FeSiBP bulk metallic glasses with high magnetization and excellent magnetic softness

Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbons are one of the major soft magnetic materials, because of their superior magnetic properties such as the relatively high saturation magnetization (J_s) of 1.5–1.6 T and good magnetic softness. However, the preparation of the ordinary amorphous magnetic alloys requires cooling rates higher than 10⁴ K/s due to the low glass-forming ability (GFA) and thus restricts the material outer shape. Recently, Fe-metalloid-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) containing glass-forming elements such as Al, Ga, Nb, Mo, Y and so forth have been developed. These alloys have high GFA, leading to the formation of BMG rod with diameters of mm-order. However, the glass-forming metal elements in BMGs result in a remarkable decrease in magnetization. Basically, J_s depends on Fe content; hence, high J_s requires high Fe content in the Fe-based amorphous alloys or BMGs. On the other hand, high GFA requires a large amount of glass-forming elements in the alloys, which results in lower Fe content. Therefore, in substances, the coexistence of high J_s and high GFA is difficult. Since this matter should be immensely important from academia to industry in the material field, a great deal of effort has been devoted; however, it has remained unsolved for many years. In this paper, we present a novel Fe-rich FeSiBP BMG with high J_s of 1.51 T comparable to the ordinary Fe–Si–B amorphous alloy now in practical use as well as with high GFA leading to a rod-shaped specimen of 2.5 mm in diameter, obtained by Cu-mold casting in air.     

铀基非晶合金的发展现状

铀基非晶合金是非晶家族中的特殊成员,受限于铀元素的高活性与放射性特点,目前这类非晶材料的研究极不充分.本文结合非晶合金的最新发展动态简要介绍了铀基非晶发展历史,较系统地总结了本团队的最新铀基非晶研究工作:首先较详细地介绍了新型铀基非晶的制备技术、成分体系、形成规律与晶化行为,澄清了其形成机制与热稳定性;结合高分辨电镜分析展示了其微观结构特点;采用纳米压痕技术揭示了这类非晶的微纳力学性能;利用电化学测试方法评估了其耐腐蚀性能.这些结果丰富了非晶材料的内涵,有助于深化对非晶物理基础科学问题的理解,并推动新型铀合金材料的发展,为这种材料的潜在工程应用奠定了基础.     

Amorphous Coatings and Surfaces on Structural Materials

Metallic glasses show a unique combination of high strength, excellent corrosion, and wear resistances because of their amorphous structure having a short-range order. In spite of excellent properties, the application of metallic glasses is restricted because of their inherent limitations in the bulk form, including limited tensile ductility. Using metallic glasses as the coatings for structural applications is an attractive way of taking advantage of their superior properties. Additionally, metallic glass-based composites having crystalline phases embedded in a amorphous matrix have also shown improved properties. Thus, metallic glasses can be synthesized as the coatings or subjected to surface modification to provide functionally superior surfaces. This article is a review of metallic glass-based coatings and surface modification of metallic glasses to achieve functionally superior surfaces for structural applications. Essential theoretical concepts were discussed which influence the processing. Common ways of processing along with the influence of various processing parameters were explored. Some non-conventional techniques which emerged as a result of continued efforts were also taken into account. Corrosion and wear properties of these materials along with the underlying mechanisms were discussed in detail. Focus was given to the recent product level applications explored in the open literature. Current challenges in the field were reviewed and guidelines for the future developments were provided.     

Zr基大块非晶中添加元素对非晶形成能力及耐蚀性的影响

运用实空间递归方法研究了添加元素Nb,Ta,Y,La对Zr基非晶合金的非晶形成能力和耐腐蚀性能的影响.用计算机编程构造了Zr基非晶中初始晶化相Zr₂Ni的原子结构模型,用Zr₂Ni中的二十面体原子团簇模拟非晶中的二十面体团簇.计算了替代二十面体中心或顶角位置原子前后Ni,Zr及合金元素的局域态密度、团簇中心Ni与近邻Zr原子及Ni与替代元素Nb,Ta,Y,La间的键级积分,还计算了合金元素替代前后团簇的费米能级.局域态密度计算结果表明：合金元素Cu占据二十面体团 关键词： 电子结构 Zr基大块非晶 非晶形成能力 耐蚀性     

Glass formation and magnetic properties of Fe-C-Si-B-P-(Cr-Al-Co) bulk metallic glasses fabricated using industrial raw materials

Formation of Fe-C-Si-B-P-(Cr-Al-Co) bulk metallic glasses with enhanced glass-forming ability (GFA) and magnetic properties fabricated using industrial pig-iron and Fe-P alloys as raw materials has been studied. It was found that GFA of the pig-iron (Fe_79.5C_18.0Si_2.3P_0.2, at%) could be improved by proper additions of only metalloids C, Si, P and B, and fully glassy structure was obtained in the Fe_75.5C_7.0Si_3.3B_5.5P_8.7 alloy with a critical diameter of 1 mm. With suitable additions of metallic elements Cr, Co and Al, the GFA is further increased and fully amorphous rods in 4 mm diameter can be prepared for the Fe_68.2C_7.0Si_3.3B_5.5P_8.7Cr_2.3Al_2.0Co_3.0 alloy that shows a unique combination of good soft-magnetic properties (M_s=1.03 T, H_c=9.39 A/m), high GFA and high fracture strength. These low-cost Fe-based bulk metallic glasses fabricated using industrial raw materials have a potential to be utilized as engineering materials.     

Ductile Bulk Aluminum-Based Alloy with Good Glass-Forming Ability and High Strength

Based on a new approach for designing glassy alloy compositions, bulk Al-based alloys with good glass-forming ability （GFA） are synthesized. The cast Al86Si0.5Ni4.06Co2.94 Y6Sc0.5 rod with a diameter of i mm shows almost fully amorphous structure besides about 5% fcc-Al nucleated in the center of the rod. The bulk alloy with high Al concentration exhibits an ultrahigh yield strength of 1.18 GPa and maximum strength of 1.27 GPa as well as an obvious plastic strain of about 2.4% during compressive deformation. This light Al-based alloy with good GFA and mechanical properties is promising as a new high specific strength material with good deformability.     

Ti-Zr-Be-Fe quaternary bulk metallic glasses designed by Fe alloying

A series of Ti-Zr-Be-Fe bulk metallic glasses(BMGs)with good glass-forming ability(GFA)and high specific strength have been developed.With different alloying routes and content of Fe,it is found that these alloys exhibit different GFA and mechanical properties.The effects of Fe addition on the GFA and mechanical properties of Ti-Zr-Be alloy are systemically investigated.The possible mechanisms for the improvement or damage to the GFA by addition of Fe can be interpreted in view of the mixing enthalpy,atomic size differences and electronegativity differences of the alloys,while the mechanical properties strongly depend on the Poisson’s ratio and free volume concentration.The experimental results also show that alloying technology is an effective method to improve the GFA and mechanical properties of Ti-Zr-Be glassy alloy.     

The structure and magnetic properties of amorphous magnetic thin films

A review of the structural and magnetic properties of amorphous ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic thin films is presented. An attempt is made to report structural information on atomic and microstructural scales, and to stress its relevance to the magnetic properties of these materials. The more obvious microstructural features of deposited films are not present in the other important type of amorphous magnetic material prepared by rapid quenching from the melt, and present opportunities for differences in structure dependent magnetic properties. In the main, three classes of amorphous magnetic films are considered. Ferromagnetic transition metal (TM) films which are metastable only at temperatures well below room temperature are discussed. Their importance lies in the fact that they clearly represent the most fundamental amorphous phase. Ferromagnetic transition metal-metalloid (TM-Me) alloys have potential applications as magnetically soft materials. These alloys are, perhaps, the most studied amorphous magnetic materials both in deposited thin film and rapidly quenched ribbon forms. Finally, amorphous rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) films are reviewed. They exhibit a wide variety of magnetic properties encompassing both extremely low and very high coercivities and also perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The possible application of these materials in various types of device has encouraged much detailed research into their magnetic properties. This has highlighted the importance of preparation conditions and microstructure in defining their properties.     

NANOSTRUCTURED Zr-BASED ALLOYS-PHASE FORMATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Newly developed nanostructured Zr/Ti-Al-TM multiphase alloys can provide a large bandwidth of interesting properties, such as mechanical properties. Bulk materials with nanocrystalline/ amorphous and (nano)quasicrystalline/ amorphous microstructure with different volume fractions of nanophases and with different grain sizes can be obtained by slowly cooling the melt as well as by solid state reactions. Multiphase structures are realized either by partial de-vitrification of bulk glass-forming alloys or by defined addition of inert compounds upon alloying. Special preparation techniques e.g. copper mould casting and subsequent controlled annealing and mechanical alloying combined with hot consolidation of powders are described. The phase formation and transformation processes and the thermal stability of such materials in dependence on alloy composition and processing parameters are discussed in detail. Currently, the exploration of properties with respect to potential applications of these nanostructured alloys is still at the beginning. First investigations on the contributions of different phases/ volume fractions to the overall mechanical behaviour will be shown. At room temperature, the deformation behaviour of amorphous/crystalline bulk samples is governed by contributions of all existing phases yielding a high strength of the material.     

Creep of FINEMET Ribbons during Crystallization

The application of FINEMET-type materials with specific magnetic properties prepared by the crystallization of amorphous alloys is often limited by their brittleness. The structure of these materials consists of nanosized Fe-based grains surrounded by an amorphous phase. Then the final macroscopic mechanical properties are considerably influenced by the properties of this amorphous phase. Direct creep measurements during the crystallization of FINEMET alloys were performed and the creep properties of the residual amorphous phase formed during the nanocrystallization were described. It was shown that due to relatively high temperatures, the residual amorphous phase undergoes intensive structural relaxation resulting in the obvious embrittlement of these materials.     

Role of compositional changes on thermal,magnetic,and mechanical properties of Fe-P-C-based amorphous alloys

This work aimed to tune the comprehensive properties of Fe-P-C-based amorphous system through investigating the role of microalloying process on the crystallization behavior,glass forming ability(GFA),soft magnetic features,and mechanical properties.Considering minor addition of elements into the system,it was found that the simultaneous microalloying of Ni and Co leads to the highest GFA,which was due to the optimization of compositional heterogeneity and creation of near-eutectic composition.Moreover,the FeCoNiCuPC amorphous alloy exhibited the best anelastic/viscoplastic behavior under the nanoindentation test,which was owing to the intensified structural fluctuations in the system.However,the improved plasticity by the extra Cu addition comes at the expense of magnetic properties,so that the saturation magnetization of this alloying system is significantly decreased compared to the FeCoPC amorphous alloy with the highest soft magnetic properties.In total,the results indicated that a combination of added elemental constitutes,i.e.,Fe69Co5Ni5Cu1P13C7 composition,provides an optimized state for the comprehensive properties in the alloying system.     

块体非晶合金的韧塑化

块体非晶合金因其独特的原子结构而具有许多优异的力学性能,成为近年来材料领域的研究热点之一,但是由于其在变形过程中的室温脆性和应变软化等关键问题一直制约着其实际工程应用.为解决此问题,块体非晶合金领域的研究者们提出了多种方案,包括通过在非晶合金中调控其内禀特性如弹性常数、结构不均匀性,通过外加手段改变其应力及缺陷状态,通过外加和内生的方法在非晶基体中引入晶态增强相等方式,获得了一系列力学性能优异的块体非晶合金及其复合材料.特别是利用"相变诱导塑性"(transformation-induced plasticity,TRIP)概念研制出的块体非晶合金复合材料,同时具有大的拉伸塑性和加工硬化能力.本文围绕块体非晶合金的韧塑化这个关键科学问题,对单相非晶及非晶复合材料的韧塑化方案及机理进行了综述,着重介绍了TRIP韧塑化块体非晶合金复合材料的制备、性能、组织调控及韧塑化机理等,并对此领域的未来发展进行了展望.     

低维纳米材料热电性能测试方法研究

通过近几十年的研究,人们对于块体及薄膜材料的热电性能已经有了较全面的认识,热电优值ZT的提高取得了飞速的进展,比如碲化铋相关材料、硒化亚铜相关材料、硒化锡相关材料的最大ZT值都突破了2.但是,这些体材料的热电优值距离大规模实用仍然有较大的差距.通过理论计算得知,当块体热电材料被制作成低维纳米结构材料时,比如二维纳米薄膜、一维纳米线,热电性能会得到显著的改善,具有微纳米结构材料的热电性能研究引起了科研人员的极大兴趣.当块体硅被制作成硅纳米线时,热电优值改善了将近100倍.然而,微纳米材料的热电参数测量极具挑战,因为块体材料的热电参数测量方法和测试平台已经不再适用于低维材料,需要开发出新的测量方法和测试平台用来研究低维材料的热导率、电导率和塞贝克系数.本文综述了几种用于精确测量微纳米材料热电参数的微机电结构,包括双悬空岛、单悬空岛、悬空四探针结构,详细介绍了每一种微机电结构的制备方法、测量原理以及对微纳米材料热电性能测试表征的实例.     

铁基软磁非晶/纳米晶合金研究进展及应用前景

非晶合金通常是将熔融的金属快速冷却、通过抑制结晶而获得的原子呈长程无序排列的金属材料.由于具有这种特殊结构,铁基软磁非晶合金具有各向同性特征、很小的结构关联尺寸和磁各向异性常数,因而具有很小的矫顽力H_c,但可和晶态材料一样具有高的饱和磁感强度B_s.优异的软磁性能促进了铁基软磁非晶合金的应用研究.目前,铁基软磁非晶/纳米晶合金带材已实现大规模工业化生产和应用,成为重要的高性能软磁材料.本文回顾了软磁非晶合金的发现和发展历程,结合成分、结构、工艺对铁基非晶/纳米晶合金软磁性能的影响,介绍了相关基础研究成果和工艺技术进步对铁基软磁非晶/纳米晶合金研发和工业化应用的重要贡献.并根据结构、性能特征将铁基软磁非晶合金研发与应用分为三个阶段,指出了目前铁基软磁非晶合金研发与应用中面临的挑战和发展方向.     

Unusual glass-forming ability of bulk amorphous alloys based on ordinary metal copper

We report the unusual glass-forming ability (GFA) of a family of Cu-based alloys, Cu46Zr47-xAl7Yx (0相似文献   

Anomalous pressure-induced phase transformation in nano-crystalline erbium sesquioxide (Er2O3): partial amorphization under compression

Nanophase materials have novel physical and chemical properties, differing from bulk materials. It is of exceptional interest to investigate the size effect on structural stability in nanocrystals. Here, we investigated pressure-induced phase transitions in nanosized Er₂O₃ using angle-dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction up to 40.6 GPa. Nano-Er₂O₃ has enhanced transition pressure and higher bulk modulus (K₀) than its bulk counterparts. Amorphous Er₂O₃ nanoclusters with traces of monoclinic phase are obtained upon compression. This is the first time that partial amorphous structure under compression was observed in nano-Er₂O₃, indicating a kinetic trapping of partial amorphous Er₂O₃ on pressurizing.     

Structural principles and amorphouslike thermal conductivity of Na-doped Si clathrates

The postulated low thermal conductivity and the possibility of altering the electronic conductivity of metal-doped clathrates with semiconducting host elements have stimulated great interest in exploring these compounds as promising thermoelectric materials. The electronic and thermal properties of the prototypical Na xSi (46) system are studied in detail here. It is shown that, despite the fact that the Na/Si clathrate is metallic, its thermal conductivity resembles that of an amorphous solid. A theoretical model is developed to rationalize the structural stability of the peculiar structural topology, and a general scheme for rational design of high efficiency thermoelectric materials is presented.     

Advancing density functional theory to finite temperatures: methods and applications in steel design

The performance of materials such as steels, their high strength and formability, is based on an impressive variety of competing mechanisms on the microscopic/atomic scale (e.g. dislocation gliding, solid solution hardening, mechanical twinning or structural phase transformations). Whereas many of the currently available concepts to describe these mechanisms are based on empirical and experimental data, it becomes more and more apparent that further improvement of materials needs to be based on a more fundamental level. Recent progress for methods based on density functional theory (DFT) now makes the exploration of chemical trends, the determination of parameters for phenomenological models and the identification of new routes for the optimization of steel properties feasible. A major challenge in applying these methods to a true materials design is, however, the inclusion of temperature-driven effects on the desired properties. Therefore, a large range of computational tools has been developed in order to improve the capability and accuracy of first-principles methods in determining free energies. These combine electronic, vibrational and magnetic effects as well as structural defects in an integrated approach. Based on these simulation tools, one is now able to successfully predict mechanical and thermodynamic properties of metals with a hitherto not achievable accuracy.     

Radial Distribution Function Analysis of the Amorphous Barrier Layer in Magnetic Spin Tunnel Junctions

Spin tunnel junctions consist of two ferrromagnetic layers separated by an amorphous insulating barrier layer which is a few nanometers thick. The barrier layer is the most critical layer in terms of magnetic transport properties and yet, of all the layers, the structure of this layer has been the least investigated, mainly due to difficulties in carrying out structural investigations of nanovolumes of amorphous materials. In this paper we demonstrate how the technique of radial distribution function analysis using electrons can be used to investigate such small volumes, by applying it to the aluminium oxide amorphous layer in a junction. The analysis results in a radial distribution function which matches those obtained by neutron and X-ray diffraction from bulk material.