超临界相由合成气合成低碳醇的研究

选择有代表性的Ｃｕ－Ｃｏ,Ｚｎ－Ｃｒ和ＺＲ－Ｍｎ体系为催化剂,研究了超临界条件下由合成气 民低碳醇的规律及提高产物中Ｃ２＋ＯＨ含量的可能性。结果表明,三种催化剂上超临界相合成醇反应的ＣＯ转化率都比气相合成醇反应的高。Ｃｕ－Ｃｏ催化剂上超临界相合成反应的醇选择性低于气相合成者,但合成醇的产物与气相合成的相同,且均符合Ｓｃｈｕｌｚ－Ｆｌｏｒｙ分布。Ｚｎ－Ｃｒ和Ｚｒ－Ｍｎ催化剂上的产物分布不符合Ｓｃｈｕ     

Pd-Mo-K/Al2O3催化剂的结构及合成醇性能

采用 XRD、EXAFS 技术研究了不同Pd含量的 Pd-Mo-K/Al2O3 催化剂结构,并关联其合成低碳混合醇性能。结果表明,在氧化态 Mo-K/Al2O3 催化剂体系中添加 Pd后,“K-Mo”物相晶粒变小,分散度提高,说明钯可能和钾钼物种发生了较强的相互作用。经硫化还原处理后,发生了氧硫交换,钼主要以MoS2物种形式存在,其粒度随着Pd含量的增加而明显减小。尺寸的显著变化可能导致MoS2与载体作用形式的改变,从而影响CO加氢催化反应的性能。在硫化态催化剂中,Pd的添加不仅能提高CO加氢合成醇的收率和选择性,而且有利于改善产物的分布。基于以上结果,认为“K-Mo”作用物种和Pd物种均为合成醇的催化活性组份,它们间的相互协同作用使催化剂性能得到显著改善。     

活性炭担载的钾钼合成醇催化剂

采用ＸＲＤ,ＬＲＳ技术研究了活性炭担载的不同Ｍｏ 含量Ｍｏ－ Ｋ催化剂结构,并关联其ＣＯ加氢合成低碳混合醇性能。结果表明,氧化态Ｍｏ－ Ｋ／Ｃ催化剂体系中,在低钼载量情况下,由于部分Ｋ离子渗透进活性炭的微孔,使得钾钼作用不充分,钼主要以ＭｏＯ２ 形式存在。保持钾钼比不变,随着钼载量的增加,钾钼作用逐渐增强,当ＭｏＯ３ 载量为７２ｗ ％ 时,Ｍｏ 主要以Ｋ２Ｍｏ２Ｏ７ 形式存在。经硫化还原处理后,发生了氧硫交换,钼主要以ＭｏＳ２ 物种形式存在,其粒度随着Ｍｏ 含量的增加而明显增大。高钼载量的样品（ 如ＭｏＯ３（７２ ％） － Ｋ／Ｃ） ,活性炭和Ａｌ２Ｏ３ 担载的硫钼物相基本相同。在硫化态催化剂中,增加Ｍｏ 的载量不仅能提高ＣＯ加氢合成醇的收率和选择性,而且有利于改善产物的分布,ＣＯ加氢催化反应的性能的提高可能主要归结于载体的电子效应     

合成低碳醇钼系耐硫催化剂中K2CO3的作用及K^＋的结构状态

研究了合成低碳混合醇钼系耐硫催化剂的制备方法和CO加H_2反应性能。考察了K_2CO_3作为助剂对提高醇的选择性的作用。用XRD、TEM及XPS等多种测试手段分析了K~ 的结构状态,发现在催化剂表面上生成了微晶活性相。     

硫化态K—Mo合成低碳醇催化剂的制备条件和载体效应研究

用浸渍法制备以KCl为助剂的ZrO_2、γ-Al_2O_3和SiO_2负载硫化态钼基催化剂,研究了钼和助剂钾两种组分浸渍顺序、助剂含量、载体差别以及浸渍溶液的酸碱性对催化剂上CO加氢合成低碳混合醇性能的影响。ZrO_2按先钼后钾、γ-Al_2O_3和SiO_2则按相反的顺序浸渍两种组分、且K/Mo原子比分别为0.5,0.8和1.0制备催化剂,其合成醇活性最佳。由于载体性质的差异,K-Mo/SiO_2、特别是K-Mo/ZrO_2的合成醇活性强烈依赖于钾助剂含量。而K-Mo/SiO_2在较宽的钾含量范围内,其活性差别不明显。适当选择较高碱性的浸渍溶液制备K-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,有利于醇活性的提高。     

稀土金属盐促进的Mo-Co-K硫化物基催化剂用于合成气选择性制乙醇等低碳混合醇

采用超声法在非水溶剂介质中制备了稀土金属La盐等促进的硫化钼基催化剂,考察了其CO加氢选择性合成乙醇等低碳混合醇的催化性能.在3.0MPa,330℃和H2/CO(体积比)=2.0的反应条件下,La促进的催化剂表现出较Mo-Co-K硫化物基催化剂更高的催化活性,CO转化率和产物中乙醇的分布可分别达到17.2%和53.4%.扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和光电子能谱等表征结果表明,稀土金属La盐的加入改善了Mo-Co-K硫化物基催化剂的外观形貌和电子结构,对提高催化活性和乙醇的分布起到重要的作用.     

沉淀介质对合成醇Cu—Co—Fe系催化剂的影响

分别以水和乙醇为沉淀介质，按不同方法制备了低碳醇合成用Ｃｕ－Ｃｏ－Ｆｅ系催化剂，以乙醇为沉淀介质时，有利于提高生氏碳醇的活性和选择性，产物中正构醇含量增加，且不服从Ｓｃｈｕｌｚ－Ｆｌｏｒｙ方程分布方式，乙醇的存在，使沉淀体系中的杂质ＮａＮＯ３不易洗脱，催化剂还原温度提高；高的ＮａＮＯ３含量对进一步提高催化剂的活性和选择性不利，吸附实验结果表明，乙醇预处理可提高催化剂对ＣＯ的不可逆吸附能力，提高还原     

Rh—Mo—K／Al2O3催化剂的CO加氢合成低碳醇性能

本文研究了硫化态和还原态Ｒｈ－Ｍｏ－Ｋ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上ＣＯ加氢合成低碳醇的反应性能，考察了不同铑负载量、钾助剂、合成气组成和反应条件（温度、压力和空速）对合成醇性能的影响及催化剂的反应稳定性。发现硫化样品较之还原态样品具有更好的合成醇选择性，催化剂中添加铑后，生成醇活性和选择性大幅度提高。选择合适的反应温度、提高反应压力和空速、适当增加合成气Ｈ２／ＣＯ的比例可以获得较好的合成醇反应性能。     

焙烧温度对合成低碳醇用Cu/Mn/Ni/ZrO2催化剂性能的影响

 研究了焙烧温度对合成低碳醇用Cu／Mn／Ni／ZrO2催化剂结构及催化性能的影响．随着焙烧温度的升高，催化剂的催化活性和产物分布都发生较大的变化．催化剂在较低的温度下焙烧，低温下反应液相产物的分布符合S－F方程；反应温度升高时，液相产物中主要是甲醇和异丁醇；在高温下焙烧的催化剂，其催化活性较低，但即使在较低的反应温度下，异丁醇在液相高级醇（C2＋OH）中也是主要的产物．结合其他的一些反应结果与XRD，BET，TPR及EXAFS等表征结果，认为焙烧温度使催化剂的结构发生了较大的变化，进而影响催化剂各组分之间的相互作用，从而使催化剂对合成低碳醇反应表现出不同的催化性能．     

复合床合成低碳醇的研究

采用了三种不同的合成醇催化剂分别作为第一段催化床层,以ＺｎＯ／Ｃｒ２Ｏ３催化剂作为第二段催化床层,研究了复合催化剂床对合成低碳醇反应行为的影响。结果表明,采用复合床层技术可以提高反应产物中低碳醇的选择性,但是烃类的转化率增加,液收减小。同时发现,第一段催化床层的反应产物分布与第二段催化床层的反应条件直接影响最终的反应结果。第一段催化剂床层中ＣＯ的转化率或甲醇的选择性过高都不利于提高反应产物中低碳醇的选择性     

K-Mo基催化剂的表面酸性与其合成醇选择性

对500℃和800℃焙烧制得的氧化态K－MoO3／γ－AlO3，K－MoO3／SiO2及非负载K－Mo催化剂进行硫化后，测试其合成醇活性．结果表明500℃焙烧制得的负载型催化剂显示较高的合成低碳烃活性和较低的合成低磷醇选择性，经800℃焙烧后，合成低磷醇的选择性大幅度提高．500℃焙烧的非负载K－Mo催化剂显示较高的合成醇选择性，经800℃焙烧后，促碳醇的选择性保持不变．用氨的吸附及TPD方法测定了各样品的酸性，并与催化剂活性对照，发现催化剂酸性越强，酸量越大，则其合成醇选择性越低．催化剂上的乙醇分解实验证实，催化剂的酸量大小与它的醇分解活性成正变关系，这些结果说明催化剂酸性对其合成醇性能有直接的影响．     

K改性β-Mo2C催化剂CO加氢合成低碳混合醇的研究

制备系列K改性的β-Mo2C催化剂并对其CO加氢合成低碳混合醇性能进行了考察。结果表明，K改性使β-Mo2C催化剂的CO加氢选择性发生显著变化。β-Mo2C催化剂CO加氢的产物主要为C1～C4烷烃,经K改性后β-Mo2C催化剂上产物主要为C1～C5低碳醇，其中高级醇(C2+OH)选择性可达到33.78%。通过对碱金属质量分数的考察发现，当K/Mo（原子比）为0.2时，总醇选择性达到最大值，低碳醇的时空收率达到0.12 g/（mL·h－１）。β-Mo2C催化剂上醇烃产物均符合线性Anderson-Schultz-Flory（A-S-F）分布曲线，而K改性β-Mo2C催化剂上醇产物为独特的甲醇负偏离A-S-F分布。可见，K助剂的加入有效促进了低碳醇的形成，尤其是促进了C1OH到C2OH的链增长步骤。     

Origin and Use of Hydroxyl Group Tolerance in Cationic Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts

The origin of hydroxyl group tolerance in neutral and especially cationic molybdenum imido alkylidene N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes has been investigated. A wide range of catalysts was prepared and tested. Most cationic complexes can be handled in air without difficulty and display an unprecedented stability towards water and alcohols. NHC complexes were successfully used with substrates containing the hydroxyl functionality in acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, homo‐, cross and ring‐opening cross metathesis reactions. The catalysts remain active even in 2‐PrOH and are applicable in ring‐opening metathesis polymerization and alkene homometathesis using alcohols as solvent. The use of weakly basic bidentate, hemilabile anionic ligands such as triflate or pentafluorobenzoate and weakly basic aromatic imido ligands in combination with a sterically demanding 1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene NHC ligand was found essential for reactive and yet robust catalysts.     

Conversion of synthesis gas into alcohols on supported cobalt-molybdenum sulfide catalysts promoted with potassium

The use of transition metal sulfides as catalysts for the synthesis of alcohols can solve the problem of catalyst resistance to sulfur. Catalysts based on molybdenum sulfide of different compositions (promoted with Co and K) were synthesized with the use of various supports (aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide modified with silicon oxide, Sibunit, and titanium silicate) and tested in the reactions of alcohol synthesis and the hydrofining of a mixture of thiophene with n-1-hexene. The dependence of catalyst activity in the synthesis of alcohols on support pore size was demonstrated. It was found that an increase in the potassium content of the active phase of a catalyst increased its activity in the synthesis of alcohols and decreased it in hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation reactions. Transmission electron microscopy data made it possible to quantitatively evaluate the effect of a potassium additive on the morphology of the active phase; the hypothesis that potassium was intercalated between the layers of molybdenum sulfide was proposed.     

复合床层中合成低碳醇的研究(英文)

研究了复合催化剂床对合成低碳醇反应行为的影响。结果表明,采用复合床可以提高反应产物中低碳醇的选择性。第一段催化床层的反应产物的分布和第二段催化床层的反应条件直接影响最终的反应结果。第一段催化剂床层中ＣＯ的转化率或甲醇的选择性过高都不利于提高反应产物中低碳醇的选择性。     

合成气制低碳混合醇耐硫钼基催化剂的制备研究

本文考察了不同制备方法和制备程序制得之MoSx-K^ /Si O2催化剂对合成转化为低碳混合醇的催化性能，探讨不同助剂（包括K2 CO3，KF，DC1等）对催化剂活性和选择性的影响，首次报道以K2MoS4作为前驱物料制得的MoSx-K^ /SiO2催化剂具有与（NH4）2MoS4- K2CO3/SiO2和法生得到的催化剂几乎一样高的催化活性 和选择性 ，其结果为具有实用意义的催化剂的研制提供依据。     

新型K/αMoC 1－x 催化剂CO加氢合成低碳混合醇的研究

制备K改性的αMoC1－x催化剂并对其CO加氢合成低碳混合醇性能进行了考察。结果表明，K改性使αMoC1－x催化剂的CO加氢选择性发生显著变化。αMoC1－x 催化剂CO加氢的产物主要为CO2和C1~4烷烃,同时有少量醇产物生成；经K改性后αMoC1－x催化剂产物中烷烃选择性明显降低，而C1~5低碳醇选择性显著提高。通过对碱金属质量分数的考察发现，当K/Mo（摩尔比）为0.1时，总醇选择性达到极大值，低碳醇的时空收率达到28.6g/（L·h）。αMoC1－x催化剂上醇烃产物符合线性A-S-F分布曲线，K改性αMoC1－x催化剂上醇烃产物也有类似A-S-F分布曲线，但K助剂的加入有效促进了低碳醇的形成及其链增长能力。结合XRD、SEM及XPS表征，K助剂与αMoC1－x催化剂主体之间的电子作用导致其CO加氢产物选择性发生显著变化，这与K/αMoC1－x催化剂表面“K-Mo-C”新相的生成有关。     

Comparative Study of Reduced and Sulfide Catalysts Based on Transition Metals in Conversion of CO and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Metallic (reduced) and sulfide heterogeneous catalysts based on Co and Mo and modified with alkali metals (K and Na) are comparatively studied in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and alcohols from syngas (CO + H₂). A significant amount of hydrocarbons is formed, when syngas is converted on cobalt and molybdenum metal catalysts. Modification of these catalysts with an alkali metal leads to suppression of the hydrogenation reaction and a decrease in the hydrocarbon yield; the yield of alcohol is low. A significantly higher amount of alcohol is obtained on molybdenum disulfide modified with potassium and cobalt in comparison with metal systems. The differences in catalytic activity are probably due to the structure of the active phase and different mechanisms of the reaction.     

Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols and Amines to Value‐Added Chemicals using Water as the Solvent

Designing reactions in aqueous media has been one of the major challenges in modern organic synthesis, especially to avoid the use of large amounts of organic solvents whose disposal is a matter of grave concern from an environmental perspective. The oxidation of alcohols and amines is an essential and important step in the synthesis of many valuable products including polymers and pharmaceuticals. In recent times, there has been a surge in the use of water as a solvent in many organic reactions. This review focuses specifically on the oxidation reactions of alcohols and amines carried out in water media using transition metal catalysts, metal‐free catalysts and photocatalysts.     

Sulfide Catalysts Supported on Al2O3: VI. Synthesis of Catalysts with the Use of Binuclear Molybdenum(V) Complexes with Sulfur-Containing Ligands

A new method was developed for the preparation of sulfide catalysts supported on aluminum oxide. The surface assembling of a direct precursor of the active component was used in this method. The method consists in the sequential immobilization of binuclear molybdenum complexes with S-containing ligands on the support surface followed by the immobilization of nickel (cobalt) compounds at the surface molybdenum complexes. The complexation and structure of the resulting complexes in solution and the structure of surface complexes were studied by ⁹⁵Mo and ¹⁷O NMR, IR, and EXAFS spectroscopy. The surface assembling of a direct precursor of the active component of sulfide hydrodesulfurization catalysts was demonstrated using IR and EXAFS spectroscopy. The activity of the resulting catalysts in a model reaction of thiophene hydrogenolysis was comparable to the activity of sulfide catalysts of the metal complex origin and was much higher than the activity of commercial catalysts and catalysts prepared by impregnation.