双膦配体修饰铑催化乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化反应(英文)

研究了双膦配体对铑催化的乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化反应的促进作用,结果表明,在优化反应条件下,以双膦化合物2,2’-二(二苯膦甲基)-1,1’-联苯(BISBI)为配体时,铑催化乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化反应的TOF(转化频率)值达到4000h1,生成2-乙酰氧基丙醛的选择性99%.当在较温和的条件下Rh/BISBI催化乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化反应较长时间时TON(转化数)值达到9200,成醛率超过90%,2-乙酰氧基丙醛选择性仍保持99%.     

铑催化7-辛烯醛氢甲酰化反应合成1,9-壬二醛

脂肪族二醛是一类重要的工业化学品中间体,可以经过氧化、还原、氢酯化、氢胺化等反应获得二酸、二醇、二酯、二胺等各种重要的化学品。本文报道了一种以丁二烯下游中间体——7-辛烯醛为原料的铑催化氢甲酰化反应合成1,9-壬二醛的方法,考察了不同膦配体对催化剂性能的影响,对反应工艺条件进行了研究和优化。使用Rh(I)/Xantphos催化剂,较优工艺条件下,7-辛烯醛转化率＞99%,直链壬二醛收率86%,醛产物正异比27,TON可达49500。最后,对7-辛烯醛的氢甲酰化主反应和副反应机理进行了探讨。     

取代乙酸配体对乙炔二聚反应催化剂性能的影响

研究了取代乙酸配体作为Ｎｉｅｕｌａｎ催化剂对乙炔二聚反应性能的影响。结果表明，不同功能结构数目的影响，结果表明，不同功能结构数目的的氨羧配体均使催化剂的选择性提高。乙炔转化率略有下降，巯基乙酸配体的加入，则改变了乙炔二聚反应的机理，得到以乙醛为主的产物。     

大位阻、富电子MOP型烷基膦配体在钯催化的1,3-二羰基化合物 α-芳基化反应中的应用

富电子、大位阻MOP型烷基膦配体2-二叔丁基膦-2’-异丙氧基-1,1’-联萘(L1)在钯催化的1,3-二羰基化合物的α-芳基化反应中显示了较好的催化活性. 在这类催化反应中, 碱的选择具有重要的影响: 以K3PO4为碱, Pd(OAc)2/L1催化体系在丙二酸二乙酯的α-芳基化中, 富电子溴代芳烃显示较好的活性; Pd(OAc)2/L1催化的乙酰乙酸乙酯α-芳基化时, 以 K2CO3为碱, 催化体系显示较好的活性, 这个催化体系可控制反应得到α-芳基乙酰乙酸乙酯, 而不是脱乙酰基的产物. 较为惰性的氯代芳烃在Pd(OAc)2/L1的催化下, 也能够跟1,3-二羰基化合物发生α-芳基化反应.     

新型N-P配体的合成、表征及其在氢转移反应中的应用

利用2,3-二(二苯膦氧基)-1,3-丁二烯与胺的迈克尔加成反应,合成了单胺基及环胺基改性的有机氧化膦,经有机硅烷还原,制备出胺基取代的膦配体,所得化合物经NMR及单晶X射线衍射分析.考察了所得配体与Ru(PPh3)3Cl2组成的催化体系在苯乙酮氧转移反应中的催化活性,发现氧化膦与Ru原位形成的催化剂比其还原态的三价膦组成的催化剂催化活性还高,二胺基取代的二氧化膦配体具有较高的催化活性,TON可达273.而采用先制备催化剂再催化反应时配体6的钌络合物催化活性TON可达352.     

蒽单元和1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-硫酮单元构建的三组分荧光传感器与汞(II)的反应及其在离子液中的荧光性质

4,5-二(2’-氰乙基硫基)-1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-硫酮在甲醇钠的作用下消除一个氰乙基,形成1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-硫酮单钠盐,再与9,10-二(氯甲基)蒽反应生成由两个1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-硫酮(DMIT)单元和一个蒽单元构建的新型三组分荧光传感器.这种新的荧光分子传感器与乙酸汞(II)的反应,却生成具有强荧光的二乙酸蒽-9,10-二甲酯(4)和双(1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-酮-4,5-二硫)Hg(II)配合物(5),利用化合物4的强荧光性质可以选择性识别Hg(II).还在离子液中研究此荧光分子传感器特殊的荧光行为,实验结果表明随着离子液量的增加,溶液的荧光显著增强.     

膦配体电子和空间效应对钯催化羰化酯化反应的影响

膦配体修饰的钯催化剂在不饱和化合物羰化酯化反应中使用广泛,其催化活性在很大程度上取决于金属周围的配体环境。膦配体电子和空间效应的调变,可以实现定向催化,甚至可以预测催化行为。新催化反应的开发和现有催化反应的优化都可以通过膦配体的合理设计来实现。配体已经是成为公认的最重要的需要详细研究的变量之一。本文综述了钯催化烯烃羰化酯化反应中,单齿膦配体、双齿膦配体、半稳定膦配体电子和空间效应对活性和选择性的调控作用,并对面临的问题和未来的发展方向进行了探讨,以期对未来设计高效高选择性羰化酯化反应催化体系提供指导。     

SO3H-功能化离子液体的合成及用于催化酯化反应的研究

采用两步法制备了一种基于4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)的SO3H-功能化Brnsted酸性离子液体,并将其应用于催化1,4-丁二醇与乙酸的酯化反应。DMAP与1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯(PS)反应生成单一的两性离子化合物,收率接近100%。该离子液体对1,4-丁二醇与乙酸的酯化反应催化活性较高,在温度为40℃时酯化率可达88.1%,选择性为100%,催化剂易与产物分离,且可以循环使用。     

β-酮亚胺镍(Ⅱ)配合物体系催化丙烯二聚反应

以乙酰丙酮衍生的β-酮亚胺镍 ( )配合物在烷基铝作用下催化丙烯的二聚反应 ,并考察了铝镍比、烷基铝助剂的种类、不同取代胺配体等对催化性能的影响 .结果表明 ,该体系在一定条件下能高活性 (6 .0× 10 4～1.0× 10 5h- 1 )和较高选择性 (70 %～ 80 % )的催化丙烯二聚反应 ;二聚产物中以 4-甲基戊烯 (4 - MP)为主 ,含部分2 -甲基戊烯 (2 - MP)和己烯 (Hex) ,以及少量的 2 ,3-二甲基丁烯 (2 ,3- DMB)     

无碱条件下Au/ZnO选择性催化氧化1,3-丙二醇合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯

采用溶胶-沉积法合成了高选择性的Au/ZnO催化剂,用于1,3-丙二醇选择性氧化酯化为3-羟基丙酸甲酯的反应.研究了保护剂PVA用量、金溶胶合成温度、金负载量及催化剂循环利用对反应的影响,且优化了反应温度和反应压力,并对催化剂进行了XRD和TEM表征.结果表明,PVA∶Au(m/m)=1∶4、金溶胶合成温度25℃、金负载量1%的Au/ZnO对目标反应的催化活性最好,在100℃和Po2=2MPa的条件下1,3-丙二醇的转化率达82.8%,产物3-羟基丙酸甲酯的选择性达95.4%.Au纳米粒子的粒径影响催化性能,在Au平均粒径为2.8~6.1nm的范围内,产物选择性随Au纳米粒子的粒径的减小而增大,平均粒径在2.8~4.8nm的范围内时,催化剂具有较好的产物选择性(大于90%);Au/ZnO催化剂循环利用4次后催化性能(转化率和选择性)无明显下降;并推测了无碱条件下Au/ZnO选择性催化氧化1,3-丙二醇合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯的反应机制.     

Palladium-based telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with glycerol using methoxy-functionalized triphenylphosphine ligands

Glycerol is considered a potential renewable building block for the synthesis of existing as well as new chemicals. A promising route is the telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with glycerol leading to C8 chain ethers of glycerol with applications in, for example, surfactant chemistry. Recently, we reported a new set of palladium-based homogeneous catalytic systems for the telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with glycerol and found that palladium complexes bearing methoxy-functionalized triphenylphosphine ligands are highly active catalysts capable of converting crude glycerol without any significant loss of activity. Herein, we present a detailed account of these investigations by reporting on the influence of the butadiene/glycerol ratio, temperature, and reaction time on product selectivity and activity allowing further optimization of catalyst performance. Maximum activity and yield were reached for high 1,3-butadiene/glycerol ratios at a temperature of 90 degrees C, whereas the selectivity for mono- and diethers of glycerol could be optimized by combining high reaction temperatures and short reaction times with low butadiene/glycerol ratios. Variation of the PdII metal precursors and the metal/ligand ratio showed that palladium precursors with halogen ligands gave unsatisfying results, in contrast to precursors with weakly coordinated ligands such as [Pd(OAc)2] and [Pd(acac)2]. [Pd(dba)2], the only Pd0 precursor tested, gave the best results in terms of activity, which illustrates the importance of the ability to form a Pd0 species in the catalytic cycle. Finally, base addition resulted in a shortening of the reaction time and most likely facilitates the formation of a Pd0 species. Based on these results, we were able to realize the first attempts towards a rational ligand design aimed at a high selectivity for mono- and diether formation.     

Bulky monodentate phosphoramidites in palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation reactions: aspects of regioselectivity and enantioselectivity

A series of bulky monodentate phosphoramidite ligands, based on biphenol, BINOL and TADDOL backbones, have been employed in the Pd-catalysed allylic alkylation reaction. Reaction of disodium diethyl 2-methyl malonate with monosubstituted allylic substrates in the presence of palladium complexes of the phosphoramidite ligands proceeds smoothly at room temperature. The regioselectivities observed depend strongly on the leaving group and the geometry of the allylic starting compounds. Mono-coordination occurs when these ligands are ligated in [Pd(allyl)(X)] complexes (allyl=C3H5, 1-CH3C3H4, 1-C6H5C3H4, 1,3-(C6H5)2C3H3; X=Cl, OAc). The solid-state structure determined by X-ray diffraction of [Pd(C3H5)(1)(Cl)] reveals a non-symmetric coordination of the allyl moiety, caused by the stronger trans influence of the phosphoramidite ligand relative to X-. In all of these complexes, the syn,trans isomer is the major species present in solution. Because of fast isomerisation and high reactivity of the syn,cis complex, the major product formed upon alkylation is the linear product, especially for monosubstituted phenylallyl substrates in the presence of halide counterions. In the case of biphenol- and BINOL-based phosphoramidites, however, a strong memory effect is observed when 1-phenyl-2-propenyl acetate is employed as the substrate. In this case, nucleophilic attack competes effectively with the isomerisation of the transient cinnamylpalladium complexes. The asymmetric allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate afforded the chiral product in up to 93 % ee. Substrates with smaller substituents gave lower enantioselectivities. The observed stereoselectivity is explained in terms of a preferential rotation mechanism, in which the product is formed by attack on one of the isomers of the intermediate [Pd[1,3-(C6H5)2C3H3](L)(OAc)] complex.     

Ferrocenyl bisoxazoline as an efficient non‐phosphorus ligand for palladium‐catalyzed copper‐free Sonogashira reaction in aqueous solution

Pd(OAc)₂‐catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reactions of alkynes and a variety of aryl halides with 1,3‐bis(5‐ferrocenylisoxazoline‐3‐yl)benzene as an efficient non‐phosphorus ligand under copper‐free conditions are presented. The main advantages over previous methodologies include low catalyst loading (0.2 mol% Pd(OAc)₂ and 0.4 mol% ferrocenyl bisoxazoline ligand are sufficient for these coupling reactions), less problematic reaction medium (water–dimethylformamide) and more convenient operation (no requirement for nitrogen protection).     

Development of a highly selective and efficient catalyst for 1,3-butadiene dimerization

A selective dimerization reaction of 1,3-butadiene in the presence of 2-propanol to give 1,3,7-octatriene has been developed. By modification of palladium carbene catalysts an unexpected selectivity switch from the telomerization to the dimerization product occurred. In applying the 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-3H-imidazolidenylpalladium(0) complex 9, unprecedented catalyst efficiency (TON > 80 000 and TOF > 5000 h(-1)) has been obtained for this transformation. [reaction: see text]     

Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed oxidative coupling reaction of benzenes with olefins in the presence of molybdovanadophosphoric acid under atmospheric dioxygen and air

The direct oxidative coupling reaction of benzenes with alkenes bearing an electron-withdrawing group was successfully achieved by the use of Pd(OAc)(2)/molybdovanadophosphoric acid (HPMoV) as the key catalyst under O(2) or air atmosphere. Thus, the reaction of benzene with ethyl acrylate under air (1 atm) assisted by Pd(OAc)(2)/HPMoV afforded ethyl cinnamate as a major product in satisfactory yield (74%). This catalytic system could be extended to the coupling reactions between various substituted benzenes and alkenes through the direct aromatic C-H bond activation. In the reaction of benzene with ethyl acrylate under O(2) (1 atm), the best turn-over number (TON) of Pd(OAc)(2) reached was 121. This reaction provides a green route to cinnamate derivatives, which are important precursors of a variety of pharmaceuticals.     

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of cyclopropylmethyl N-tosylhydrazones with aromatic bromides: an easy access to multisubstituted 1,3-butadienes

Direct synthesis of 1,1-disubstitued 1,3-butadienes has been efficiently realized from the cross-coupling of cyclopropylmethyl N-tosylhydrazones with aromatic bromides by means of PdCl₂(MeCN)₂ as catalyst. 1,1,4-Trisubstitued 1,3-butadiene derivatives were obtained in up to 70% yields through a one-pot procedure catalyzed by Pd(OAc)₂ in the presence of excessive amount of aromatic bromides. The present methodology provides an easy and efficient route to multisubstituted 1,3-butadienes.     

Oligodentate P,N ligands: N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,3-diaminobenzene complexes of rhodium, nickel and palladium

The oligodentate P,N ligand N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,3-diaminobenzene reacts with two equivalents of [{Rh(mu-Cl)(COD)}(2)], [NiBr(2)(DME)] or [PdCl(2)(NCMe)(2)](COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, DME = dimethoxyethane) in dichloromethane to give the tetranuclear complex [1,3-{cis-Rh(COD)(mu-Cl)(2)Rh(PPh(2))(2)N}(2)C(6)H(4)](1) or the dinuclear complexes [1,3-{cis-NiBr(2)(PPh(2))(2)N}(2)C(6)H(4)](2) and [1,3-{cis-PdCl(2)(PPh(2))(2)N}(2)C(6)H(4)](3), respectively. Compounds 1-3 were characterised by NMR ((1)H, (13)C, (31)P) and IR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of 2 and 3 shows the formation of a bis-chelate complex with M-P-N-P four-membered rings (M = Pd, Ni). An N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,3-diaminobenzene/Pd(OAc)(2) mixture was used for the copolymerisation of carbon monoxide with ethene or ethylidenenorbornene. Compound 1 was employed as catalyst in the hydrogenation of styrene.     

Selectivity control for the catalytic 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation on Pt(111) and Pd(111) surfaces: Radical versus closed-shell intermediates

The hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene to different C4H8 species on both Pd(111) and Pt(111) surfaces has been studied by means of periodic slabs and DFT. We report the adsorption structures for the various mono- and dihydrogenated butadiene intermediates adsorbed on both metal surfaces. Radical species are more clearly stabilized on Pt than on Pd. The different pathways leading to these radicals have been investigated and compared to those producing 1-butene and 2-butene species. On palladium, the formation of butenes seems to be clearly favored, in agreement with the high selectivity to butenes observed experimentally. In contrast, the formation of dihydrogenated radical species seems to be competitive with that of butenes on platinum, which could explain its poorer selectivity to butenes and the formation of butane as a primary product.     

New insights into the palladium-catalysed synthesis of δ-lactones from 1,3-dienes and carbon dioxide

Two-coordinate Pd(0) complexes are shown to be important intermediates in the telomerization of 1,3-dienes and CO₂ using palladium/phosphine catalysts without additives. Only one phosphorus atom is bound to palladium during the C–C bond forming steps, but the second phosphorus atom is crucial in the early stages of the catalytic cycle and for the elimination of the product. A ligand that gave an active palladium catalyst for the coupling of 1,3-butadiene and CO₂ has been designed. Use of a palladium catalyst in the reaction of isoprene with CO₂ allowed for the first time isolation and NMR spectroscopic characterization of the resulting mixture of lactones.     

Synthesis of a tripalladium cluster containing an η:η:η-bridging butadienyl ligand stabilized by a zwitterionic structure

An η¹-butadienyl complex [trans-η¹-CH₂=C(Me)C=CH₂Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl] (1) reacted with [(μ-η²:η²-1,3-butadiene)Pd₂(PPh₃)(μCl)Cl] (2) to result in displacement of the diene ligand of 2 accompanied by exchange of PPh₃ of 1 with Cl anion of 2 producing a butadienyl tripalladium cluster [(μ-CH₂=C(Me)C=CH₂)Pd(PPh₃)Cl₂ · Pd₂(PPh₃)₂(μ-Cl)] (3) stabilized by the zwitterionic structure in moderate yield. The X-ray structure analysis of 3 revealed rigid binding of [Pd₂(PPh₃)₂(μ-Cl)]⁺ and [CH₂ =C(Me)C=CH₂Pd(PPh₃)Cl₂]⁻ through the π-bond coordination of the butadienyl group to the dipalladium cation.