基于企业复杂需求的多实例组合云资源采购优化决策

针对企业部署云资源的复杂需求和不稳定性问题,以企业多实例组合采购决策为研究对象,建立了两阶段云资源采购决策模型,考虑包含多类型虚拟机的长期合同实例和竞价实例组合,以此来降低采购过程中的风险和成本.结合维基百科2015年的8760条数据进行实验,通过对长期合同单类型实例的采购、长期合同+短期按需的组合采购、长期合同+短期竞价的组合采购方式的结果对比,证明了长期合同实例和竞价实例组合的两阶段采购方式能在采购过程中为企业带来更低的成本,实现更高的利润.     

提前订货折扣策略模型分析

在假定制造商通过远期合约和现货市场采购原材料基础上,研究风险规避型制造商是否应该采用提前订货折扣策略.当采用此策略时,在销售季节前制造商首先决定其终端产品预售折扣,然后决定其原材料远期合约采购量;在销售季节,制造商可以在现货市场对原材料进行交易.研究发现:当产品需求波动较低时,制造商不需要采取打折策略;当产品需求波动较高时,制造商需要打折.此时最优打折价格是需求变异系数、市场总需求、风险厌恶系数和产品需求相关系数的递减函数.     

基于实物期权的双源供应链柔性采购协调策略

在需求不确定下,由风险规避的供应商和占主导地位的零售商组成的二级供应链中,构建了在现货市场影响下基于实物期权的双源柔性采购协调模型,给出了实现供应链协调的最优期权参数的求解算法,探讨了现货市场价格不确定性和供应商风险规避特性对零售商采购策略和双方利润的影响。研究结果表明,在考虑现货市场影响和供应商风险规避的条件下,实物期权契约可以实现供应链协调。     

基于电子交易市场的最优采购策略

随着电子交易市场的发展,企业在传统的远期合约采购基础上,开始从现货市场采购产品.在假定制造商通过远期合约和现货市场采购产品的情况下,研究了影响市场需求和现货市场价格的公共因子与特殊因子对制造商决策的影响.首先建立了最优采购策略的数学模型,其次对所建立的数学模型进行了求解,最后结合数值例子进行了灵敏度分析.研究表明:在相...     

基于现货市场的供应链博弈模型

构建了现货市场价格及市场需求均不确定的供应链博弈模型,分析了风险中性供应商的批发价决策、风险厌恶制造商的采购决策,证明博弈均衡存在且唯一。通过解析分析及数值实验探讨了风险态度、现货价格和需求波动及其相关性对供应链博弈的影响。结果表明:1)制造商因规避风险会减小采购,这降低了供应链总效用;2)现货市场存在时制造商会减小向供应商采购的数量,这降低了供应商的利润,但提高了供应链总效用;3)现货价格与市场需求的相关关系让供应商掌握主动,但会降低制造商及整个供应链的绩效。     

基于电子交易市场的两类采购策略比较研究

B2B电子交易市场能够为供应链中的企业提供现货交易、期权合约交易等交易服务.在考虑现货市场流动性以及期权合约在到期后能够被用来投机获利的前提下,研究零售商的两种采购策略.研究结果表明,供应商与零售商签订长期合约时将以B2B电子市场形成的现货价格作为参照依据；市场流动性对长期合约采购量的影响取决于现货价格均值与长期合约采...     

基于整体风险最小的多阶段期货套期保值研究

对多阶段套期保值建立模型,综合考虑整体风险,以最终现货与期货的收益的方差建立目标函数.以多阶段整体风险最小为目标函数,考虑资金限制,建立套期保值模型来解决多阶段套期保值的套期保值比率问题.以资金限制为约束,避免了套期保值者因资金短缺而强制平仓造成的套保失败.利用差分算法和罚函数法进行求解.实证结果表明,多阶段的风险比逐个单阶段求得的风险明显的小,且整体套保的单位风险收益比单阶段的大很多,说明多阶段比单阶段能较好的实现套期保值.     

基于持有成本理论的期货套期保值决策模型

运用几何布朗运动模型预测未来的现货价格,将未来的现货价格参数代入持有成本理论模型,预测出期货价格,根据最小方差套期比公式,建立了基于持有成本理论的期货套期保值决策模型。通过蒙特卡罗模拟现货价格和期货价格的走势并进行实证分析,研究结果表明基于持有成本理论的期货套期保值决策模型优于传统的最小方差模型、Sharp模型、完全套期保值模型和最小二乘等四种流行的套期保值模型。本文的主要创新与特色一是建立反映现货价格对期货价格影响的套期保值决策模型。解决了现有研究忽略现货价格对期货价格影响的问题。二是用改进的持有成本理论揭示了期货价格与期货交易费用、持有成本波动的函数关系。三是用Mote Carlo模拟现货价格和期货价格未来的走势。克服现有研究主要通过历史数据对套期保值比进行确定的不足。     

基于线性反馈策略的多阶段均值-方差投资组合优化

现有的多阶段投资组合优化问题普遍利用动态规划方法来进行求解,然而对于较为复杂的优化问题而言,该方法并不适用.针对此类复杂投资组合优化问题,文章首先在广义的多阶段均值一方差理论框架下,构建一类存在凸锥约束的投资组合优化模型.进而提出了一种有效的线性反馈策略,通过计算投资组合在各阶段财富值的收益和风险值,可将该动态随机控制问题转化为一个传统的凸优化问题.最后,在开环和闭环两种策略形式下通过数值仿真验证文章所提出反馈策略的有效性.结果表明,所提出的开环策略占优于已有的开环策略,且能够有效地拟合由动态规划所得精确投资策略.     

多约束的多阶段积极投资组合模型及实证研究

构建投资组合时需要衡量其风险, 除了考虑组合本身的风险暴露, 还需考虑其相对基准组合的风险暴露. 再者, 确定组合权重时需要根据市场的规则加入合适的约束. 基于此, 为了较为完整地考虑现实投资组合面临的风险及交易约束, 将绝对风险(CVaR)和相对风险(跟踪误差)作为风险约束, 将交易成本、卖空限制和多元权值作为交易限制约束, 构建一个新的多阶段投资组合模型, 并利用动态规划和非线性优化方法进行求解. 最后, 利用上证50成分股中41只股票构建投资组合进行实证研究. 实证结果表明构建的多阶段投资组合模型能持续战胜基准组合且优于单阶段投资组合, 同时也表明模型考虑多元权值约束具有现实意义.     

A portfolio approach to managing procurement risk using multi-stage stochastic programming

Procurement is a critical supply chain management function that is susceptible to risk, due mainly to uncertain customer demand and purchase price volatility. A procurement approach in the form of a portfolio that incorporates the common procurement means is proposed. Such means include long-term contracts, spot procurements and option-based supply contracts. The objective is to explore possible synergies among the various procurement means, and so be able to produce optimal or near optimal results in profit while mitigating risk. The implementation of the portfolio approach is based on a multi-stage stochastic programming model in which replenishment decisions are made at various stages along a time horizon, with replenishment quantities being determined by simultaneously considering the stochastic demand and the price volatility of the spot market. The model attempts to minimise the risk exposure of procurement decisions measured as conditional value-at-risk. Numerical experiments to test the effectiveness of the proposed model are performed using demand data from a large air conditioner manufacturer in China and price volatility data from the Shanghai steel market. The results indicate that the proposed model can fairly reliably outperform other approaches, especially when either the demand and/or prices exhibit significant variability.     

带有风能的智能电网多周期买电策略研究

本文研究带有风能随机供给的智能电网中传统能源的多周期买电问题,假设存在一个能源运营商集中负责智能电网传统能源的购买和消费。通过构建并求解动态规划模型,找到能源运营商在风能供给不确定性下的传统能源最优多周期买电策略。在最优买电策略下,能源运营商只有在当期电价足够小时才购买传统能源,其买电量与风能分布、价格信息和时间信息有关。在实际数据的基础之上,提供详实的数值实验对比研究了本文的最优买电策略和其他两种策略(实践中只考虑风能估计的策略和放弃利用风能的策略)在最小化总成本方面的效果,并验证了本文的最优买电策略在真实风能数据中的鲁棒性。     

考虑即时采购价格的物流服务供应链优化

物流服务市场的不确定性会影响物流服务供应链的服务水平和收益。在考虑随机即时采购价格以及基础物流提供商在正常情况和应急情况下具有不同物流能力投资成本的情形下,引入期权机制研究不确定市场环境下物流服务供应链的优化决策,以提高物流服务供应链柔性和降低市场不确定性带来的风险。构建物流服务供应链的期权契约模型,采用Stackelberg博弈理论和优化算法分析和求得物流服务集成商的最优期权采购和即时采购策略,以及基础物流提供商的最优物流能力投资策略。结果表明即时采购价格将影响基础物流提供商和物流服务集成商的决策。最后通过数值分析研究即时采购价格的不确定程度对物流服务集成商和提供商的优化策略和利润的影响。     

Hybrid Multi-attribute Decision Making Method of Electric Coal Procurement in Industry

Electric coal procurement is the basis of electric power production. In this paper, the problem of supplier selection is studied in multi-source procurement of electric coal. Concretely, the index system of supplier selection is presented, including the evaluation attributes of price, quantity, quality, delivery time and the reputation of supplier. Then, the problem of supplier selection is converted into a problem of hybrid multi-attribute decision making, and a projection method based on hybrid technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is presented to rank all suppliers and select winners. Its decision example is also given to implement the presented decision method and to demonstrate its effectiveness and practicality. This paper gives an effective way to the hybrid multi-attribute decision making for multi-source procurement of electric coal under fuzzy uncertain environment.     

Mitigating supply risk: an approach with quantity flexibility procurement

This paper considers a buyer that procures from its major supplier whose production is subject to random yield risk. To mitigate supply risk, the buyer can procure from another reliable supplier who provides quantity flexibility (QF) contract. Under both deterministic and stochastic demand, we study the buyer’s optimal procurement decisions. We analyze the structural properties of optimal solutions and identify the conditions under which the quantity flexibility procurement policy should be used. We also examine the effect of supply risk, flexibility, wholesale price and demand risk on the procurement decisions. We find that the higher supply risk and demand risk reduce the buyer’s profit but have different impact on the buyer’s order policy. For the QF supplier, it may not obtain more orders by providing larger flexibility to the buyer, on the contrary, doing this may benefit the risky supplier. For the QF supplier or risky supplier, given its competitor’s wholesale price, it can increase its order share by lower wholesale price.     

非对称信息和模糊需求下的闭环供应链协调决策研究

在模糊需求和非对称销售价格信息下,研究了由单一制造商和零售商组成的两级闭环供应链系统的协调问题。通过建立不确定环境下的集中决策和收益共享-费用共担契约决策模型,分别得到了不同模型下闭环供应链系统的最优策略。并进一步通过算例分析了契约下供应链各方收益随模糊需求和价格的变化情况,以及该契约对整个系统决策效率的影响。结果表明:收益共享-费用共担契约能有效实现模糊闭环供应链系统的协调,实现闭环供应链系统决策的最优化;其次,需求和零售价格的不确定性程度越高,对零售商的最优订购量、供应链成员及系统利润的影响也越大。     

A study on the effect of yield uncertainty in price-setting newsvendor models with additive-multiplicative demand

Random yield and uncertain demand usually both exist in many industries, such as the semiconductor industry. In this paper, the price-setting newsvendor model is studied which involves a single manufacturer and a single retailer with random yield and uncertain demand respectively. Under the condition of additive-multiplicative demand, we investigate the varying effects of random yield on the optimal price, order quantity, and expected profit in two situations with different cost structures. The first case is an in-house production case where the firm pays for the raw material quantity it has ordered, and the second one is a procurement case where the firm pays for the real product quantity it receives only. By using the theory of stochastic comparisons, we find that a less variable and a stochastically larger yield rate both lead to a lower optimal price and a higher expected profit for the in-house production case. Moreover, a less variable yield rate also results in a lower optimal price and a higher profit for the procurement case, but this is not true for a stochastically larger yield rate. Numerical examples illustrate that the effect of yield randomness on the optimal order quantity is not general.     

Newsvendor with multiple options of expediting

We consider a manufacturer facing single period inventory planning problem with uncertain demand and multiple options of expediting. The demand comes at a certain time in the future. The manufacturer may order the product in advance with a relatively low cost. She can order additional amount by expediting after the demand is realized. There are a number of expediting options, each of which corresponds to a certain delivery lead time and a unit procurement price. The unit procurement price is decreasing over delivery lead time. The selling price is also decreasing over time. In this paper, we assume that the manufacturer must deliver all products to the customer in a single shipment. The problem can be formulated as a profit maximization problem. We develop structural properties and show how the optimal solution can be identified efficiently. In addition, we compare our model with the classical newsvendor model and obtain a number of managerial insights.     

考虑突发事件状态转移的政府应急物资采购定价模型

突发事件发生后,应急物资需求量呈现爆发式增长,政府首先将常规物资调拨至受灾区,并根据阶段性救灾成果作出应急物资采购决策。突发事件状态总是不断发生转移,使得政府已采购的物资在状态好转时容易造成浪费,在状态持续恶化时又不足以满足突发需求,因此考虑突发事件状态转移情形的应急物资采购定价策略对提升政府应急物资保障能力尤为关键。为此,本研究引入数量柔性契约到政府与应急物资供应商组成的两级应急物资采购供应链,构建了基于突发事件状态转移的应急物资采购定价模型,推导得出政企达成合作的条件与双方最优决策策略,并对比分析了契约合作与分散非合作下的供应商利润与政府成本。进一步采用数值计算与敏感性分析验证该模型的有效性,讨论了若干外生变量对政企最优决策与双方成本收益的影响,提出重要的管理启示。研究表明,考虑突发事件状态转移的基于数量柔性契约的政府应急物资采购定价模型既可以有效提高应急物资储备水平,又能保障供应商的合理收益以及控制政府成本,实现了政企双赢。     

具有价格参照效应的订单农业供应链决策模型

构建了具有损失规避特性和价格参照效应的农户与风险中性的公司组成的两级订单农业供应链的基本模型,引入经济理论价格参照效应,深入研究了收购价格随机以及受价格影响的市场需求随机的双重不确定情形下,公司的成本分担因子以及农户的价格参照点、损失规避度、收购价格的波动对公司与农户决策的影响.研究结果发现,农户的价格参照点、损失规避度以及收购价格的波动的增加均会降低公司与农户的收益;公司在随行就市、保底收购的收购策略下的收益高于随行就市、成本分担下的收益,对于农户则刚好相反.