激光器频率稳定性的分析优化

在相干光通信中,激光器的频率稳定性是相当重要的,压缩光源的频率噪声不仅可以降低通信的误码率,而且能够增大系统的安全传输距离,以此提高通信质量。而且在其它领域低频率噪声光源也应用广泛。将正弦调制信号加载到激光器电流调制端口进行波长调制,以乙炔气体的吸收线作为频率参考将激光器频率锁定在乙炔吸收线上,利用单光子波长调制技术实现对DFB激光器的频率锁定。     

激光光斑漂移的检测

针对激光光斑漂移设计了一套光斑漂移检测系统。利用该系统实现了对He-Ne激光器出射光束漂移的检测。它采用CCD摄像头和图像采集卡采集激光器输出光斑，通过专门软件对数字图像进行处理，得出光斑漂移的大小；另外，利用几何光学方法得到了激光光束在X方向、Y方向以及空间立体角上的漂移大小。分析了引起光束漂移的原因。结果表明：He-Ne激光器出射光束的指向主要受温度、环境振动、空气扰动和激光器自身结构的影响。该系统能准确地测量出激光器出射光束的漂移大小，实现光束漂移的控制。     

基于开槽型DBR光纤激光器拍频的折射率探测

提出一种包层开槽型分布布拉格反射光纤激光器,用于光纤激光折射率探测.该激光器以单纵模双偏振分布布拉格反射光纤激光器为核心传感单元,以结构双折射产生的拍频信号为传感信号对折射率进行探测.实验中应用频率编码,灵敏度高且易于解调.利用二氧化碳激光器的热效应对分布布拉格反射光纤激光器的谐振腔加工开槽,通过控制其扫描范围和功率来制备不同宽度和深度的开槽结构,并研究了不同结构参量对灵敏度特性的影响.实验测得最优灵敏度达-240 MHz/RI-unit.此外,还对该结构的温度传感特性做了测试,相较于未刻槽结构,温度灵敏度提高了21%,达1.73 MHz/℃.该装置结构紧凑、稳定性高、制备简单且成本低廉,可用于进一步研究分布布拉格反射光纤激光器的传感和复用特性.     

基于可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱的乙炔在线检测系统

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术,研制了一种近红外乙炔气体检测系统。通过分析近红外波段乙炔分子的吸收谱线特性,选择了1.534 μm附近乙炔分子的吸收峰作为吸收谱线。该系统主要由分布反馈激光器、激光器驱动器、单光程对射式气室、光电探测模块及数字式锁相放大器构成。为了测试该检测系统的性能,配备了乙炔气体样品并开展了气体检测实验。实验结果显示,该系统的最小检测下限为0.02%;在体积分数为0.02%～1%范围内,二次谐波幅值与乙炔气体浓度呈现出良好的线性关系。通过长达20 h的稳定性实验测试了检测系统稳定性。鉴于近红外波段石英光纤传输损耗很小,可以将气室及光路部分与电路部分分离,从而可以进行远程气体检测,这是基于量子级联激光器、热光源的乙炔检测系统难以实现的。该系统采用了自主研制的分布反馈激光器驱动器和锁相放大器,结构简单,性价比高,便与集成,在工业现场乙炔浓度检测方面有着良好的应用前景。     

基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱波长调制技术在线测量燃烧场温度

 介绍了可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱（TDLAS）波长调制技术的测温原理。通过选择水在1 397.75 nm和1 397.87 nm处两条邻近的吸收线,运用多功能数据采集卡对二极管激光器进行控制和信号采集,实现了TDLAS波长调制技术对标定燃烧炉甲烷/空气预混火焰温度的实时在线测量,测量重复频率为250 Hz。分析了温度测量数据抖动的原因,结果表明燃烧过程中火焰本身温度的抖动是测量结果波动的主要原因,测量系统的A类标准不确定度小于53 K。     

颗粒物环境下用于气体吸收光谱测量的气固两相高温样品池系统

设计了一种气固两相高温光学样品池,模拟同时存在颗粒物的气体探测环境,并通过搭建可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱测量系统,对颗粒物环境下的温度与乙炔体积分数测量技术进行研究。使用质量流量计配置体积分数为0.1%～1%的乙炔气体,并设计颗粒物播撒装置,将直径为125μm的石英砂颗粒与不同体积分数的乙炔气体混合通入样品池,在样品池外侧设置纤维加热腔进行温度控制,产生不同温度的样品环境。使用中心波长为1540 nm的DFB激光器,通过对6489.07 cm^-1与6490.02 cm^-1位置处的一对乙炔吸收谱线进行同时探测,实现了对温度与乙炔体积分数的同时测量。分析发现,500～1000 K温度范围内的温度测量一致性R²≈0.998,相对平均标准偏差为3.05%,乙炔体积分数测量一致性R²≈0.995,相对平均标准偏差为2.65%。此系统满足颗粒物环境下气体光谱探测研究的需求,可为气固两相环境下的光谱探测技术研究提供参考。     

基于受激布里渊散射的可调谐稳定光电振荡器

如何获得频率高、相位噪声低和稳定性高的微波信号一直都是微波光子学领域的研究热点。基于此，提出一种基于受激布里渊散射（SBS）的可调谐光电振荡器（OEO）。实验中光载波和泵浦光来自同一可调谐激光器，利用泵浦光的SBS对光载波的相位调制边带进行放大，通过改变可调谐激光器的输出波长使布里渊频移量发生变化，从而实现输出微波信号的可调谐。实验结果表明，所设计的OEO可以实现频率范围为10.13～10.65 GHz的信号输出，可调谐范围为520 MHz。结构中仅使用了一个相位调制器，无偏压输入器件的引入，这使得所设计的OEO稳定性较高。在20 min内频率漂移小于1 MHz，功率变化小于1.15 dB。     

重复频率HF激光脉冲能量稳定性的理论分析

研究了重复频率HF脉冲激光器的气体介质对激光输出能量稳定性的影响规律。计算结果表明,激光器放电区内SF_6的解离率约为1.5%(略高于实验测量值),工作气体介质的消耗速率为2.2×10~(15)(cm~(-3)·s~(-1)),但消耗量比气体的初始量小3～4个量级。通过合理控制激光器内HF的分子浓度,并适时补充激光器气体介质,可以提高激光器输出能量的稳定性。激光器输出能量变化分为过渡阶段和维持阶段,其中过渡阶段决定了重复频率工作模式下HF激光器的总体出光能力。计算结果可为重复频率非链式HF脉冲激光器设计提供技术支持。     

双参考光半导体调频距离测量

利用半导体线性调频可以实现对距离的绝对测量，但半导体激光器的光频调制特性受环境温度变化的影响很大，限制了该方法的测量精度和稳定性，无法走出实验室。为了解决这一难题，本文提出一种采用双参考光的绝对测量方法。通过测量两个拍信号频率，消除了温度的影响，提高了测量精度。这种方法对促进距离绝对测量的实用化有重要的意义。     

声光偏频亚多普勒光谱无调制激光频率锁定

将激光器锁定到合适的参考频率标准上 ,可以有效地改善激光器的频率稳定性。采用两个声光调制器(AOM) ,使铯原子D2 线饱和吸收光谱分别发生Ω±Δ绝对频移 ;通过改变射频压控振荡器 (RFVCO)的Vf 端口直流电压调节相对频移间隔Δ ,当相对频率间隔选择合适时两信号相减得到了类色散型鉴频曲线。实验中实现了85 2nm光栅外腔半导体激光器相对于铯原子D2 线6S1/2 F =4 6P3 /2 F′ =5超精细跃迁线 (中心频率ν0 )的无调制偏频锁定 (锁定后中心频率ν0 +Ω ,偏频量为Ω)。由闭环锁定后的误差信号估计 ,5 0s内典型的频率起伏小于± 2 70kHz ,较相同时间段内激光器自由运转时的频率起伏 14MHz有显著的改善。该方法可避免对激光器直接进行频率调制的常规饱和吸收锁频方案所引入的额外频率噪声和强度噪声。     

Absorption line profile recovery based on TDLS and MEMS micro-mirror for photoacoustic gas sensing

A novel and efficient absorption line recovery technique is presented. A micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror driven by an electrothermal actuator is used to generate laser intensity modulation through the mirror reflection. Tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) are used to recover the target absorption line profile which is compared with the theoretical Voigt profile. The target gas is 0.01% acetylene (C2H2) in a nitrogen host gas. The laser diode wavelength is swept across the P17 absorption line of acetylene at 1535.4 nm by a current ramp, and an erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) is used to enhance the optical intensity and increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A SNR of about 35 is obtained with 100 mW laser power from the EDFA. Good agreement is achieved between the experimental results and the theoretical simulation for the P17 absorption line profile.     

单光子波长调制吸收光谱用于1.5 μm激光器的波长锁定

提出了一种kHz调制频率量级的单光子调制技术,实现对激光器的实时锁定. 通过探测乙炔气体的单光子吸收光谱,对离散的单光子响应脉冲进行锁定放大, 获得激光器频率锁定的鉴频曲线.将1.5 μm分布反馈半导体激光器的输出频率稳定在乙炔气体 ν₁ + ν ₃带P5e支吸收峰上,在175 s内典型激光频率起伏小于25 MHz. 这种基于单光子波长高频调制吸收光谱的稳频技术消除了低频段较高背景的噪声, 可应用于单光子量级的量子保密通讯系统以及光学波分复用系统.     

Absorption line profile recovery based on residual amplitude modulation and first harmonic integration methods in photoacoustic gas sensing

Two methods for recovery of gas absorption line profiles are presented in this paper using photoacoustic spectroscopy and tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) with wavelength modulation (WM). A theoretical analysis based on Fourier coefficients is given in order to describe the various components that arise under simultaneous intensity and frequency modulation. The first method makes use of the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) signal which is always present in current modulation of distributed feedback (DFB) tunable diode lasers. The second method involves integration of a near-pure first harmonic derivative signal, separated from other distorting components by appropriate choice of the lock-in detection phase in the case of low modulation index. Good agreement is obtained with both methods between the experimental results and the theoretical simulation for the P17 absorption line of acetylene at 1535.39 nm but the second method gives a much improved accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio in lineshape recovery with photoacoustic spectroscopy.     

Trace gas absorption spectroscopy using laser difference-frequency spectrometer for environmental application

A widely tunable infrared spectrometer based on difference frequency generation (DFG) has been developed for organic trace gas detection by laser absorption spectroscopy. On-line measurements of concentration of various hydrocarbons, such as acetylene, benzene, and ethylene, were investigated using high-resolution DFG trace gas spectroscopy for highly sensitive detection.     

基于谱线线型函数的气体浓度检测技术

快速、精确地测量微量气体浓度的技术在大气质量分析、环境污染检测等领域具有广泛的用途。在红外光谱检测技术中,气体吸收光谱的谱线线型函数是定量测量气体浓度的一个重要参量,而如何准确和快速地得到气体谱线线型函数值是气体浓度测量中的一个关键问题。首先从理论上分析了谱线线型函数,得出计算谱线线型函数的一般方法及探讨了气体浓度与谱线线型函数峰值之间的关系。然后,利用可调激光器及光谱仪检测系统测量了乙炔在1 515～1 545 nm波长范围内的吸收光谱,再通过Lambert-Beer定律计算得到在不同频率下的谱线线型函数峰值,最后利用程序拟合出该波段内气体的谱线线型函数峰值分布曲线,并与Voigt线型函数理论计算值进行了比较,发现理论计算的谱线线型函数峰值仍存在一定的偏差。相比理论计算结果,所提出的检测方法得到的乙炔浓度与真实的乙炔浓度值更加吻合,表明了通过实验确定的谱线线型函数的经验公式可以更好地用于气体浓度的检测。由于利用实验测量值获得了谱线线型函数峰值分布的拟合曲线,因此可以快速准确地计算出所对应的谱线线型函数峰值,从而大大地简化了线型函数的计算过程。实验所获得的数据可应用于光学遥测乙炔气体浓度,且提供的方法也可以应用到其他气体的谱线线型函数峰值的测量中。     

An IH-QCL based gas sensor for simultaneous detection of methane and acetylene

Extended wavelength tuning of an IH-QCL (integrated heater quantum cascade laser) is exploited for simultaneous detection of methane and acetylene using direct absorption spectroscopy. The integrated heater, placed within few microns of the laser active region, enables wider wavelength tuning than would be possible with a conventional DFB (distributed feedback) QCL. In this work, the laser current and heater resistor current are modulated simultaneously at 25?kHz to tune the laser over 1279.6–1280.1 cm^?1, covering absorption transitions of methane and acetylene. The laser is characterized extensively to understand the dependence of wavelength tuning on modulation frequency, modulation amplitude and phase difference between laser/heater modulation. Thereafter, the designed sensor is validated in both room-temperature static cell experiments and non-reactive high-temperature-measurements in methane-acetylene-argon gas mixtures in the shock tube. Finally, the sensor is applied for simultaneous detection of methane and acetylene during the high-temperature pyrolysis of iso-octane behind reflected shock waves.     

Investigation on infrared laser absorption spectroscopy measurement of acetylene trace quantities

A laser-based infrared spectrometer was developed for use in high-resolution spectroscopic analysis of trace gases in the atmosphere. Continuous wave, broadly tunable coherent infrared radiation was generated from 8 to 19 μm in a gallium selenide crystal by laser difference-frequency mixing. Measurements of acetylene trace concentrations using laser absorption spectroscopy are reported. The measurements have been performed by using the P(21), Q(11), and R(9) lines of the ν₅ band, respectively, in order to investigate optimal detection conditions: a trade-off choice between higher line absorption strength for sensitive detection and better spectral discrimination from lines overlapping for open path trace-gas monitoring applications. Minimum detectable concentrations are compared under different experimental conditions. The ν₅ R(9) line seems to be close to optimum in terms of absorption strength and freedom from spectral interference for spectroscopic detection of acetylene trace concentration at atmospheric pressure.     

无热池的11μm附近腔内光强增强型热带连续波CO_2激光器(英文)

介绍了一种腔内光强增强型凹面光栅选线法的热带连续波CO2激光器的设计及实验参数。在腔内不加CO2热吸收池,采用总气压为1 074.9 Pa、体积分数为13%CO2,15%N2和72%He的混合气体,放电电流为25 mA的情况下,除了在常规带0001-[1000,0200]Ⅰ,Ⅱ内观察到从R(56)到P(60)的100多条谱线以外,还得到11μm附近的其它谱线18条,其中0111-0310谱带9条,0111-1110谱带9条。实验发现,当激光器中氦气的比例升高时,激光的输出功率随之下降。每条谱线的腔内单程功率都超过35 W,足够满足大多数腔内光化学研究方面的需要。     

Frequency stabilization of laser diodes using 1.51-1.55 μm absorption lines of 12C2H2 and 13C2H2

Frequency stabilization of an 1.5 μm distributed feedback laser diode (DFB-LB) is demonstrated using a vibrational-rotational absorption of acetylene ¹²C₂H₂ and ¹³C₂H₂ molecules (VRAM). Frequency stability within 2 MHz peak-to-peak fluctuation can be achieved in the wavelength region of 1.51-1.55 μm. Frequency-stabilized distributed feedback (DFB) laser compact modules have been constructed. When the fiber-pigtail-type acoustic optical modulator was used for small laser frequency scanning, frequency stability within 3 MHz peak-to-peak fluctuation was achieved without any broadening of laser spectral linewidth. In addition, temperature and pressure dependencies of the acetylene absorption lines are characterized.