热激活断裂统计理论

本文研究了原子键机理与宏观特性相结合的热激活断裂非平衡统计理论,统一导出了微裂纹分布函数、断裂几率、可靠性、断裂寿命分布函数和平均断裂寿命。     

脆性断裂的微观机理和非平衡统计特性

Ⅰ.引言如何才能将断裂的微观机理与宏观特性结合起来,把断裂理论建立于微裂纹演化的微观动力学基础上,从而统一导出所有重要的宏观力学量并以某些更基本的物理量表示之?这是人们为实现材料的强度和韧性设计必需解决的一个重要理论课题。就脆性断裂来说,尽管现有几个主要代表性的理论如断裂力学理论、位错理论和统计理论都各取得一定成就,但就其理论框架来说,由于明显的局限性,却难以发展成可供指导设计的理论。因此,人们在探索微观与宏观相结合的断裂理论。最近的工作表明:从微裂纹演      

非平衡统计断裂力学基础

非平衡统计断裂力学是用非平衡统计概念和方法结合微裂纹(或微空洞)演化动力学从微观机理推导出宏观力学量的断裂理论.它以微裂纹演化方程为核心,结合从微观机理求得的微裂纹长大速率和成核率以及最小强度原理,统一导出微裂纹分布函数、断裂概率、可靠性、失效率、损伤断裂动力学方程、强度、韧度和寿命等各种与断裂有关的力学量的统计分布函数、统计平均值和统计涨落.本文理论可广泛适用于金属和结构陶瓷的脆性、疲劳、延时和环境断裂等多种断裂类型.本文通过金属的脆性、疲劳和延时断裂,扼要综述了上述主要思想、方法和结果.      

CHARACTERISTICS OF FATIGUE SURFACE MICROCRACK GROWTH IN VICINAL INCLUSION FOR POWDER METALLURGY ALLOYS

Inclusion flaw is one of the worst flaws of powder metallurgy. The inclusion flaw plays an important role in the failure of high temperature turbine materials in aircraft components and automotive parts, especially fatigue failure. In this paper, an experimental investigation of fatigue microcrack propagation in the vicinal inclusion were carried out by the servo-hydraulic fatigue test system with scanning electron microscope (SEM). It has been found from the SEM images that the fatigue surface microcrack occurs in the matrix and inclusion. According to the SEM images, the characteristics of fatigue crack initiation and growth in vicinal inclusion for powder metallurgy alloys are analyzed in detail. The effect of the geometrical shape and material type of surface inclusions on the cracking is also discussed with the finite element method (FEM).     

应变疲劳强度概率分布

利用概率论方法建立了应变疲劳强度概率分布与应变疲劳寿命概率分布之间的数学关系式，并根据应变－寿命转换关系，由已知的给定应变水平下的疲劳寿命概率分布求出给定寿命下的应变疲劳强度分布函数，便于进行可靠性分析。     

SiCp/ZL101AI复合材料中的层裂微损伤演化行为

对ＳｉＣｐ／ＺＬ１０１Ａｌ复合材料进行了层裂损伤演化实验，得到了试样的层裂损伤演化图像．通过对这些微损伤演化图像的微观观察和对微损伤的统计定量分析，发现在层裂损伤演化过程中，微损伤的形成和发展不仅与应力水平、作用时间相关，而且还与材料中的微结构分布密切相关．通过层裂损伤演化实验，得到了在这种复合材料中，微裂纹在基体中的扩展速度及其与宏观应力水平的关系     

二维半圆孔附近的动态热应力分布

在稳态温度场中,由于弹性平面内半圆孔或半圆坑等缺陷在介质裂纹扩展和疲劳损伤机理中所起的作用,因此深入了解半圆孔或半圆坑的表面动态热应力分布显得很有必要．分析在半无限弹性平面内一半圆孔附近施加稳态调谐温度场条件下的半圆孔孔边动态热应力分布问题,利用共形映照等复变函数的方法,给出了汉克函数表示的此问题的解析解,并给出了相应动态热应力分布系数的数值结果．     

Fatigue damage in polycrystals – Part 2: Intrinsic scatter of fatigue life

Part 2 deals with the evolution of plastic flow resistance with crack growth from its minimum value (fatigue limit) towards its saturated bulk value (cyclic yield stress). The far-field stress level, the geometry of the crack and the grain size distribution of the material are those parameters that control the area of crack tip plasticity and hence the rate towards saturation. The implication of the far-field stress is held responsible for the violation of the similitude concept and the failure of the stress intensity factor to describe conditions of short cracking. However, an engineering tool based on the stress intensity factor and being able to predict the fatigue life of short cracks can be constructed, considering that the distribution of crack growth rates is intrinsically defined by the material itself. The above allows the development of a set of equations able to construct the fatigue life scatter of the material.     

风沙两相流跃移层中沙粒相的速度分布

从单个跃移沙粒在气流中的运动方程出发导出了风沙两相流中沙粒相速度分布函数的Boltzmann方程，对风沙流研究中几种不同的分布函数及其相应的统计平均值等基本概念给出了严密的数学定义，指出了不同分布函数之间的区别和联系，在略去铅垂方向空气阻力的情况下，给出了沙粒相速度分布函数沿铅垂方向的边缘分布，作为风沙流中跃移理论的主要基础之一。利用结果对前人在风沙流研究中发现的某些重要规律和现象进行了解释。     

微裂纹演化过程中分岔与混沌现象的描述及若干问题探讨

本文分析了目前常用的两种疲劳断口分维测量方法存在的一些共同性问题,研究了等幅疲劳载荷谱作用下有效生长区微裂纹密度演化中的分岔与混沌现象,建立了描述这一现象的数学模型,探讨了这一现象的出现对合理地定义损伤内变量及确定其累积法则等的影响．      

随机疲劳裂纹扩展新模型

疲劳裂纹扩展的随机特性是工程结构可靠性分析和制定检查、维修计划野性 须考虑的因素,提出疲劳裂纹随机扩展模型,不仅考虑了时间参数影响,而且还考虑了初始裂纹尺寸分布影响。模型适应范围广,由于采用了一次二阶矩近似方法简化随机过程计算,便于工程应用。     

Grain boundary oxidation and fatigue crack growth at elevated temperatures

Fatigue crack growth rate at elevated temperatures can be accelerated by grain boundary oxidation. Grain boundary oxidation kinetics and statistical distribution of grain boundary oxide penetration depth were studied.At a constant ΔK-level and at a constant test temperature, fatigue crack growth rate, da/dN, is a function of cyclic frequency, ν. A fatigue crack growth model of intermittent micro-ruptures of grain boundary oxide is constructed. The model is consustent with the experimental observations that, in the low frequency region, da/dN is inversely proportional to ν, and fatigue crack growth is intergranular.     

A statistical investigation of the behavior of short fatigue crack in medium carbon steels

Rotary bending fatigue tests were carried out by using smooth specimens of medium carbon steel with two ferrite grain sizes. In order to clarity the physical background of the scatter in fatigue behaviour, the statistical characteristics of the initiation and growth of short fatigue crack were investigated. Results show that the short crack initiation and growth life distribution can be express by two-or three-parameter Weibull distribution. The Weibull distribution of the mixed type is well fitted to the crack length distribution for both steels. The knee values of Weibull plots are related to the grain size. The crack length distribution before the knee point can be expressed by a two-parameter Weibull distribution, and that after the knee point can be represented by two-or three-parameter Weibull distribution. It was found that the initiation Life, growth life and crack length distribution were affected by the grain size.     

Intrinsic fatigue curves applied to damage evaluation and life prediction of laminate and fabric material

Modeling of the stochastic fatigue behavior of specimens is made from a knowledge of the intrinsic character of fatigue referred as the intrinsic fatigue curve (IFC). The idea is to predetermine the fatigue behavior of specimens' population such that each sample functions of IFC would correspond to the intrinsic fatigue character of a specimen. The existence proof of IFC is derived from Kolmogorov's theorem for a random function. The form of IFC is obtained for log-normal life distribution functions of specimens subjected to constant-amplitude load histories. Proposed is a linear damage accumulation rule for estimating the life distribution function of a specimen subjected to irregular load histories. For a stationary loading process, the life distribution function is also shown to be log-normal. The relations between the quantile SN curves and IFC are established. The ways of creating IFC from test data and quantile SN curves are illustrated by numerical examples for laminate and fabric material.     

层板复合材料的疲劳剩余刚度衰退模型

根据层板复合材料在疲劳载荷作用下刚度衰退变化的现象，研究了疲劳载荷对层板复合材料刚度衰退的影响，建立了一个用于描述层板复合材料在常幅疲劳载荷作用下的刚度衰退模型，导出了剩余刚度统计分布的表达式，给出了确定模型参数的方法。利用该随机模型，可以预报层板复合材料在给定应力水平的疲劳载荷作用下循环指定周次时剩余刚度的统计分析。实验数据表明，理论预报和实验结果符合得很好。     

Fatigue crack growth through residual stress fields—theoretical and experimental studies on thick-walled cylinders

Experiments are described which determined the effects of various residual stress distributions on the growth rate of fatigue cracks. For each stress distribution, the contribution (K_RS) to the net stress intensity at the crack tip is determined, and a comparison is then made with the behaviour predicted using a fracture mechanics approach based on a weight function analysis and a simple crack closure model. The example studied is a thickwalled pressure vessel containing a longitudinal crack which grows radially from the inner surface; fatigue cracks were grown under laboratory conditions in ring test specimens. sectioned from vessels which had been cold-expanded by different amounts to increase their pressure limits, and so contained various complex residual stress distributions. The experiments provide direct evidence that the effects of residual stress (and by extension, thermal stress) on the crack tip stress intensity may be modelled conveniently using weight function techniques, and can be incorporated satisfactorily in fatigue crack growth analyses.     

地下洞室开挖过程中洞周损伤分布的时变反演

洞室开挖过程中，洞周围岩的损伤场是时间和空间的函数。本文由建立的岩体时变损伤本构模型，基于位移反演理论，依据各步开挖后洞周及深部测线量测位移，对地下洞室由开挖引起的时变损伤分布情况进行辨识。通过构造损伤分布拟合函数直接反演洞周损伤分布的时变过程，尝试了用拟合函数法实现动态分布参数的反分析。在对某直墙半园拱顶隧道进行反演时，将洞室边界映射成单位圆，建立了由衰减函数和傅立叶级数构成的拟合函数，并采用约束优化法反演。最终结果显示，反演得到的区域损伤平均值与真值相比，绝大多数误差较小。本文法在地下工程施工的岩体内部损伤监测中具有一定的参考价值。     

铝锂合金微裂纹-短裂纹生长过程的实验观察

通过二元铝锂合金的细观拉伸疲劳实验，动态观察了试样表面金相微观结构组织的变化及微裂纹的萌生及扩展直至断裂的全过程，并分析讨论了晶界及微结构对微裂纹萌生及扩展的影响，微裂纹向短裂纹、长裂纹发展的判据．该实验材料是模型材料，晶界结合强度较弱，裂纹沿晶开裂现象较多．经对实验结果及金相裂纹分析，表明金属材料微结构对裂纹扩展有明显的影响．晶界作为一种物质界面存在于晶粒间，具有一定的物理和力学性质，对微裂纹扩展速率及发展行为有较大影响．     

层板复合材料的疲劳剩余刚度统计分布模型

在分析现有关于层板复合材料疲劳剩余刚度衰退模型的基础上，根据层板复合材料在疲劳载荷作用下刚度衰退变化的现象，研究了疲劳载荷对层板复合材料刚度衰退的影响，建立了一个新的、更为合理的用于描述层板复合材料在常幅疲劳载荷作用下的刚度衰退模型，导出了剩余刚度统计分布的表达式，给出了确定模型参数的方法。为验证该模型，设计了几组测试实验，并利用试验结果对模型参数进行了估计。利用该统计分布模型，可以预报层板复合材料在给定应力水平的疲劳载荷作用下循环指定周次时剩余刚度的统计分布。实验数据表明，理论预报和实验结果符合得是很好的。     

复合材料层板基于剩余刚度比的剩余强度模型

本文从唯裂 学的观点提出了一个复合材料疲劳剩余刚度衰退模型,根据该模型导出了基于疲劳乘余刚度比的复合材料层合板疲劳剩余强度概率分布模型,给出了确定该模型中各参数的计算方法,根据该模型可预报复合材料层合板在某一应力水平的疲劳载荷作用下疲劳剩余刚度比为某一确定值时的疲劳剩余强度概率分布。为验证该模型的合理性,用典型复合材料层合板做了几组疲劳实验,并用实验数据对模型中的参数进行了估计,计算结果证明,该模型预报的疲劳剩余强度概率理论分布与实验结果符合较好。