也谈谈二氧化氮哪里去了

某实验者为了制得干燥的NO2,在准备工作上是想把Cu与浓HNO3反应生成的红棕色气体(NO2)通过浓H2SO4干燥后,再用向上排空气法收集NO2。结果出实验者所料:红棕色NO2通过浓H2SO4以后,红棕色消失殆尽,什么气体都没有收集到。于是有人载文寻觅“二氧化氮哪里去了?[1]”笔者也拟想以此     

用数字化实验演示浓硫酸的吸水性

浓硫酸的吸水性实验,尤其是浓硫酸对气体的干燥实验,难以用传统的实验手段演示。利用相对湿度传感器进行对比实验,分别测定有浓硫酸和没有浓硫酸的密闭容器中空气湿度的变化,可以非常明显地看到空气的湿度在浓硫酸作用下急剧减小,说明浓硫酸将空气中大部分水吸收了,从而得出浓硫酸具有吸水性,浓硫酸可以作为气体干燥剂。     

五氯亚硝酰合铱酸根[Ir(NO)Cl~5]^-在溶液中的行为

研究了各种条件下[Ir(NO)Cl~5]^-的电子光谱和红外光谱的变化,讨论了[Ir(NO)Cl~5]^-与[Ir(NO)~2Cl~5]^3^-之间的转化与平衡及[Ir(NO~2)Cl~5]^3^-的配位体交换反应.在稀盐酸溶液中[Ir(NO~2)Cl~5]^3^-有水合作用,由[Ir(NO~2)Cl~5]^3^-转变成[Ir(NO~2)(H~2O)Cl~4]^2^-的表观活化能E~a的平均值为107.5kJ/mol.     

探究二氧化氮气体的助燃性

针对教学中学生提出的有关二氧化氮气体助燃性的问题,以实验为手段进行了相关探究,考察了部分可燃物在二氧化氮气体中的燃烧情况,并分析了NO2具有助燃性的原理以及助燃特点。     

恒容吸收系统中水和稀硝酸对NO2的吸收过程研究

采用恒容吸收系统研究了水和稀硝酸对二氧化氮气体的吸收行为,通过测量吸收液的组成和气相压力来考察吸收剂浓度、吸收剂的量和吸收压力对NO2吸收效率和产物的影响。增加水的质量,则吸收效率增加,而所得硝酸的浓度先增加后减小。随着NO2初始压强的增加,水对NO2的吸收效率和所得硝酸浓度均增加。结果表明二氧化氮在稀硝酸中的吸收速度比在水中快,较高的气相初始压力(>90 kPa)或较高的硝酸浓度(>7wt%)都有利于吸收效率的提高。从反应关系分析计算,可获得气相组成、N2O4的转化率和HNO2的分解率等参数,发现随着水的量的增加,N2O4的转化率逐渐增大,而HNO2的分解率先增大后减小,在NO2和水的物质的量的比为0.024时达到最大值。     

Pd／硫酸化氧化铝一种新型甲烷选择还原NO催化剂

 中译文： 最近，以甲烷为还原剂选择性还原NO引起人们的极大关注[ ，2]. 已有的结果表明：钯基催化剂对该反应有较高的活性[3-6]. 然而，在该反应中，钯基催化剂的活性对载体的性质有很强的依赖性[3，4]. 迄今为止，只有酸性的沸石[3，4]和酸性的氧化锆[4-6]被证明是钯基选择性还原NO催化剂的有效载体. 相反，Pd/g-Al2O3作为目前最被广泛应用的一种三效催化剂[7]，对于甲烷选择性还原NO反应只有很低的活性[3]. 在本工作中，我们首次研究了一系列担载Pd的硫酸化氧化铝（SA）催化剂上甲烷选择性还原NO反应并考察了Pd含量对催化剂活性的影响。 硫酸化氧化铝（SA）按照Hamada等人[8]的方法, 将g-Al2O3（分析纯，上海试剂公司，中国）用2.5 mol/L硫酸溶液按照15 ml/g 比例浸渍, 得到产物缓慢搅拌半小时, 然后不洗涤直接过滤并在110 ℃下干燥过夜. 通过用氯化钯的水溶液等体积浸渍的方法实现Pd的担载. 所有样品先在110 ℃下干燥8小时，然后在600℃下空气氛中焙烧6小时. 反应在固定床反应器中进行，混合气 (组成为：0.2 % NO, 0.2 % CH4, 2.0 % O2, He为底气) 以60毫升/分钟的流速流过1毫升催化剂（GHSV=3600 h-1）. 气体产物用气相色谱在线分析. NO转化率以N2的产率计算，甲烷的转化率由其消耗量来计算. 图1给出了四种不同催化剂上NO和CH4转化率与反应温度的关系. 由图1可见，g-Al2O3对甲烷选择性还原NO只有微弱活性. 硫酸化后，NO和CH4的转化率都明显下降. 这种活性下降可以归因为硫酸化后在g-Al2O3表面上生成了活性更低的硫酸铝的缘故[8]. 当我们将0.1 wt.% Pd担载到g-Al2O3 和 SA上时，两种载体的催化活性发生了明显的变化. 与Misono等人[3]一样，我们发现担载 0.1 wt.% Pd后，g-Al2O3上甲烷转化率增加，但NO的转化率仍然很低. 这一结果表明，在g-Al2O3上担载Pd后，只促进了燃烧反应. 另一方面，担载Pd后，SA上的NO和CH4转化率都明显提高. 在Pd/SA上，NO转化率于500℃达到最大值75 %. 显而易见，SA是一种用于甲烷选择性还原NO反应的Pd催化剂的新型载体，载体的硫酸化对提高甲烷还原NO的选择性是必要的. SA可以通过硫酸溶液浸渍商业化的g-Al2O3获得，这就使其比酸性的沸石或酸性的氧化锆更便宜和更容易获得. 因此我们认为SA有希望成为一种用于甲烷选择性还原NO的Pd催化剂的商业化载体. Pd含量对Pd/SA催化剂催化活性的影响如图2所示. 可以看出Pd/SA催化剂的活性随Pd含量的增加而增加，当Pd的含量为0.1 wt.%左右时达到最大值，然后下降. 这一结果表明对于Pd/SA催化剂，Pd的最佳含量大约为0.1 wt.%.     

二氧化氮的制取及与水反应实验器

正高一年级化学课本"氮的循环"[1]一节中,涉及了NO2的产生及其与H2O反应的2个实验。教材中,NO2的制取采用试管作反应器,产物NO2(一种有毒气体)直接排放到空气中,造成环境污染,危害师生健康,这不是一个绿色化的教学实验。笔者经过系统的研究、探讨及数百次的实验[2],研制出"二氧化氮的制取及与水反应实验器"[3](以下简称实验器)。实验器已获得国家发明专利,专利号:201120472676.2,图2所示的实验器已在本校     

做好高一化学中的几个演示实验

高一化学课本中氨的接触氧化、铜跟浓硫酸反应与压强对化学平衡移动的影响等几个实验,不容易达到预期的演示效果。现介绍我们实践的一些体会。一.氨的接触氧化本实验要求看到二点:能看到红棕色二氧化氮气体;能看到催化剂维持红热状态。这样方可论证氨催化氧化是放热反应,且有一氧化氮生成。     

溶胶-凝胶薄膜光纤传感器法测定空气中二氧化氮

以四乙氧基硅烷合成溶胶-凝胶薄膜,包埋偶氮试剂制备得到对二氧化氮具有灵敏响应的传感膜;与分支光纤等元件耦合成光纤传感器,通过累积吸收法能够现场测定空气中的低浓度二氧化氮．其检出限为每小时5ng／L;测定相对标准偏差为4．4％（n=6,C（NO2）=200ng／L,1h）。实验表明,CO2、NO、SO2、NO等共存气体在低浓度下对传感器测定NO2无明显干扰。     

肉桂酸环己酯的合成研究

肉桂酸环己酯为具有令人愉快的果香香气的无色粘稠液体 ,不溶于水 ,易溶于乙醇 ,常用于食用香精和日化香精的配料中 ,是典型的香料和食品添加剂[1,2 ] 。据报道 ,目前合成肉桂酸环己酯的方法有二 ,一是传统的硫酸催化酯化法 ,二是用路易斯酸ＦｅＣｌ3·6Ｈ2 Ｏ做催化剂来合成肉桂酸环己酯 ,两种方法虽有各自的优点 ,但它们的收率均不高 ,分别为 78.4%、73 .4% [3] 。近年来人们用相转移催化技术合成了许多酯类[4 ,5] ,受其启发 ,我们在催化剂浓硫酸中加入聚乙二醇 40 0作为混合催化剂来合成肉桂酸环己酯 ,获得了满意的结果 ,反应收率达 84.8…     

Sc2MgGa2 and Y2MgGa2

Scandium magnesium gallide, Sc₂MgGa₂, and yttrium magnesium gallide, Y₂MgGa₂, were synthesized from the corresponding elements by heating under an argon atmosphere in an induction furnace. These intermetallic compounds crystallize in the tetragonal Mo₂FeB₂‐type structure. All three crystallographically unique atoms occupy special positions and the site symmetries of (Sc/Y, Ga) and Mg are m2m and 4/m, respectively. The coordinations around Sc/Y, Mg and Ga are pentagonal (Sc/Y), tetragonal (Mg) and triangular (Ga) prisms, with four (Mg) or three (Ga) additional capping atoms leading to the coordination numbers [10], [8+4] and [6+3], respectively. The crystal structure of Sc₂MgGa₂ was determined from single‐crystal diffraction intensities and the isostructural Y₂MgGa₂ was identified from powder diffraction data.     

Electrochemical study of (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2 and (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2FeCl2

Summary The ability of [MoS₄]^2–, anions to be used as ligands for transition metal ions has been widely demonstrated, especially with Fe²⁺. The present study has been restricted to linear complexes such as (NEt₄)₂ [Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂] and (NEt₄)₂[Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂FeCl₂]. Their electrochemical properties are described: upon electrochemical reduction, these compounds yield MoS₂, as a black precipitate, and an iron complex in solution, assumed to be [SFeCl₂]^2–. The electrochemical reduction goes through two electron transfers, coupled with the breakdown of the molecular skeleton: a DISPl and an ECE mechanism. Depending on the solvent, the following equilibrium may be observed: [Cl₄Fe₂MoS₄]^2–[Cl₂FeMoS₄]^2–+FeCl₂. The equilibrium constant, K_D, was evaluated by differential pulse polarography. K_D is tightly related to the donor number of the solvent.     

The alkali hypophosphites KH2PO2, RbH2PO2 and CsH2PO2

The structures of the hypophosphites KH₂PO₂ (potassium hypophosphite), RbH₂PO₂ (rubidium hypophosphite) and CsH₂PO₂ (caesium hypophosphite) have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures consist of layers of alkali cations and hypophosphite anions, with the latter bridging four cations within the same layer. The Rb and Cs hypophosphites are isomorphous.     

Zur Kenntnis der Dialkalimetalldichalkogenide β-Na2S2, K2S2, α-Rb2S2, β-Rb2S2, K2Se2, Rb2Se2, α-K2Te2, β-K2Te2 und Rb2Te2

On Dialkali Metal Dichalcogenides β-Na₂S₂, K₂S₂, α-Rb₂S₂, β-Rb₂S₂, K₂Se₂, Rb₂Se₂, α-K₂Te₂, β-K₂Te₂ and Rb₂Te₂ The first presentation of pure samples of α- and β-Rb₂S₂, α- and β-K₂Te₂, and Rb₂Te₂ is described. Using single crystals of K₂S₂ and K₂Se₂, received by ammonothermal synthesis, the structure of the Na₂O₂ type and by using single crystals of β-Na₂S₂ and β-K₂Te₂ the Li₂O₂ type structure will be refined. By combined investigations with temperature-dependent Guinier-, neutron diffraction-, thermal analysis, and Raman-spectroscopy the nature of the monotropic phase transition from the Na₂O₂ type to the Li₂O₂ type will be explained by means of the examples α-/β-Na₂S₂ and α-/β-K₂Te₂. A further case of dimorphic condition as well as the monotropic phase transition of α- and β-Rb₂S₂ is presented. The existing areas of the structure fields of the dialkali metal dichalcogenides are limited by the model of the polar covalence.     

Formal [(2+2)+2] and [(2+2)+(2+2)] nonconjugated dienediyne cascade cycloadditions

[reaction: see text] Fluoranthene 2 and heptacycle 3 are easily accessible from the reaction of diyne 1 and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of the rhodium catalyst. The unusual [(2+2)+(2+2)] adduct 3 was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis.     

Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2

[(n‐Bu)₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 1 ), and [Ph₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 2 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of R₂SnCl₂ (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO₂PPh₂ in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph₂SnCl₂ with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O₂PPh₂)OMe]₂ ( 3 ) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group , the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)₂ linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.     

Die Photoionenspektren von SCl2, S2Cl2 und S2Br2

Photoionization Mass Spectra of SCl₂, S₂Cl₂, and S₂Br₂ Photoionization mass spectra of SCl₂, S₂Cl₂, and S₂Br₂ have been measured. Heats of formation, bond energies, and ionization potentials of fragments have been calculated from appearance potentials.