晶型没有发生转变,仍然是-Al2O3晶型。     

煤体不偶合装药爆腔扩展过程

采用脉冲X射线摄影方法研究了煤体不偶合装药爆破时的爆腔扩展过程,得到了实验煤体的爆腔扩展速度、扩展范围、冲击波能量传递系数及距炮孔中心不同距离处的质点位移速度等规律。     

用柔爆索构成沿圆柱壳体周向呈余弦分布的冲量载荷

利用柔爆索爆炸加载模拟脉冲X射线辐照产生的汽化反冲冲量进行结构响应实验研究,需要对柔爆索载荷的分布特征进行直接的实验测定。按照优化设计结果在圆柱壳体周围排布一定数量的柔爆索,测量柔爆索爆炸在圆柱壳体表面不同角度处产生的冲量。测量结果表明通过优化设计柔爆索间距及柔爆索与圆柱壳体之间的距离可得到沿圆柱壳体周向呈余弦分布的冲量载荷。     

冲击波作用合成氮化碳及表征

选黑索今炸药(RDX)为高温高压源、双氰胺(C2H4N4)为主要前驱体,采用爆炸冲击法制备含 C N 的氮化碳粉末,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线能 谱(EDS)分析制得的氮化碳产物的形貌、成分和结构。结果表明:冲击波作用下,前驱体中C?N 及CN 发生断键,得到碳氮单键直接相连的C3N4 晶体。氮化碳粉末的XRD分析结果表明,有-C3N4、-C3N4 和石 墨相C3N4 存在;利用扫描电子显微镜观测到粒度为2m 的六边形-C3N4 晶粒。在前驱体中添加5-氨基四 氮唑(CH3N5)可有效提高产物的氮含量。     

晶粒度对纯铝动态力学性能的影响

通过热处理方式制备了3种不同晶粒度的纯铝样品。利用分离式霍普金森压杆加载装置测量了3种纯铝在应变率102～104 s-1范围内的应力应变曲线。实验曲线表明,纯铝的屈服应力和流动应力随晶粒度的增大而减小;根据实验数据拟合了纯铝在动态下的Hall-Petch公式。同时采用一级轻气炮对3种纯铝进行了层裂实验,结果表明晶粒度对纯铝的层裂特性几乎没有影响。     

Mixing state of individual carbonaceous particles during a severe haze episode in January 2013, Nanjing,China

Chemical composition, hourly counts, and sizes of atmospheric carbonaceous particles were measured to investigate their mixing state on clear and hazy days. 623,122 carbonaceous particles with sizes 0.2–2.0 μm was analyzed using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer from 1st to 17th January 2013. Particle types included biomass/biofuel burning particles (biomass), element carbon (EC-dominant) particles that were also mixed with biomass/biofuel burning species (EC-biomass) or secondary species (EC-secondary), organic carbon (OC), internally mixed OC and EC (OCEC), ammonium-containing (ammonium) and sodium-containing (sodium) particles. On clear days the top ranked carbonaceous particle types were biomass (48.2%), EC-biomass (15.7%), OCEC (11.1%), and sodium (9.6%), while on hazy days they were biomass (37.3%), EC-biomass (17.6%), EC-secondary (16.6%), and sodium (12.7%). The fractions of EC-secondary, ammonium (10%), and sodium particle types were elevated on hazy days. Numbers of EC-secondary particles were more than four times those on clear days (4.1%). Thus, carbonaceous particles mixed with ammonium, nitrate and sulfate during aging and transport, enhancing their light extinction effects and hygroscopic growth under high relative humidity on hazy days, further reducing visibility. Our real-time single-particle data showed that changes to mixing state had a significant impact on light extinction during haze events in Nanjing.     

PREFACE

This special issue contains 16 papers selected from the presentations at the 8th International Conference on Fundamentals of Fracture (ICFF Ⅷ),which was successfully held during 3-7 January 2008 at the Clear Water Bay and Nansha Campuses,Hong Kong University of Science & Technology.ICFF are the series of international conferences on fundamentals of fracture with the highest academic reputation.ICFF Ⅷ is the successor of the previous seven held at NBS,Gaithersburg (USA,1983),Gatlinburg (USA,1985),Irsee (Germany,1989),Urabandai (Japan,1993),NIST,Gaithersburg (USA,1997),Cirencester (UK,2001),and Nancy (France,2005).     

离散元法研究的评述

介绍了离散元法的基本理论、计算方法及其应用的现状和最新进展.从离散元法的离散模型特点及便于甄别与其它数值计算方法的关系的角度给予离散元法一个比较宽松的定义.在此基础上阐明了离散元方法与刚体-弹簧模型(rigid body spring model, RBSM)方法,不连续变形分析(discontinuous deformation analysis, DDA)方法,分子动力学(moleculardynamics, MD)方法,三维离散元(discrete meso-element dynamicmethod, DM$^2$)方法及无网格方法(meshless method)等数值计算方法的关系, 并讨论了离散元法研究中亟待解决的问题和今后的发展方向.      

A sketch of continuum thermodynamics

Different formulations of non-equilibrium continuum thermodynamics are discussed: Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes (TIP), Rational Thermodynamics (RAT), Extended Thermodynamics (ET), Mesoscopic Continuum Thermodynamics (MT), and the GENERIC version of thermodynamics. Concepts as constitutive quantity, state space, material frame indifference, exploiting dissipation inequality, mesoscopic variables, and GENERIC balance equations are taken into consideration.     

Elastoplastische Stoffgleichungen für trockenen Sand

Übersicht Es werden inkrementelle Stoffgleichungen für trockenen Sand unter Berücksichtigung der Bezugsinvarianz (J 1), der Koordinateninvarianz (J 2) und der Einheiteninvarianz (J 3) entwickelt. Dabei sind die acht folgenden Stoffannahmen zugrundegelegt worden: Es liegt ein sogenannter einfacher Stoff vor (A 1), das Stoffunktional ist geschwindigkeitsunabhängig (A 2), das Stoffunktional ist stetig (A 3), die Fließgrenze hängt homogen von den Spannungen ab (A 4), im elastischen Bereich gilt das Hookesche Gesetz (A 5), die Fließregel hängt homogen von den Spannungen ab (A 6), durch Deformationszyklen kann einer Probe keine Energie entzogen werden (A 7), die Cauchy-Spannungen sind Zustandsparameter (A 8).Explizite Ausdrücke werden für isotropes Material angegeben und mit (z. T. eigenen) Versuchsergebnissen verglichen. Die Fließgrenze ist ein konvexer Kegel, der weder Kreisnoch Sechseckquerschnitt aufweist. Die Fließregel genügt nur für die deviatorischen Komponenten einer Normalitätsbedingung, während für die Volumenänderungen eine Dilatanzfunktion eingeführt wird. Je nach Dichte findet bei Gestaltänderung Kontraktion bzw. Expansion und plastische Verfestigung bzw. Entfestigung statt. Abschließend wird ein theoretisches Modell zur Erfassung anisotroper Zustände im Sand entwickelt.

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Summary Incremental constitutive equations for dry sand satisfying the frame invariance (J 1), the coordinate invariance (J 2) and the unit invariance (J 3) are developed from the following constitutive assumptions: sand is a simple material (A 1), the constitutive functional is velocity independent (A 2), the constitutive functional is continuous (A 3), the flow condition is a homogeneous function of stress (A 4), within the elastic range Hooke's law holds (A 5), the flow rule is a homogeneous function of stress (A 6), it is impossible to drag energy from a sample by cyclic deformation (A 7), the Cauchy stresses are state parameters (A 8).Explicit expressions are given for isotropic material and compared with (partly new) test results. The flow condition is a convex cone, being neither hexagonal nor circular. The flow rule satisfies a normality condition for the deviatoric components, whereas a dilatancy function is introduced for volume changes. Depending on density deformation is accompanied by contraction and plastic hardening or expansion and softening, respectively. Finally, a theoretical model for anisotropic states in sand is proposed.

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Gekürzte Fassung einer von der Fakultät für Bauingenieur- und Vermessungswesen der Universität (TH) Karlsruhe genehmigten Habilitationsschrift.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of star-like and dendritic PbS nanoparticles from new precursors

Lead sulfide (PbS) nanostructures with different morphologies and particle sizes were obtained via a simple hydrothermal reaction between lead (II) salicylate (Pb(Hsal)₂) and thiourea (tu). Reaction products were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Morphology of the product, varying from star-like to dendritic, depends on the mole ratio of tu to (Pb(Hsal)₂), pH, and reaction time.     

Peroxidase-ROS interactions

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical, have long been recognized as harmful by-products of oxidative metabolism. Under normal physiologic conditions, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide are detoxified by antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Heme peroxidases (eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), etc.) also consume ROS, but unlike scavenging enzymes, are sources of these species as well. In the present paper, we study a well-tested model of the peroxidase–oxidase (PO) reaction based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) chemistry with regard to the production and consumption of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Our principal results are these:

壁滑移现象对粘弹性流体狭缝流及环隙流的影响

本文利用作者已发展的方法,研究了粘弹性流体在狭缝流及环隙流中壁滑移的影响,文中选用了四参数 oldroyd 模型作为此类流体的本构方程,研究发现当壁滑移现象出现时,其速度分布、体积流量以及压力降均表现异常,因此,可以推断质量和热量传递也将受到影响。     

On the stability and boundedness of solutions to third order nonlinear differential equations with retarded argument

This paper investigates stability and boundedness of solutions to third order nonlinear differential equation with retarded argument: $$\begin{array}{l}x'''(t)+\varphi\bigl(x(t-r),x'(t-r),x''(t-r)\bigr)x''(t)\\\qquad{}+\psi\bigl(x'(t-r)\bigr)+h\bigl(x(t-r)\bigr)\\\quad=p\bigl(t,x(t),x(t-r),x'(t),x'(t-r),x''(t)\bigr).\end{array}$$ By the use of the Lyapunov functional, sufficient conditions for stability and boundedness of solutions to the considered equations are obtained. Examples are introduced throughout the paper for illustrations.     

MPIIID制备TiAlN涂层的高温抗氧化及摩擦性能

采用多源等离子体注入与沉积（MPIIID）装置制备了不同Al含量的TiAlN涂层,利用X射线能谱仪(EDX)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、纳米探针和摩擦试验对涂层的组成以及高温抗氧化和摩擦性能进行分析。结果表明：Al元素的加入明显提高了涂层的高温抗氧化能力,生成的Al2O3能有效地抑制氧的扩散;当Al的质量百分数为6.18%时,涂层硬度最高,约为38GPa,涂层具有良好的摩擦磨损特性。