单晶金刚石刀具切削各向同性热解石墨的磨损机理

为了研究各向同性热解石墨切削过程中单晶金刚石刀具磨损及其对加工质量的影响,对各向同性热解石墨材料进行了切削试验.观测了刀具磨损形貌的演变过程,分析了刀具磨损机理以及刀具磨损对加工表面质量的影响.研究结果表明,在切削距离逐渐增加的情况下,单晶金刚石刀具后刀面磨损区域逐渐增大,磨损形貌分为平行沟槽和微细网状两种.切削过程中产生的颗粒状切屑和交变应力分别是导致磨粒磨损和解理磨损的主要原因.切削距离300 m内,试件加工表面粗糙度值Ra在0.2～0.4 μm之间波动,切削距离达到l000 m以后,试件加工表面粗糙度值明显增大,但是保持了相对稳定,表面粗糙度值Ra约为0.8μm.     

不同碳源浓度金刚石涂层刀具切削石材的性能研究

采用不同碳源浓度金刚石涂层刀具与未涂层刀具铣削石材,研究切削参数对切削力及加工表面质量的影响,分析刀具磨损机理,找到金刚石刀具最佳切削参数,进而实现切削优化.采用正交实验法,通过测力仪测量出不同刀具、不同切削参数下的切削力,测试已加工材料的表面粗糙度,观测刀具磨损情况.结果表明,对铣削分力Fx、Fz影响最大的是涂层碳源浓度;对铣削分力Fy影响最大的是切削深度;对表面粗糙度影响最大的是进给速度;当主轴转速达到n=3000 r/min、进给速度为vf=300 mm/min、切削深度d=1.0 mm、涂层碳源浓度为3;时,刀具切削性能最佳;3;涂层碳源浓度金刚石刀具较其他碳源浓度(含未涂层)刀具,加工后的石材表面粗糙度最低、切削力最小、耐磨性高,提高了加工精度,延长刀具的使用寿命.     

PVD-TiAlN和PVD-TiAlSiN涂层氮化硅刀具的切削性能研究

采用物理气相沉积(Physical vapor deposition,PVD)工艺在氮化硅陶瓷刀具表面分别沉积TiAlN和TiAlSiN涂层.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究TiAlN和TiAlSiN涂层表面形貌和微观结构,X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究涂层晶体结构,显微硬度计表征涂层硬度.采用TiAlN和TiAlSiN涂层氮化硅刀具对灰铸铁进行连续干切削试验,分别研究TiAlN和TiAlSiN涂层对刀具寿命、磨损性能的影响,并探讨涂层刀具磨损机理.实验结果表明:TiAlSiN涂层晶粒比TiAlN涂层细小,从而具有更高的表面硬度.TiAlN涂层可将氮化硅陶瓷刀具寿命提高50;左右,TiAlSiN涂层可将刀具寿命提高1倍.切削过程中,TiAlN涂层刀具在磨损初期的主要磨损机理是磨粒磨损和少量粘结磨损,而后转为严重的粘结磨损;而TiAlSiN涂层刀具主要的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和粘结磨损.     

微/纳米金刚石复合涂层刀具的制备及切削试验

利用化学气相沉积法在硬质合金基体上制备微/纳米金刚石复合涂层,采用扫描电镜、Raman光谱仪、洛氏硬度计、微粒喷浆试验仪对涂层进行微结构与性能表征,同时进行切削试验.结果表明:涂层表面晶粒细小,颗粒尺寸达到纳米级,涂层纯度高,膜/基结合力好,耐磨性高.切削试验结果显示:微/纳米金刚石复合涂层刀具切削加工工件的表面粗糙度比硬质合金刀具小,其表面粗糙度平均值为0.931μm;从后刀面磨损量结果看出微/纳米金刚石复合涂层刀具使用寿命长;从前、后刀面磨损形貌看出金刚石复合涂层结合力好,耐磨性高.     

铣削方式对高体分SiCp/Al复合材料薄壁件高速铣削表面质量影响研究

应用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具对高体分SiCp/Al复合材料薄壁件进行了高速铣削实验.在不同铣削速度下,研究了顺、逆两种铣削方式对薄壁件高速铣削的表面粗糙度及表面形貌的影响,提出了不同铣削方式下已加工表面的形成机理,揭示了铣削方式和铣削速度对试件切入部、中部和切出部处表面粗糙度的影响规律.结果表明:在相同的切削用量和刀具几何参数下,顺铣加工的表面粗糙度小于逆铣,且顺铣加工表面粗糙度的变化幅度小于逆铣;薄壁件在切出部的表面粗糙度大于中部和切入部的表面粗糙度;顺铣时已加工表面的形成以切削层金属的滑移为主,材料内部SiC颗粒的滑移、刻划造成已加工表面沿刀具进给方向的微观沟痕;逆铣时已加工表面主要由后刀面的挤压、摩擦作用形成;宏观上顺铣的已加工表面存在由残留面积高度形成的平行于刀具轴线方向的残留痕迹,而逆铣这一特征则不明显.     

高性能超细晶粒金刚石涂层刀具制备及试验研究

采用改进的预处理方法和变参数沉积工艺在硬质合金刀片上制备了超细晶粒金刚石薄膜涂层.通过玻璃纤维增强塑料的车削试验,研究了薄膜与基体之间的附着强度、涂层刀具的磨损和加工工件的表面粗糙度.试验结果表明改进的预处理方法能够有效增强金刚石薄膜与基体之间的附着强度;超细晶粒金刚石薄膜减小了刀具与工件之间的摩擦,降低了刀具磨损,并使加工表面的表面粗糙度显著降低;使用改进预处理方法和变参数沉积工艺制备的超细晶粒金刚石涂层刀具的寿命达到未涂层刀具寿命的8倍以上.     

玻璃陶瓷车削表面形成机制及实验研究

以玻璃陶瓷为加工对象,通过单因素车削实验研究了硬脆性材料车削机理,分析了车削深度、车削速度和进给速度对表面粗糙度的影响规律.已加工表面质量观测结果表明,随着切削深度的增加,刀具与工件挤压作用增强,表面损伤加重;随着切削速度的增加,刀具与工件作用时间减小,裂纹扩展缩短,表面破坏减弱;将切削过程分为挤压与切削两个阶段,随着进给速度的增加,在挤压阶段刀尖和工件的接触区域产生更深层裂纹,切削阶段材料崩碎加剧.测量已加工表面粗糙度,结果表明:粗糙度随切削深度和进给速度增加而增加,随切削速度增加而减小.     

基于单磨粒微米划刻的单晶硅精密切削机理研究

为了探究硅片器件精密磨削加工的切削特征与机理,运用三棱锥形状的金刚石磨粒以不同加载压力划刻单晶硅材料表面模拟磨削加工过程,分析了划痕形貌特征、切削力与切削深度的演变规律,阐释了单晶硅的微米级切削加工机理。单晶硅微破碎去除发生的临界条件为法向切削力80 mN,临界切削深度2.03 μm;剥落去除发生的临界条件为法向切削力800 mN,切削深度5.65 μm。切削深度、切削力比在不同切削机理条件下具备可区分的差异化特征。平均切削深度随加载压力的变化规律呈现出鲜明的自相似性特征。此外,还分别构建了塑性去除、微破碎去除、剥落去除三个阶段的切削力方程,更准确地描述了切削力与切削深度的密切关系。     

SiCp/Al复合材料切削仿真及实验研究

对SiCp/Al复合材料的颗粒和基体分别进行定义建立有限元仿真模型,使用ABAQUS有限元软件从微观角度分析了不同切削速度和切削深度对切削力的影响以及应力场分布情况,研究切屑的形成过程、基体和颗粒的内部应力分布、刀具和颗粒之间的相互作用以及简要分析了材料表面缺陷的成因,通过车削实验进行验证.研究表明:微观仿真模型中由于高硬度SiC颗粒的存在会产生大量的微裂纹以及单一小空洞和不连续空洞,形成表面缺陷,且剪切区域微裂纹的扩展是产生切屑的重要因素;通过对比,实验获得的切削力变化及其波动和形成机制与仿真结果一致.     

氟金云母玻璃陶瓷切削加工中刀具角度对刀具磨损的影响

氟金云母玻璃陶瓷材料在切削过程中存在严重的磨损现象.对氟金云母玻璃陶瓷进行了车削加工实验,应用分式析因实验设计研究刀具角度参数对高速钢刀具磨损的影响.通过方差分析,获得刀具角度对刀具磨损的影响显著性及其排序,通过回归分析,建立了刀具磨损量与刀具角度之间的回归方程.研究表明,刀具角度参数对刀具磨损量的影响程度依次为刃倾角,后角,前角,主偏角和副偏角.刀具磨损受到刀具角度间交互作用的影响,其中前角与主偏角、后角和主偏角的交互作用极显著.所建立的回归方程能够较好地描述高速钢刀具磨损量与高速钢刀具角度之间的关系.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation-to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

Evolution of the Defect Structure of Zinc-Oxide as a Consequence of Tribophysical Activation

Zinc-oxide powder was tribophysically activated in a high-energy vibro mill in a continual regime in air for 3, 30 and 300 minutes with the purpose of modifying the powders physico-chemical properties. By analyzing of data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the values of distances between corresponding crystallographic planes, average domain sizes of coherent scattering, i.e. crystallites, width of diffraction lines due to the existence of microstrains, and microstrain values, minimal dislocation densities, dislocation density due to microstrain and real dislocation density, and also average distances between dislocations were determined. The dependence of these values on the activation time was established, which enabled analysis of the evolution of the defect structure of zinc-oxide powders during tribophysical activation by grinding in the described regime.     

立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取

在本征铁弹相变的软模理论的基础上,依据弹性本构关系和居里原理,给出了立方晶系晶体所有可能的自发应变的种类,研究了立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取问题.以Th群和Oh群为例,阐明了不同类的序参量导致晶体对称性变化相同的的原因,提出了该情况下序参量选取的“就少不就多”的原则.得到了发生本征铁弹相变时所有可能的序参量及晶体的对称性的变化.     

PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉的性能影响

为制备适用于干压成型的氧化铝造粒粉,研究了PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉微观形貌、流动性和松装密度的影响.结果表明PEG的聚合度对氧化铝浆料粘度影响显著,PEG2000-6000是较为理想的粘结剂选择,造粒粉的流动性与环境温度及湿度相关.采用正交实验设计,以造粒粉的流动性和松装密度为评价指标,对PEG聚合度、粘结剂添加量和固含量进行了优选,其影响顺序为PEG聚合度＞固含量＞粘结剂添加量.以优选参数PEG6000、添加量为4wt;、固含量为80wt;,制备了性能优良的氧化铝喷雾造粒粉.