MgO-CaZrO3-ZrO2系含MgO复合陶瓷的结构与烧结性能

以烧结镁砂、单斜氧化锆和实验室预合成锆酸钙为原料,采用常压烧结法制备了MgO-CaZrO3-ZrO2系含MgO复合陶瓷,研究了ZrO2含量、CaZrO3含量及CaZrO3/ZrO2质量比对其复合陶瓷结构与烧结性能的影响.结果表明:高温下Zr4+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子的扩散、c-ZrO2(Zr0.875 Mg0.125 O1.875或Zr0.8 Mg0.2 O1.8)的形成及CaZrO3脱CaO分解等,是影响MgO-CaZrO3-ZrO2系含MgO复合陶瓷结构与烧结性能的重要因素;其中MgO-ZrO2复合陶瓷的断裂方式为穿晶断裂,MgO-CaZrO3复合陶瓷和MgO-CaZrO3-ZrO2复合陶瓷的断裂方式为以沿晶断裂为主的混合断裂,其复合陶瓷的烧结强度依次降低;当ZrO2含量为20wt;～40wt;、CaZrO3含量为10wt;～40wt;及CaZrO3/ZrO2质量比为6/1～5/2时可分别制得烧结性能较好的MgO-ZrO2、MgO-CaZrO3和MgO-CaZrO3-ZrO2复相陶瓷.     

烧结制度对AlON-AlN复相陶瓷的结构及性能影响

分别采用无压及热压反应烧结方式,在氮气条件下制备了AlON-AlN复相陶瓷,研究了烧结温度和保温时间对AlON-AlN复相陶瓷的显微结构、气孔率、抗弯强度及热导率的影响规律.结果表明:相同烧结条件下,热压烧结比无压烧结更易获得气孔率低、抗弯强度高、热导率大的AlON-AlN复相陶瓷.无压烧结复合陶瓷的断裂为沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂的混合模式,而热压烧结复合陶瓷的断裂方式主要为穿晶断裂.     

利用高铝粉煤灰制备多孔陶瓷工艺研究

以脱硅高铝粉煤灰为主要原料、石墨为造孔剂制备多孔陶瓷.利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分析多孔陶瓷的物相组成和微观结构,万能试验机测试抗弯强度,阿基米德排水法测定显气孔率和体积密度,采用渗透通量评价其过滤性能.研究结果表明:随着烧结温度的升高,多孔陶瓷的莫来石含量、体积密度和抗弯强度逐步增大,刚玉和石英的含量、显气孔率、吸水率和对水的渗透通量逐渐减小.随着石墨添加量的增加,多孔陶瓷的物相组成变化不大,体积密度和抗弯强度逐步降低,显气孔率、吸水率和对水的渗透通量相应增加.添加30wt;石墨、1450℃烧结的多孔陶瓷,抗弯强度为9 MPa,显气孔率为48.28;,大气压下,对水的渗透通量达到714 L·m-2·h-1.     

低温烧结3Y-TZP陶瓷的研究

以不同质量分数的MnO2-TiO2(质量比为1:1)为烧结助剂,在1300～1500 ℃下低温烧结制备了3Y-TZP陶瓷.对3Y-TZP陶瓷的相对密度、物相及显微结构、显微硬度、抗弯强度及断裂韧性进行了测试分析,并对烧结助剂的基本性能进行了表征.探究了烧结助剂及烧结温度对3Y-TZP陶瓷性能的影响.实验结果表明:在3Y-TZP陶瓷中加入烧结助剂MnO2-TiO2(质量比为1:1)可以实现低温烧结.试样的相对密度、显微硬度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性随烧结温度的升高先增大后降低.在烧结助剂为0.5wt;,烧结温度为1350 ℃时,试样的相对密度及力学性能都达到最大,在此条件下,试样的相对密度达97.16;,显微硬度为2032.8 HV,抗弯强度为300 MPa,断裂韧性为8.35 MPa· m1/2,且试样的断裂方式为晶粒拔出及晶粒断裂遵循着穿-沿晶断裂的模式,且晶粒极小.     

Mg2+掺杂Li4Ti5O12陶瓷靶材的制备及其性能研究

本实验以Mg(OH)2作为镁源,将1wt;、2wt;、3wt;、4wt;、5wt;的Mg(OH)2粉末与纯Li4Ti5O12粉末球磨混合,使用粉末冶金的方法烧结制备出了Mg2+掺杂的Li4Ti5O12陶瓷靶材,分别研究了烧结温度为880 ℃、900 ℃、930 ℃、950 ℃、980 ℃时Mg2+掺杂Li4Ti5O12陶瓷靶材的收缩率、致密度和力学性能的变化情况;通过对Mg2+掺杂Li4Ti5O12陶瓷靶材进行XRD衍射分析和断面的SEM分析可以得出,Mg(OH)2的最佳掺杂量为4wt;,陶瓷靶材的最佳烧结温度为950 ℃.可以得到抗弯强度为83.189 MPa、相对密度为96.041;、维氏硬度为的364.26HV500、物相单一的Mg2+掺杂的Li4Ti5O12陶瓷靶材.     

AlN含量对SiC基复相陶瓷性能的影响

以MgO-CeO2为烧结助剂,采用热压烧结工艺在1850℃下制备了SiC基复相陶瓷.研究了不同AlN含量对复相陶瓷致密性与导热性能的影响.结果表明:不添加AlN时,试样致密性最差,气孔率和体积密度分别为4.71;和2.43 g/cm3.AlN含量升高至5wt;时,试样致密性有所提高.AlN含量进一步升高至10wt;～20wt;,试样完全致密,气孔率和体积密度分别保持在0.20;和3.31 g/cm3.在AlN含量为10wt;时,样品具有最高的热导率51.62 W·m-1·K-1,同时弯曲强度和断裂韧性达到顶点,分别为731.3 MPa和7.3 MPa·m1/2.     

凝胶注模成型Al2O3陶瓷的显微结构及力学性能研究

以Al2O3粉为原料,TiO2+MgO为烧结助剂,琼脂糖为单体,聚丙烯酸铵为分散剂,利用凝胶注模及无压烧结工艺制备了Al2O3陶瓷.研究了琼脂糖固化机制、烧结助剂作用机理以及琼脂糖含量对Al2O3陶瓷坯体及烧结体的显微结构及力学性能的影响规律.试验结果表明,琼脂糖利用内部氢键的结合,形成三维网络状结构,将Al2O3粉原位凝固成型.TiO2+MgO烧结助剂使材料实现了液相烧结机制,有利于降低材料的烧结温度及促进致密化进程.随着琼脂糖含量增加,坯体的致密度、坯体及烧结体的抗弯强度均呈先增大后减小趋势.当琼脂糖含量为0.5wt;时,Al2O3陶瓷的抗弯强度达到最大值.     

MgO-CeO2烧结助剂对高SiC含量SiC基复相陶瓷致密性与导热性能的影响

以MgO-CeO2为烧结助剂,采用热压烧结工艺在1850C制备了SiC含量为80wt;的SiC-AlN复相陶瓷.研究了不同助剂含量对复相陶瓷致密性与导热性能的影响.结果表明:适量的烧结助剂能够对SiC-AlN复相陶瓷起到促进烧结作用.烧结助剂含量为6wt;时,样品显气孔率偏大;当助剂含量提高至8wt;～14wt;时,样品显气孔率显著降低,能够完全烧结致密化.复相陶瓷在烧结助剂含量为1Owt;时获得最佳的致密性,其显气孔率仅为0.14;.在烧结助剂含量为8wt;时,样品具有最高的热导率51.72 W·m-1·K-1.复相陶瓷的热导率主要受样品致密性和晶界相的影响,不足或过量的烧结助剂都会使样品的热导率降低.     

助烧剂与脱胶工艺对微波烧结Al2O3陶瓷性能的影响

采用微波烧结方式制备Al2O3陶瓷,研究了助烧剂含量和素坯脱胶工艺对Al2O3陶瓷微观组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:相较于传统无压烧结,微波烧结有利于降低Al2O3陶瓷的烧结温度,并提高致密度和力学性能.脱胶后烧结体晶粒结合更加紧密,界面结合强度有明显提高,断裂模式以穿晶断裂为主.当MgO与Y2O3添加量为0.7wt;时,Al2O3陶瓷致密度稳定在99.1;以上,断裂韧度和维氏硬度分别达到4.9 MPa·m1/2和17.0 GPa.     

YF3/氧化物烧结助剂对碳化硅陶瓷热导率的影响

利用YF3/氧化物体系作为烧结助剂热压烧结碳化硅陶瓷,研究了此体系中氧化物的种类、含量对样品的致密度、导热性能、物相成分、微观形貌的影响.实验结果表明,在烧结温度1900 ℃、压力50 MPa条件下,YF3/氧化物体系烧结助剂对碳化硅陶瓷热导率有所提升,其中同时添加5wt;YF3+3wt;MgO双相烧结助剂的SiC陶瓷性能最优,其致密度为98.93;,热扩散系数为71.40 mm2/s,热导率为154.29 W/(m· K).     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation-to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

Evolution of the Defect Structure of Zinc-Oxide as a Consequence of Tribophysical Activation

Zinc-oxide powder was tribophysically activated in a high-energy vibro mill in a continual regime in air for 3, 30 and 300 minutes with the purpose of modifying the powders physico-chemical properties. By analyzing of data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the values of distances between corresponding crystallographic planes, average domain sizes of coherent scattering, i.e. crystallites, width of diffraction lines due to the existence of microstrains, and microstrain values, minimal dislocation densities, dislocation density due to microstrain and real dislocation density, and also average distances between dislocations were determined. The dependence of these values on the activation time was established, which enabled analysis of the evolution of the defect structure of zinc-oxide powders during tribophysical activation by grinding in the described regime.     

立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取

在本征铁弹相变的软模理论的基础上,依据弹性本构关系和居里原理,给出了立方晶系晶体所有可能的自发应变的种类,研究了立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取问题.以Th群和Oh群为例,阐明了不同类的序参量导致晶体对称性变化相同的的原因,提出了该情况下序参量选取的“就少不就多”的原则.得到了发生本征铁弹相变时所有可能的序参量及晶体的对称性的变化.     

PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉的性能影响

为制备适用于干压成型的氧化铝造粒粉,研究了PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉微观形貌、流动性和松装密度的影响.结果表明PEG的聚合度对氧化铝浆料粘度影响显著,PEG2000-6000是较为理想的粘结剂选择,造粒粉的流动性与环境温度及湿度相关.采用正交实验设计,以造粒粉的流动性和松装密度为评价指标,对PEG聚合度、粘结剂添加量和固含量进行了优选,其影响顺序为PEG聚合度＞固含量＞粘结剂添加量.以优选参数PEG6000、添加量为4wt;、固含量为80wt;,制备了性能优良的氧化铝喷雾造粒粉.