电子垃圾的污染问题

本文对电子垃圾的污染问题作了简要的概述与讨论.电子垃圾含有人类需要的金属、塑料、阻燃剂等可回收利用的物质,但如果处理不当将向环境排放几百种有毒有害物质.在这些污染物中,二次污染物是研究比较少的.电子垃圾的处理方法可按目的进行分类,即以环境保护和资源回收利用为目的的两种处理方法.目前多数处理方法不能达到两者的最优兼顾.中国粗放式的电子垃圾处理方式已造成严重的环境污染与人体健康问题,包括重金属、含澳阻燃剂,二(噁)(唝)、多氯联苯污染等,应引起环保部门的高度关注.电子垃圾的研究历史不长,还存在很多值得研究的问题,例如:污染物的释放动力学、处理过程中二次污染物形成机制、污染物在自然环境中的迁移转化规律、含溴污染物的生态毒理学等.可以预计电子垃圾的污染研究是新世纪环境科学的一件大事.     

新型有机污染物研究进展

新型有机污染物的研究是目前国际上环境化学研究的热点领域,其所引起的环境污染和人体健康问题也是我国环境健康研究的重要组成部分。随着国际斯德哥尔摩公约履约活动的不断深入,我国正面临着履行公约以及削减与控制持久性有机污染物的巨大挑战。本文总结了笔者课题组近几年在新型有机污染物研究方面的进展,讨论了本领域学科前沿和履约工作的科学需求。     

红壤中痕量五氯酚的气相色谱法测定

五氯酚因其对生物体的广谱毒性和诱突变性，被我国和其他许多国家列为环境优先监测的持久性有机污染物之一。它在红壤地区曾广泛大量的使用，给环境造成一定的负面影响。本文探讨了应用超声波萃取、乙酸酐衍生化和气相色谱／电子捕获检测器(GC／ECD)测定红壤中痕量五氯酚的方法，并对不同的影响因素进行了对比，确定了一种较可靠的方法。该法的回收率为89％-101％。     

持久性有机化学污染物(POPs)的定性与定量分析

目前在持久性有机污染物研究方面出现了许多新的研究动向、研究计划相关环境条约以及新的名词.例如:POPs(Persistent Organic Pollutants)持久性有机污染物;PBT(Persistent Bioaccumulative& Toxic Chemicals);持久性生物可积累性毒性化合物;BFRs(Brominated Flame Retardants)溴化阻燃剂;EEDs(Environmental Endocrine Disruptors)环境内分泌干扰物,PTS(Persistent Toxic Substances)等.     

我国POPs检测电学纳米器件研究获系列成果

近期,中科院合肥物质科学研究院智能所仿生功能材料与传感器件研究中心在持久性有机污染物检测电学纳米器件研究方面取得一系列新成果。持久性有机污染物（POPs）指人类合成的能持久存在于环境中、通过生物食物链（网）累积、并对人类健康产生危害的化学物质,它具有毒性高、化学稳定性强等特点。传统检测方法复杂,检测仪器体积大、成本高,因而利用纳米材料独特的物理化学效应,研制具有现场实时检测功能的纳米传感器件,简化检测程序,降低成     

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)的分析方法、环境行为及毒性效应研究进展

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)组成复杂,具有远距离环境迁移的能力、环境持久性、生物蓄积性和一定的生物毒性,已被提议列入《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的附件A、B或C.我国是氯化石蜡生产和使用最多的国家,且尚未限制SCCPs的生产.几个研究已揭示了SCCPs在我国的环境中存量较高,因此应对其所引起的生态环境风险和人体健康风险给予关注.本文重点评述了SCCPs的分析方法,包括样品前处理、色谱分离、质谱检测、定量分析及国际实验室分析比对情况,同时也对SCCPs的环境行为、生物累积和毒性效应进行了综述.     

持久性有机污染物4,4’-DDE和CB-153的反向虚拟筛选

持久性有机污染物(POPs)会导致人类和动植物各种疾病的发生, 已经成为一种新的全球性环境问题.研究发现, POPs分子能够特异性地结合到生物体内一些蛋白质受体上, 发挥其致病机制. 本文运用基于分子对接的反向虚拟筛选方法,从蛋白质结构数据库中筛选出配体分子可能的受体蛋白质, 研究了持久性有机污染物4,4'-DDE和CB-153潜在的受体蛋白质. 结合实验信息, 讨论分析了排在前5%的蛋白质受体. 值得注意的是,已知的一些蛋白质受体都排在了虚拟筛选结果的前列. 该研究不仅有助于进一步了解这些有毒污染物分子的致病机制, 还将为设计针对该类污染物分子的生物传感器提供有用的信息.     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术在PFOS类化合物检测中的应用

全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)类化合物是一类新型的持久性有机污染物,所造成的污染已成为全球关注的问题.高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)联用技术在痕量分析中的显著优势被广泛应用于PFOS类化合物的分析.论述了近年来HPLC-MS在检测环境、工业品、食品及生物中PFOS类化合物的应用现状.     

我国环境化学研究新进展

因环境问题复杂性而产生的学科交叉特性既是环境化学的特色,又是学科生长点。2010年以来,新型污染物和纳米材料的污染问题以及化学污染导致的健康影响日益引起关注,环境化学的研究范围亦随着实际问题的出现而延展,新型污染物种类持续上升。继2010年首次在氟化工厂环境中发现并报道了新型持久性有机污染物全氟碘烷的存在,2011年又基于效应分析成功甄别了一种具有神经毒性的新型溴代污染物,标志着我国在污染物研究方面已从全面跟踪国外研究到部分引领方向转化。继青藏高原环境介质污染物归趋行为研究之后的极地环境科学考察进一步将视野着眼于全球尺度环境问题的解决。得益于上海光源等一批大科学装置的建成,污染物环境界面行为探索已达到分子水平。在纳米材料广泛应用所引发的纳米污染层面,其形成、转化和环境归趋行为的研究亦取得突破。污染生态化学研究方面,借助于先进的表面等离子体共振和理论模拟等先进手段,在污染物与生物大分子相互作用探索和联合毒性机制研究上取得了显著进步,环境与健康开始受到广泛关注。这些成果极大丰富了学科内涵,为学科今后的发展奠定了坚实基础。共引用参考文献45篇。     

水环境中药物计量标准需求探讨

水环境中药物已经成为一种新型"持久性"污染物,大量的药物及其代谢物对生态安全和生物的健康具有潜在的巨大威胁。准确测定水环境中的药物种类和含量,对于环境药物污染防治具有重要意义。水环境中药物标准物质作为量值的载体,在化学测量中具有重要作用。提出了研究开发环境药物计量标准的必要性和意义。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).