机械力活化对脱硫石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的影响

对脱硫石膏原料进行机械力活化,然后采用降温重结晶法制备出硫酸钙晶须.借助扫描电镜、图像粒度分析仪和相关软件进行表征,并初步讨论了机械力活化对晶须成核和生长过程的影响.结果表明:经过机械力活化的脱硫石膏可以制备有较大长径比的硫酸钙晶须.在水浴反应温度为75℃,硫酸浓度为2.5 mol/L,机械力活化时间为3.5 h,浆料浓度为2;的条件下,制备的硫酸钙晶须平均长径比为150,平均直径为2.1μm.     

方解石制备碳酸钙晶须的影响因素及机理

以方解石矿石为原料,利用制备的重镁水(Mg(HCO₃)₂)及中间产物氯化钙制备文石型碳酸钙晶须,并采用SEM、XRD及EDS对产品进行表征。探究了重镁水与氯化钙反应过程中反应温度、反应时间、镁钙浓度比、重镁水浓度以及搅拌速度对碳酸钙晶须形貌的影响。通过单因素实验得出了最佳工艺条件:温度40 ℃、反应时间2 h、镁钙浓度比6∶1、重镁水浓度0.14 mol/L、搅拌速度150 r/min。在此条件下,制得了长度为40~65 μm、直径为0.6~1.5 μm、长径比为25~45的文石型碳酸钙晶须。     

磷石膏常压酸化法制备无水硫酸钙晶须的实验研究

以磷石膏为原料,一步常压酸化法制备无水硫酸钙晶须.采用单因素实验方法研究了盐酸浓度、反应温度、反应时间和固液比4个因素对制备硫酸钙晶须的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对反应产物样品的物相、微观形貌进行了表征.结果 表明:在盐酸浓度为5 mol/L、反应温度为90℃、反应时间为3h和固液比为0.10g/mL的条件下,一步法制备出了直径为1～4μm、长径比为3～8的无水硫酸钙晶须.分析认为,无水硫酸钙晶须是在二水硫酸钙溶解量达到其过饱和度后从溶液中结晶形成的.     

高长径比三水碳酸镁晶须的合成研究

采用低温水溶液法合成三水碳酸镁晶须,考查了反应温度、反应时间、表面活性剂用量及反应溶液初始pH等因素对三水碳酸镁晶须的长度及长径比的影响.研究结果表明:在反应温度45～50℃、反应时间50～60 min、表面活性剂添加量(质量分数)为1;、反应溶液初始pH =9.5的条件下,可以合成出高长径比三水碳酸镁晶须产品.     

磷石膏蒸压制备半水硫酸钙晶须

以磷石膏为原料,利用蒸压法制备半水硫酸钙晶须.采用均匀设计实验的基础上,进一步考察了料浆固液比、反应时间、蒸压压力对产品长径比的影响,并借助透射偏光显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等仪器对产品进行表征.结果表明,最佳反应条件:料浆固液比0.15 g· mL-1、反应时间0.5h、蒸压的压力0.3 MPa,在此条件下制备出了长径比99.07、晶须直径约1μm、纯度高、结晶良好的晶须产品.并从微观形貌、晶体结构、物相分析三个方面阐明了半水硫酸钙晶须生长规律.本研究对磷石膏的高值化利用具有指导意义.     

高长径比三水碳酸镁晶须的合成研究

本文以MgCl2·6H2O和NH4HCO3作为反应物料,采用低温液相合成法制备出三水碳酸镁晶须.考查了Mg2+初始浓度、NH4HCO3溶液的滴加速度、搅拌速度及表面活性剂种类等因素对三水碳酸镁晶须的长度及长径比的影响.研究结果表明:在Mg2+初始浓度为0.5 mol/L、NH4HCO3的滴加速度5 mL/min、搅拌速度为120 r/min、选用KH2PO4作表面活性剂的试验条件下,可以合成出长度325 μm、直径8.25 μm,长径比高达32的三水碳酸镁晶须产品.     

电石渣制备硫酸钙晶须及影响因素研究

以电石渣为原料,经酸化处理得到前驱体,再通过水热晶化工艺制备出硫酸钙晶须,探讨了不同水热工艺条件对硫酸钙晶须形貌的影响.水热法制备硫酸钙晶须的最佳工艺条件为:浆料浓度2.5;,水热反应时间8h,水热反应温度130℃,溶液pH值为7.以电石渣为原料制备硫酸钙晶须为电石渣的综合利用开辟了新的思路.     

微波外场强化电石渣制备硫酸钙晶须及其机理分析

本文以电石渣为原料,在稀硫酸溶液中制备硫酸钙晶须.在常规水热法最佳制备条件的基础上,不添加表面活性剂,利用微波反应器强化硫酸钙晶须结晶过程.分析了微波反应时间,微波辐射能量对结晶产物的影响.利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对制备的产物进行表征.结果 表明,电石渣与稀硫酸溶液在微波强化的条件下反应10 min,微波辐射能量400 W时,制备的硫酸钙晶须形貌尺寸均一,晶须平均直径为2.2 μm,平均长径比70.在此基础上,进一步分析了微波效应与硫酸钙晶须的生长机理.     

脱硫石膏重结晶法制备硫酸钙晶须及其除砷性能初探

以电厂脱硫石膏为原料,利用重结晶原理制备二水硫酸钙晶须.考察了溶液过饱和度、硫酸浓度、陈化温度/时间以及降温速率对晶须生长特性的影响,并初步研究了硫酸钙晶须对含砷水溶液的除砷性能.结果表明:所研究的操作条件对晶须形貌、尺寸均有一定影响.在H2SO4溶液重结晶体系中,控制硫酸钙过饱和度为0.5、陈化温度为20℃、陈化时间为3h并采用自然降温时,制备的二水硫酸钙晶须结晶度较好、形貌尺寸均匀,长径比为50～200.该二水硫酸钙晶须在pH为12时,能将初始浓度低于1 mg/L的含砷水溶液净化至满足地表水标准(0.05mg/L),展示了其在砷污染水体净化方面的应用潜力,可配合石灰-硫酸亚铁两段法除砷,降低废水处理成本.     

添加CaSO4·2H2O为晶种制备磷石膏半水硫酸钙晶须

以固体废弃物磷石膏为原料,在传统常压醇水热法的基础上添加CaSO₄·2H₂O为晶种制备半水硫酸钙晶须。采用单因素试验法探究了晶种含量、丙三醇含量和磷石膏质量分数对晶须结构和形貌的影响,确定晶须的最佳制备工艺条件。采用SEM和XRD对样品进行表征分析,实验结果表明:添加CaSO₄·2H₂O晶种制备晶须的长径比(49.29)比只添加丙三醇的样品的长径比(30.99)提高了近60%;当丙三醇与水的体积比(V)为1、晶种含量为1%、磷石膏质量分数为5%时制备的晶须的平均直径为0.65 μm,长径比达到了62.15,晶须的尺寸均匀。这说明添加1%CaSO₄·2H₂O晶种、V为1的丙三醇和质量分数为5%的磷石膏在常压下能制备出高长径比和尺寸均匀的半水硫酸钙晶须。     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation-to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

Evolution of the Defect Structure of Zinc-Oxide as a Consequence of Tribophysical Activation

Zinc-oxide powder was tribophysically activated in a high-energy vibro mill in a continual regime in air for 3, 30 and 300 minutes with the purpose of modifying the powders physico-chemical properties. By analyzing of data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the values of distances between corresponding crystallographic planes, average domain sizes of coherent scattering, i.e. crystallites, width of diffraction lines due to the existence of microstrains, and microstrain values, minimal dislocation densities, dislocation density due to microstrain and real dislocation density, and also average distances between dislocations were determined. The dependence of these values on the activation time was established, which enabled analysis of the evolution of the defect structure of zinc-oxide powders during tribophysical activation by grinding in the described regime.     

Some peculiarities of spectral proprieties of leukocytes

This article presents the results of spectral investigations of white blood human cells including absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence (using low-temperature measurements). For this research, the main optical centres were identified and local distribution of emitting and absorbing centres into white blood human cells was determined. In addition, the spectra of normal and pathological (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-CLL) cells were compared.     

立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取

在本征铁弹相变的软模理论的基础上,依据弹性本构关系和居里原理,给出了立方晶系晶体所有可能的自发应变的种类,研究了立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取问题.以Th群和Oh群为例,阐明了不同类的序参量导致晶体对称性变化相同的的原因,提出了该情况下序参量选取的“就少不就多”的原则.得到了发生本征铁弹相变时所有可能的序参量及晶体的对称性的变化.