具有公平偏好成员的供应链定价决策与利润分析

将公平偏好因素引入供应链定价决策中,以零售商和制造商均为公平中性时的决策结果为参照,基于FS公平偏好效用函数分析了仅零售商具有不利不公平厌恶偏好、仅制造商具有有利不公平厌恶偏好和二者均具有公平偏好三种情形下公平偏好对供应链双方的均衡定价策略及利润的影响.结果表明:在仅零售商具有不利不公平厌恶偏好情形下,制造商降低批发价格,零售商最优零售价格保持不变,供应链整体利润保持不变;另外两种情形下,制造商和零售商均采取降价策略,供应链整体利润大于双方均为公平中性情形;三种情形下,零售商将获得与公平中性情形相比更多的供应链利润.     

零售商公平关切下双渠道闭环供应链的协调

在双渠道闭环供应链中考虑零售商具有公平关切行为倾向,针对集中、分散两种决策情形分别建立双渠道闭环供应链定价模型,研究和对比了两种不同决策情形对直销价格、零售价格、回收价格及供应链系统利润的影响.研究表明,分散决策情形的系统利润要低于集中决策情形的系统利润;制造商提供一个由批发价格、直销价格和回收转移价格组成的协调契约可以协调双渠道闭环供应链,但该契约只对零售商有利,对制造商不利,为此,通过增加一个利润共享补充协议或两部定价补充协议可以有效协调双渠道闭环供应链,实现制造商和零售商的双赢;而零售商公平关切行为的存在将增强零售商参与协调时的议价能力,进一步影响零售商利润分享比例或零售商支付给制造商固定费用的变化范围.     

专利保护下考虑再制造竞争的闭环供应链定价决策

在专利保护环境下研究了带有再制造竞争的闭环供应链定价决策问题,在集中决策和分散决策两种情形下探讨了原制造商、两个再制造商和零售商的定价决策,得到了最优的批发价格、销售价格、回收价格、专利许可费,分析了最优批发价格、销售价格、回收价格、专利许可费以及供应链利润的重要性质和管理启示.     

两种公平偏好模型下的供应链定价决策与利润分析

将公平偏好理论引入一对一两级供应链运作之中,以零售商和制造商均为公平中性时的决策结果为参照,分别基于FS模型和BO模型研究零售商公平偏好对供应链定价决策和利润的影响.结果表明:两种模型下零售商的定价决策保持不变;但BO模型与FS模型零售商存在有利不公平厌恶偏好下,制造商的最优批发价格均大于零售商公平中性时的情形,导致零售商的最优利润小于其公平中性时的情形;FS模型零售商存在不利不公平厌恶偏好时,制造商采取批发让价行为,零售商获得比其公平中性时更多的供应链利润.     

考虑绿色等级和递送时间的双渠道绿色供应链

考虑了双渠道绿色供应链的定价决策问题.在集中式、分散式和协调合同条件下分别建立了双渠道绿色供应链的最优定价模型,给出了零售商和供应商的最优定价策略.研究表明,引入利润共享合同后零售商和供应商都会比在分散式决策下获得更多的利润.最后通过数值算例对不同条件下的模型进行了比较.     

多重参照点、公平偏好和三级供应链协调机制设计

在“单个制造商—单个分销商—单个零售商”三级供应链框架下,考察零售商依赖于多重参照点的公平偏好对于供应链运作造成的偏差,并在此基础上设计一个能够实现供应链整体协调的利润共享组合契约。研究发现:零售商对分销商利润和制造商利润的公平感知影响批发价格和分销价格变动的机制具有差异性;零售商的公平偏好不影响供应链的整体利润,但是会引起利润在各厂商间的重新分配;通过实行一个合理的利润共享组合契约,可以在零售商具有公平偏好的情形下达到供应链全局最优。最后用数值仿真验证了该利润共享组合契约作为协调机制的可行性。     

考虑大数据营销和风险规避的绿色供应链决策与协调

通过建立考虑大数据营销及零售商风险规避的博弈模型,对绿色供应链定价、产品绿色度及利润进行比较分析。研究发现:无论集中决策、双方风险中性分散决策还是仅零售商风险规避分散决策,考虑大数据营销时的供应链整体期望利润和产品绿色度较高,且大数据营销效率因子对产品绿色度的增加有正向作用;双方风险中性分散决策下,一定条件下,两部定价契约能够有效协调供应链整体利润,实现帕累托改进;仅零售商风险规避分散决策下,零售商的风险规避行为会降低其对大数据营销的投入,一定条件下,两部定价契约也能够实现供应链整体期望利润的帕累托改进。     

考虑碳排放权交易的低碳供应链批发价格协调研究

在低碳环境下分析了低碳供应链批发价格协调问题,构建了碳市场-企业-消费者三维交易模式.通过引入政府补贴和碳排放权交易两个变量,分别讨论了制造商和零售商非合作和合作博弈模型.经过数值分析,研究了2种不同情景下模型中最优批发价格、销售价格、利润及销售量变化及影响.研究结果表明:制造商和零售商经Shapley值法分配的利润要大于非合作时各自最大利润,并且批发价格等于一定值时,分配所得利润等于各自期望的最大利润,最优销售价格会下降,最优销售量会上升;Shapley值法分配低碳供应链利润可协调批发价格并具有鲁棒性,且有利于企业间的合作.     

利他偏好下基于批发价格契约的供应链协调

在指数函数需求下,建立两级供应链Stackelberg主从博弈模型,引入供应链成员的利他偏好,分别探讨了仅制造商具有利他偏好、仅零售商具有利他偏好及双方都具有利他偏好三种情形下利他偏好对供应链成员定价决策和利润的影响以及批发价格契约的协调性.相关结论如下:供应链成员的利他偏好能够促进对方利润的增加,但不一定总能够提升供应链整体绩效.当仅有零售商具有利他偏好时,供应链整体绩效水平不变;在仅有制造商具有利他偏好和双方都具有利他偏好下,供应链整体绩效水平介于无利他偏好情形下分散决策与集中决策之间,且在一定条件下能够达到集中决策时的最优绩效水平.这些结论不仅能够为供应链成员选择合作伙伴提供理论支持,也进一步拓展了批发价格契约协调供应链的理论与应用.     

政府补贴政策下考虑风险规避的绿色供应链定价决策研究

在政府推行补贴政策背景下,通过建立博弈模型研究了政府补贴、制造商和零售商的风险规避对绿色供应链定价策略、产品绿色度、供应链各方利润及整体利润的影响。研究表明:制造商或零售商单方面的风险规避对对方来说都是有利的,但不同的是,仅制造商风险规避时,产品绿色度、批发价格、零售价格及其自身利润都将下降,供应链整体利润则既存在上升也存在下降的情况,当仅零售商风险规避时,产品绿色度、供应链整体利润都将上升,批发价格、零售价格及其自身利润则既存在上升也存在下降的情况;政府增加补贴会在一定程度上加重制造商的风险规避对其自身利润及产品绿色度的损害作用,却会在一定程度上减弱零售商的风险规避对其自身利润的损害作用,并增强零售商的风险规避对产品绿色度的提升作用。     

Analysis of the impact of price-sensitivity factors on the returns policy in coordinating supply chain

This paper analyzes the impact of price-sensitivity factors on characteristics of returns policy contracts in a single-period product supply chain. The contract considers stochastic and price-dependent demand. We present an analytical model and then use numerical methods with the Stackelberg game to identify the contract properties. We numerically show that a returns policy indeed improves supply chain performance. However, the benefits earned from the returns policy, under price-sensitive and variable demand, are different for different supply chain partners. First, when price-sensitivity is high, profit of the manufacturer decreases with increase in demand variability. Second, when price-sensitivity is sufficiently high and demand variability increases, the manufacturer has to surrender part of the profits to the retailer, in order to continue sales. However, even after surrendering part of the profits to the retailer, the manufacturer still earns profits that are higher than those available in a wholesale price contract. Last, from the perspective of division of channel profits, the retailer is always worse off in case of returns policies than in a wholesale price contract. Therefore, to apply this form of incentive in practice, managements should consider the impact of price-sensitivity on the returns policy and its performance.     

Consignment contracts with retail competition

Consignment contracts have been widely employed in many industries. Under such contracts, items are sold at a retailer’s but the supplier retains the full ownership of the inventory until purchased by consumers; the supplier collects payment from the retailer based on actual units sold. We investigate how competition among retailers influences the supply chain decisions and profits under different consignment arrangements, namely a consignment price contract and a consignment contract with revenue share. First, we investigate how these two consignment contracts and a price only contract compare from the perspective of each supply chain partner. We find that the retailers benefit more from a consignment price contract than from a consignment contract with revenue share or a price only contract, regardless of the level of retailer differentiation. The supplier’s most beneficial contact, however, critically depends upon the level of retailer differentiation: a consignment contract with revenue share is preferable for the supplier if retailer differentiation is strong; otherwise a consignment price contract is preferable. Second, we study how retailer differentiation affects the profits of all supply chain partners. We find that less retailer differentiation improves the supplier’s profit for both types of consignment contract. Moreover, less retailer differentiation improves profits of the retailers in a consignment price contract, but not necessarily in a consignment contract with revenue share.     

Revenue-sharing versus wholesale price mechanisms under different channel power structures

We consider a supply chain channel with two manufacturers and one retailer. Each manufacturer can choose either a wholesale price contract or a revenue-sharing contract with the retailer. We discuss and compare the results of two different types of contracts under different channel power structures, to check whether it is beneficial for manufacturers to use revenue-sharing contracts under different scenarios. Then we consider a supply chain channel with one manufacturer and two retailers. Each retailer can choose either a wholesale price contract or a revenue-sharing contract with the manufacturer. We analyze the likely outcomes under different scenarios to discover whether it is beneficial to use revenue-sharing contracts.     

Contracting with demand uncertainty under supply chain competition

We examine supply chain contracts for two competing supply chains selling a substitutable product, each consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. Both manufacturers are Stackelberg leaders and the retailers are followers. Manufacturers in two competing supply chains may choose different contracts, either a wholesale price contract in which the retailer??s demand forecasting information is not shared, or a revenue-sharing contract in which the retailer??s demand forecasting information is shared. Under supply chain competition and demand uncertainty, we identify which contract is more advantageous for each supply chain, and under what circumstances.     

货架展示量与定价模型及供应链协调分析

针对单生产商和单零售商组成的供应链,假定需求依赖于货架展示量与零售价格,分别建立了集中式控制下和分散式控制下的货架展示量与定价决策模型,给出了协调供应链的批发价加货架补贴合同。针对单生产商和n个零售商组成的供应链,假定总需求是n个零售商的总货架展示量和平均零售价格的函数、每个零售商的需求与其货架展示相关的促销努力成正比,分析了相应的集中式与分散式决策,并给出了协调供应链的批发价加货架补贴加转移支付合同。     

公平关切下需求依赖于价格的供应链运作策略研究

在传统的供应链研究中引入零售商公平关切态度,以核心供应商的利润作为公平关切参考点建立零售商的期望效用函数模型,研究三种市场需求模式下零售商公平关切行为倾向对供应链运作的影响。研究结果表明:公平关切零售商的最优定价随公平关切因子和批发价的增加而增大,最优订货随公平关切因子和批发价的增加而减少;传统的批发价契约不能对供应链进行协调,满足一定条件下回购契约可以对公平关切的供应链进行协调;最后,通过数值例子对理论结果进行验证。得到的研究结论可为现实物流企业提供一定的理论参考。     

突发事件下两部收费契约协调闭环供应链研究

本文针对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的零售商负责回收闭环供应链的协调问题,首先设计了稳定环境下两部收费契约协调闭环供应链模型。在此基础上,针对突发事件影响下造成零售商面临的市场需求发生变化时,运用K-T条件对集中式决策下的闭环供应链的最优利润进行求解,给出了最优应对策略。通过研究表明:当突发事件发生时,原适用于稳定环境下的两部收费契约将不再对分散式决策下的闭环供应链起协调作用。为此,本研究给出了两种协调策略,一是在制造商自身承担突发事件引起的偏差成本的情况下,通过对原有的两部收费契约中的批发价格和回收价格进行改进;二是若由零售商承担偏差成本,则可保持原有的两部收费契约中的批发价格和回收价格不变。在两种策略下,制造商和零售商均通过重新讨价还价确定合适的固定费用,可协调突发事件影响下的闭环供应链,并证明了两种协调策略的可行性。     

Selling to the “Newsvendor” with a forecast update: Analysis of a dual purchase contract

We consider a supply chain in which a manufacturer sells to a procure-to-stock retailer facing a newsvendor problem with a forecast update. Under a wholesale price contract, the retailer waits as long as she can and optimally places her order after observing the forecast update. We show that the retailer’s wait-and-decide strategy, induced by the wholesale price contract, hinders the manufacturer’s ability to (1) set the wholesale price and maximize his profit, (2) hedge against excess inventory risk, and (3) reduce his profit uncertainty. To mitigate the adverse effect of wholesale price contract, we propose the dual purchase contract, through which the manufacturer provides a discount for orders placed before the forecast update. We characterize how and when a dual purchase contract creates strict Pareto improvement over a wholesale price contract. To do so, we establish the retailer’s optimal ordering policy and the manufacturer’s optimal pricing and production policies. We show how the dual purchase contract reduces profit variability and how it can be used as a risk hedging tool for a risk averse manufacturer. Through a numerical study, we provide additional managerial insights and show, for example, that market uncertainty is a key factor that defines when the dual purchase contract provides strict Pareto improvement over the wholesale price contract.     

非对称信息下供应链批发价格契约应对突发事件

针对两个制造商与一个零售商组成的二级供应链,建立了制造商一方与零售商联盟,制造商另一方与之竞争、零售商类型为其私人信息下的博弈模型,从系统优化的角度研究了供应链系统批发价格如何应对突发事件.首先证明稳定条件下,零售商成本信息为非对称信息时,批发价格契约能实现集中控制与分散控制下-该供应链的协调.当突发事件造成零售商的成本分布变化时,通过求解突发事件下供应链系统最优利润的Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)条件,提出了供应链应对突发事件的最优策略,进一步证明了改进的批发价格契约可以协调突发事件下分散化决策的供应链系统.数值仿真表明,当零售商的成本在一个较小的范围内扰动时,原有契约机制具有一定的鲁棒性,而当扰动较大时,需要对原来的生产计划进行调整.     

强制减排规制下基于碳减排利润增量分享契约的供应链协调研究

碳减排会增加制造商的成本,导致批发价和零售价提高,从而抑制市场需求。以此为背景,本文针对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,研究了强制减排规制下考虑消费者低碳偏好时的供应链决策与协调。通过设计碳减排利润增量分享契约协调制造商和零售商的决策,实现帕累托改进,利用Rubinstein讨价还价模型最终确定减排利润分享比例。研究发现,实施碳减排利润分享契约能有效提高零售商的订货量,并降低批发价格;制造商的利润随着消费者低碳意识提高而提高;当净化率较低时,零售商的利润随消费者低碳意识提高而提高;当净化率较高时,零售商的利润随消费者低碳意识提高而降低;最后,论文通过数值模拟验证了碳减排利润分享契约的有效性。