膨体聚四氟乙烯微孔滤膜孔结构的扫描电镜图像解析

由拉伸法制得的膨体聚四氟乙烯(e PTFE)微孔滤膜,其孔结构与其他高分子材质膜截然不同.运用扫描电镜(SEM)图像解析方法描述纤维化的PTFE分子和相互连接的PTFE积聚分子结点,膜的孔性能分别以数字量化的参数: LF、WF、LN、WN、AN表示.测试结果与一般微孔滤膜常用泡压滤速法测定表示孔性能的表观密度和孔隙率有对应关系,说明SEM图像解析可作为表征e PTFE膜孔结构的方法之一.此外,图像解析还可显示原料PTFE分子量和机械操作中的拉伸比对生产的e PTFE膜孔结构的影响.     

Al_2O_3微孔膜对60keV O~+离子的“导向”效应

在不同入射角度条件下,研究了60keV的O+离子入射孔径分别为50nm和30nm,厚度为10μmAl2O3微孔膜的角分布.实验结果表明离子透射微孔膜时发生了导向效应,随着入射角度的增大,透射于孔径大的微孔膜离子计数下降比较快,透射于孔径小的微孔膜离子计数下降比较缓慢.建立了一个初步的理论模型,对以上现象给出了较好的解释.     

微孔有机膜可以泵送钾离子

细胞膜具有泵送钾 (K)离子的功能 ,可以使细胞膜外面的低浓度的K离子通过细胞膜泵送到高浓度的细胞液中 .近期在Phys.Rev .Lett.上发表的Siwy和Fulinski的论文指出 ,特别制备的圆锥状微孔有机膜也有类似的功能 .他们用德国Darmstadt重离子研究所UNILAC装置将能量为 2 0 2GeV的Au+ 18粒子束高度散焦后轰击12 μm厚的PET(polyethyleneteraphthalate)膜 ,一旦探测到透过膜的Au离子立即停止轰击 .将此带有个别微孔的PET膜放进一边为NaOH溶液、另一边为中性溶液的槽中 ,使膜从一侧向里腐蚀 ,形成锥状微孔 ,其两端直径分别为 2nm和 5 0…     

单轴拉伸对Nafion结构及性能的影响

2H NMR和PFG-NMR用于研究拉伸过程中Nafion结构的改变以及对溶剂分子运动性质的影响.2H谱表明单轴拉伸Nafion膜在拉伸比率较低情况下(L5),通道排列取向程度随着拉伸比率变大而增大,同时扩散实验表明水分子的运动能力也得到增强,表明取向化的通道网络有助于增强材料取向方向质子的导电能力,可以用于提高质子膜材料性能.在取向达到最大值后(L≥5)继续拉伸,膜内水分子的移动能力相比略有降低.溶胀实验表明取向膜的溶胀行为呈各向异性,拉伸作用致使膜内通道沿拉伸方向取向排列,通道的取向效应使得其在垂直拉伸方向(Y)和膜厚度方向(Z)溶胀更为显著.拉伸Nafion膜对甲醇的吸附能力随着拉伸比率的增加而增强,同时甲醇的扩散数据显示,甲醇的运动能力在该通道网络中也随着拉伸比率的变大而不断增强,甲醇燃料在该类质子膜内的渗透效应得以增强,不利于其在直接甲醇燃料电池中的应用.     

面向空耦电声换能器应用的高性能FEP/PTFE复合膜压电驻极体

压电驻极体(也称为铁电驻极体)是一类具有强压电效应的微孔结构驻极体材料,具有柔韧、低密度、低特性声阻抗等特征,是制备柔性空气耦合声电换能器的理想材料.针对器件对高灵敏度和高温工作环境的应用需求,本文报道高性能氟化乙丙烯/聚四氟乙烯(FEP/PTFE)复合膜压电驻极体的制备和性能表征.研究结果表明,FEP/PTFE膜的特...     

三氨基三硝基苯材料微孔结构的小角x射线散射实验研究

应用同步辐射x射线小角散射技术研究了不同工艺制备的三氨基三硝基苯样品中的微孔状况 ，得到了样品材料有关微结构参数，包括微孔平均孔径及孔径分布、分形特征、Porod常数 及界面参数等，并分析了微孔结构参数的变化规律.结果表明，不同工艺制备的TATB样品材 料其微孔结构有较大差别，都有较显著的特征. 关键词： 小角x射线散射 TATB材料微孔分布     

低能Cl^-在Al2O3绝缘微孔膜中的输运过程

研究了10 keV Cl^-离子穿越Al2O3绝缘微孔膜的物理过程,发现穿越的Cl^-其分布中心在初束中心即0°附近,Cl^-离子穿透率下降与几何穿透一致,这是典型的直接几何穿越有一定角发散的微孔导致的结果;而出射的Cl0和Cl^+以微孔轴向为中心分布,Cl^+和Cl0穿透率下降慢于几何穿透.模拟计算发现沉积电荷会使出射粒子中Cl^-占主要成分,并使出射Cl^-角分布中心移动到微孔轴向方向而随微孔膜倾角移动;而在不考虑沉积电荷的情况下,计算结果较好地符合了实验结果.通过分析在不同倾角下散射过程对出射粒子的角分布和电荷态分布的影响,发现绝大部分的Cl0是通过一次和两次散射出射的,其中一次散射出射的Cl0占主要成分,从而导致出射的Cl0沿微孔轴向出射而Cl^+主要是经过一次碰撞出射.这导致了随倾角增大,出射的Cl0穿透率下降速度比Cl^+小,Cl0所占比例相对增大较快,从而导致观测到的Cl^+/Cl0的比例下降.本文结果更仔细地描述了低能离子穿越绝缘体微孔的物理机理,印证了之前实验和理论工作的结果,发现在10 keV以上能区的Cl^-离子穿越绝缘微孔膜的过程中,沉积电荷并未起到主要作用,其主要穿透特征是散射过程造成的.     

低能电子穿越绝缘体微孔膜动力学过程研究

采用二维位置灵敏的微通道板探测器对能量为1500 eV的低能电子束穿过孔径为400 nm、未经照射过的的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)微孔膜后的全角分布以及时间演化进行了测量,同时采用自制的积分式能谱测量装置测量了穿透电子的能量分布。实验结果表明:在充电阶段,当入射电子束束流较弱时,透射电子强度随充电时间逐渐上升;充电过程中,透射电子的角分布宽度由小变大,但是角分布中心基本不随膜的倾角移动。对出射电子达到平衡态时的电子能谱的测量表明,穿透电子的能量保持着入射时的能量。对于理解电子在绝缘体微孔中的传输给出了新的实验证据,给出了可能形成“导向效应”的微孔内部电场的条件。     

30 keV H+在聚碳酸酯微孔膜中动态输运过程的实验和理论研究

测量了30 keV的H⁺入射倾斜角度为-1°和-2°的聚碳酸酯微孔膜后,出射粒子二维分布图、角度分布、相对穿透率以及出射H⁺电荷态纯度随沉积电荷的演化.实验中30 keV的H⁺在微孔膜中输运特性与之前其他能区离子在微孔膜中输运特性有显著不同,实验中直接观测到出射粒子导向部分和散射部分的动态演化过程,出射的H⁺由沿微孔孔轴方向的导向H⁺和沿入射束流方向的散射H⁺两部分组成,随着微孔内电荷斑的沉积,出射的导向H⁺的占比不断减小,出射散射H⁺占比不断增加;出射H⁰占总出射粒子的比例不断减小,其中心方向逐步向入射束流方向偏转.微孔膜处于不同倾斜角度时,微孔内沉积电荷斑的位置和电场强度是不同的.同时模拟计算了入射H⁺在微孔内部的运动轨迹、微孔内部电荷斑电势和场强分布,实验结果和理论结果得到了很好的验证.对出射离子导向部分和散射部分的动态演化过程的观测和理论解释,使得对中能区离子在微孔膜中输运机制有更好的认识.     

聚四氟乙烯多孔膜的压电活性及其稳定性

研究了经单向机械拉伸形成的非极性空间电荷型薄膜驻极体聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)多孔膜的压电性.讨论了由PTFE多孔膜和非多孔的聚合物薄膜（PTFE，聚酰亚胺PI，氟化乙丙烯共聚物FEP 和聚三氟氯乙烯PCTFE）组成的双层膜的突出压电活性.初步研究结果指出：在优化的极化条 件下形成的上述双层压电膜以外电极测量的准静态压电d₃₃常数可达186 pC/N， 这个数值与压电陶瓷锆钛酸铅PZT的相应常数接近，而比铁电聚合物聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的相 应常数约高出一个数量级.还研究了这类柔性多孔膜 关键词： 聚四氟乙烯多孔膜 压电性 空间电荷驻极体 充电参数 压电活性的热稳定性     

PTFE疏水修饰法消除多孔表面的沸腾迟滞现象

微纳多孔结构表面在提高沸腾传热性能的同时,通常也会伴随着沸腾迟滞现象出现.以底部树林状阵列结构、上部蜂窝状微纳双尺度多孔结构为基础的双层多孔表面在展示出良好性能的同时,也出现了沸腾迟滞现象。本文通过电泳沉积PTFE修饰的方法,降低多孔表面成核壁面过热度,从而基本消除双层多孔表面的沸腾迟滞效应。另外,修饰后的双层多孔表面的CHF和最大HTC与未修饰的双层多孔表面相比提高了20%和19%;和光滑铜表面相比,CHF提高了97%,HTC提高了400%,展现出优异的沸腾传热性能.     

Stretching necklaces

Polyelectrolytes in poor solvents show a necklace structure where collapsed polymer pearls are linked to stretched strings. In the present paper the elasticity of such chains is studied in detail. Different deformation regimes are addressed. The first is the continuous regime, where many pearls are present. A continuous force extension relationship is calculated. The main contribution comes from the tension balance and the electrostatic repulsion of consecutive pearls. The main correction term stems from the finite size of the pearls, which monitors their surface energy. For a finite amount of pearls discontinuous stretching is predicted. Finally counterion effects are discussed qualitatively. Received 6 December 1999     

Unsteady MHD Non-Darcian Flow over a Vertical Stretching Plate Embedded in a Porous Medium with Thermal Non-Equilibrium Model

An analysis is performed to study the influence of local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) on unsteady MHD laminar boundary layer flow of viscous, incompressible fluid over a vertical stretching plate embedded in a sparsely packed porous medium in the presence of heat generation/absorption. The flow in the porous medium is governed by Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy model. A uniform heat source or sink is presented in the solid phase. By applying similarity analysis, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of time dependent non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations and they are solved numerically by Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method along with shooting technique. The obtained results are displayed graphically to illustrate the influence of different physical parameters on the velocity, temperature profile and heat transfer rate for both fluid and solid phases. Moreover, the numerical results obtained in this study are compared with the existing literature in the case of LTE and found that they are in good agreement.     

Stretching dynamics of semiflexible polymers

We analyze the nonequilibrium dynamics of single inextensible semiflexible biopolymers as stretching forces are applied at the ends. Based on different (contradicting) heuristic arguments, various scaling laws have been proposed for the propagation speed of the backbone tension which is induced in response to stretching. Here, we employ a newly developed unified theory to systematically substantiate, restrict, and extend these approaches. Introducing the practically relevant scenario of a chain equilibrated under some prestretching force f _pre that is suddenly exposed to a different external force f _ext at the ends, we give a concise physical explanation of the underlying relaxation processes by means of an intuitive blob picture. We discuss the corresponding intermediate asymptotics, derive results for experimentally relevant observables, and support our conclusions by numerical solutions of the coarse-grained equations of motion for the tension.     

Stretching instability of helical springs

We show that when a gradually increasing tensile force is applied to the ends of a helical spring with sufficiently large ratios of radius to pitch and twist to bending rigidity, the end-to-end distance undergoes a sequence of discontinuous stretching transitions. Subsequent decrease of the force leads to steplike contraction, and hysteresis is observed. For finite helices, the number of these transitions increases with the number of helical turns but only one stretching and one contraction instability survive in the limit of an infinite helix. We calculate the critical line that separates the region of parameters in which the deformation is continuous from that in which stretching instabilities occur.     

Stretching and folding mechanism in foams

We have described the stretching and folding of foams in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell containing air and a surfactant solution, from a sequence of upside-down flips. Besides the fractal dimension of the foam, we have observed the logistic growth for the soap film length. The stretching and folding mechanism is present during the foam formation, and this mechanism is observed even after the foam has reached its respective maximum fractal dimension. Observing the motion of bubbles inside the foam, large bubbles present power spectrum associated with random walk motion in both directions, while the small bubbles are scattered like balls in a Galton board.     

Algebraic Description of Anharmonic Stretching Vibrations

A U(2) algebraic model is presented to describe stretching vibrations of XYn (n = 2, 3, and 4) systems, where anharmonic interactions between the bond modes are considered. This model in a limit corresponds to an anharmonically coupled local-mode model. As an example, the model for a molecule XY4 is applied to recently observed spectra of methane in both gas and liquid phases, and the results obtained are in good agreement with the experiments. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Triboelectrification of wood with PTFE

Triboelectrification for a rolling contact between hardwood and softwood spheres and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plane is studied. For a variety of experimental parameters, the saturation charge developed on the spheres was measured. The results are compared with those reported previously where PTFE spheres were rolled on wood planes. The observations suggest that different principles are involved in the two experimental situations; however, in both cases the saturation charge developed depends on the apparent area of contact.     

Stretching DNA: Role of electrostatic interactions

The effect of electrostatic interactions on the stretching of DNA is investigated using a simple worm like chain model. In the limit of small force there are large conformational fluctuations which are treated using a self-consistent variational approach. For small values of the external force f, we find the extension scales as where is the Debye screening length. In the limit of large force the electrostatic effects can be accounted for within the semiflexible chain model of DNA by assuming that only small excursions from rod-like conformations are possible. In this regime the extension approaches the contour length as where f is the magnitude of the external force. The theory is used to analyze experiments that have measured the extension of double-stranded DNA subject to tension at various salt concentrations. The theory reproduces nearly quantitatively the elastic response of DNA at small and large values of f and for all concentration of the monovalent counterions. The limitations of the theory are also pointed out. Received 13 October 1998 and Received in final form 9 June 1999