轻柴油的结构表征

轻柴油的结构与组成对于其裂解工艺有重要关系。Williams、Knight、Brown和Clutter先后用~1H或~(13)C-核磁共振、或结合元素分析及平均分子量测定得到了石油中芳烃馏份的芳香度及烷基取代基碳数等,称之为平均分子参数。最近Haw用特制的高效液相色谱/~1H-核磁共振(200MHz)联用技术,采用内标法,分离并测定了各种结构基团碳     

两种溶剂精制煤(SRC)的组成和结构 Ⅱ.芳烃馏份的核磁共振波谱及FT红外光谱分析

利用~(13)C-,~1H-n.m.r.(包括多脉冲自旋回波~(13)C-n.m.r.)及FT红外光谱对大同和抚顺两种煤的SRC芳烃馏份进行了分析。对芳烃样品的有关谱图进行了定性分析,并采用~(13)C-,~1H-o.m.r.联合推导平均分子结构的方法计算了各样品的平均结构参数。研究表明,两种煤SRC芳烃的组成结构有显著差别:抚顺SRC芳烃的芳核具有敞开式构型,稠合芳环数小(约3个),脂环发达。大同煤SRC衍生的两个芳烃馏份都具有较高的芳香度,其中DT-2A环数3-4,缩合度高,含较多的芘和荧蒽的同系物,DT-2B为6芳环的渺位缩合多环芳烃。     

用超临界气体抽提方法研究抚顺烟煤的组成和结构——Ⅰ.抽出物的分离及GC、GC/MS分析

将抚顺烟煤用甲苯作溶剂,在半连续抽提装置上,于350℃、20MPa条件下,进行超临界气体抽提。抽出物先分离成油、沥青烯及前沥青烯三个族组份,再用离子交换树脂、硅胶柱色谱作进一步分离。GC和GC/MS的分析结果表明,油段分中存在正构烷烃(C_(13)—C_(31))、类异戊二烯化合物及长链烷基苯系列,这些化合物可提供抚顺烟煤的地球化学信息。     

顺丁橡胶在几种溶剂中的特性粘数-分子量关系式和无扰分子尺寸的估算

订定了稀土顺丁橡胶在四氢呋喃、甲基环己烷和丁酮与正庚烷混合溶剂(体积比为2:1,θ溶剂)中的特性粘数-分子量关系式:用KS、SF和IP三个经验方程估算了顺丁橡胶的无扰分子尺寸(r_0~3)~(1/2)/M~(1/2)。其值分别为0.0901nm,0.0928nm,0.0915nm。在θ条件下的测定值为0.0896nm。     

用~1H 和~(13)C谱研究煤超临界流体抽提抽出油的组成结构

用~1H和~(13)C核磁共振谱研究了阜新烟煤,昭通褐煤和桦川泥煤超临界流体抽提抽出油的组成结构。~(13)C谱可以直接测定分子骨架碳原子的分布,由~1H 和~(13)C 谱脂肪区的信号直接算出烷基侧链H/C原子比。根据~1H 谱、元素分析、平均分子量和羟基测定,采用Bartle的方法计算了三种煤抽出油色谱馏分的平均分子结构参数。     

X型与线型嵌段聚醚在空气/水和正庚烷/水界面上聚集行为的比较研究

通过阴离子聚合方法合成了环氧乙烷(EO)含量和分子量均相同的线型聚氧丙烯(PEO)-聚氧乙烯(PPO) (LPE)和X型聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯(TPE)嵌段聚醚,考察了它们在空气/水及正庚烷/水界面上聚集行为的差异. 界面活性的研究结果表明,TPE降低水、正庚烷界面张力的效率和效能均低于LPE的. 聚醚分子在正庚烷/水界面达到吸附平衡的时间比在空气/水表面短. 由于正庚烷分子插入到聚醚吸附层中,聚醚分子可以在正庚烷/水界面上采取更为直立的状态,因此聚醚分子在正庚烷/水界面扩散较快. 聚醚在正庚烷/水界面的扩张弹性高于空气/水表面的.     

茂金属催化聚合的聚1-丁烯的结构表征

以 η5 五甲基茂基三苄氧基钛 (Cp Ti(OBz) 3 和改性甲基铝氧烷 (mMAO)为催化剂 ,合成立体嵌段聚 1 丁烯 ,分子量高 ,分子量分布窄 ( Mw/ Mn=1 1～ 1 2 ) .聚合产物经沸乙醚、沸庚烷连续抽提分离 ,聚合物在两种溶剂中都能部分溶解 .各级份经13C NMR ,WAXD ,DSC和GPC等手段分析 ,结果表明乙醚可溶级份是无规聚 1 丁烯 ,庚烷可溶级份是立体嵌段聚 1 丁烯 ,庚烷不溶级份是等规聚 1 丁烯 .聚合温度较低 (0℃和30℃ )时 ,聚合物有结晶性 ,结晶度达 30 %以上 ,DSC分析有两个吸热峰 ;聚合温度较高 (4 0℃ )时 ,聚合物无结晶尖锐X射线衍射峰 ,也无熔融吸热峰 .     

X型与线型嵌段聚醚在空气/水和正庚烷/水界面上聚集行为的比较研究

通过阴离子聚合方法合成了环氧乙烷(EO)含量和分子量均相同的线型聚氧丙烯(PEO)-聚氧乙烯(PPO)(LPE)和X型聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯(TPE)嵌段聚醚,考察了它们在空气/水及正庚烷/水界面上聚集行为的差异.界面活性的研究结果表明,TPE降低水、正庚烷界面张力的效率和效能均低于LPE的.聚醚分子在正庚烷/水界面达到吸附平衡的时间比在空气/水表面短.由于正庚烷分子插入到聚醚吸附层中,聚醚分子可以在正庚烷/水界面上采取更为直立的状态,因此聚醚分子在正庚烷/水界面扩散较快.聚醚在正庚烷/水界面的扩张弹性高于空气/水表面的.     

抚顺乙烯焦油的精馏分离与气相色谱-质谱联用分析

为避免乙烯焦油作为燃料粗放燃烧造成的芳烃资源浪费与环境污染,我们以抚顺乙烯焦油为原料,常压蒸馏切割<280 ℃馏分,然后采用填充柱进行常压精馏,将<280 ℃馏分切割为12个馏分段(40~150 ℃、150~170 ℃、170~180 ℃、180~190 ℃、190~200 ℃、200~210 ℃、210~220 ℃、220~230 ℃、230~240 ℃、240~250 ℃、250~260 ℃和260~280 ℃),以达到对抚顺乙烯焦油的精馏分离。 以HP-5MS毛细管填充柱为色谱柱,对得到的12个馏分段进行气相色谱-质谱联用定性、定量分析,为乙烯焦油中芳烃的提取和乙烯焦油深加工利用提供具有指导价值的分析数据。 结果显示,抚顺乙烯焦油<280 ℃馏分占焦油总量的52.2%,主要由1~4芳香烃组成。 单环、三环和四环芳烃质量分数较少,单环芳烃主要为苯的衍生物,质量分数为5.8%,3环和4环芳烃占2.998%,主要为苊、芴、蒽、菲、芘等。 抚顺乙烯焦油中质量分数最多的双环芳烃为萘,其次为β-甲基萘、α-甲基萘和1,4-二氢萘,它们在各馏分段的最高分布分别为41.152%、16.729%、12.089%和9.046%。 由此乙烯焦油可作为提取高附加值芳环类精细化工产品的良好原料。     

抚顺烟煤及其抽出物的FTIR光谱结构表征

用富立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对抚顺烟煤的有机组分进行了测定。通过对谱图的解析,指出抚顺烟煤及其吡啶抽出物和抽提残煤在结构上的异同。以及抽出物各色谱馏分中存在的官能团和官能团之间极性的差异,对原煤整体结构提供了精细的结构信息。     

沙特常压渣油超临界流体萃取分馏宽馏分中含硫化合物的分子表征

采用超临界流体萃取分馏(SFEF)装置,将沙特中质原油常压渣油(SZAR)按照分子大小和极性强弱进行多级萃取分馏,得到四个宽馏分和一个萃余残渣。考察了四个宽馏分沸程分布、密度、残炭值、黏度、相对分子质量、硫和氮含量以及结构族组成等基本性质均随萃取压力的变化趋势。采用甲基衍生化作用使含硫化合物转化为含有极性的甲基硫盐,结合正离子模式下的电喷雾(ESI)电离源的傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)分析各馏分中所包含的含硫化合物的分子组成。结果表明,超临界萃取分馏技术可以将馏分按照分子大小进行分离,且对于非烃类化合物具有富集作用。各个馏分中含量最高的均为包含一个硫原子的S1类化合物,且二苯并噻吩(DBE=6)类含量最高。馏分越重,S1、S2类化合物含量越高、种类越繁多、且缩合程度更高,包含的更多的大分子含硫化合物。     

2,6-二异丙基苯酚改性负载型Ziegler-Natta催化剂及其乙烯-1-己烯共聚反应

研究了新型的改性负载型Ziegler-Natta催化剂,以期制备出组成分布较窄的乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物.通过2,6-iPr2C6H3-OH与TiCl4/ID/MgCl2型负载型钛催化剂在室温下的反应可将芳氧基接到催化剂表面,制得一种改性的烯烃聚合催化剂M-cat.改性催化剂对乙烯聚合及乙烯-1-己烯共聚反应的催化活性与未改性催化剂相近,但共单体效应较弱.前者共聚物的1-己烯含量低于未改性催化剂的产物,但组成分布较窄,分子量较高,且共聚物的沸腾正庚烷可溶级分的序列分布较接近无规分布.三异丁基铝为助催化剂所得聚合活性高于甲基铝氧烷活化的体系.改性催化体系的活性中心分布与未改性体系相比有明显的差别.     

中低温煤焦油重油正庚烷萃余物的反应(甲醛)分离与分析

以陕北中低温煤焦油重油为原料,采用正庚烷溶剂萃取得到煤焦油正庚烷萃余物（H-CT）并与甲醛反应,通过溶剂萃取法将反应后产物（P）分为：正庚烷可溶物（HS-P）、正庚烷不溶甲苯可溶物（HI-TS-P）、甲苯不溶喹啉可溶物（TI-QS-P）和喹啉不溶物（QI-P）。借助GC-MS、FT-IR、TG-FTIR等分析手段,对P的结构组成进行了表征。结果表明,与H-CT相比,P中TI-QS-P组分和氧原子的含量较多,C/H原子比较高;HS-P、HI-TS-P、TI-QS-P和QI-P的含量分别为11.63%、26.42%、57.08%和4.88%;HS-P和HI-TS-P均以中性组分（以芳烃为主）为主,酸性组分（以酚类为主）含量较少,其余为含O、N、S等杂原子化合物;TI-QS-P富集了羰基、亚甲基桥键及稠环芳香化合物,且含酚羟基及芳环取代物,具有较高的热稳定性。     

Detailed Temperature-dependent Study of n-Heptane Pyrolysis at High Temperature

n-Heptane is the most important straight chain paraffin in the fossil-fuel industry. In this work, pyrolysis behavior of n-heptane at high temperature is investigated by a se-ries of ReaxFF based reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Temperature effects on then-heptane pyrolysis and related products distributions have been detailedly analyzed. The simulation results indicate that the temperature effect is characterized in stages. High tem-perature can accelerate the decomposition of n-heptane, but the influence becomes small after it reaches a certain level. According to the different reaction behaviors, pyrolysis of n-heptane could be divided into three stages. The variation trends of the mass fraction evolu-tion of ethylene (C₂H₄), C3, and C4 calculated from reactive molecular dynamics simulations are in good agreement with the previous experimental results. The apparent activation en-ergy extracted from the first-order kinetic analysis is 53.96 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential factor is 55.34×10¹³ s^-1, which is reasonably consistent with the experimental results.     

Isolation and purification of uremic middle molecules by multi-step liquid chromatography

Isolation and comparison of uremic sera and urine and normal sera and urine were performed by gel permeation chromatography, anion exchange chromatography and re-versed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two uremic middle molecular fractions (A and B) were obtained from uremic sera and urine and normal urine by gel permeation chromatography, but not from normal sera. The anion exchange chromatographic results of fraction A from different origins demonstrate that subfraction A-3 could be excreted in urine by healthy subject, but accumulated in uremic serum for renal failure of patient with uremia. After desalinization subfraction A-3 was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. The results show that subfraction A-3 consists of six compounds with molecular weight 839, 873, 1007.94, 1106, 1680 and 2015 respectively. Finally, by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, subfraction A-3 was further resolved into six independent fractions. Thus, the isolation and purification of six middle molecular c     

Chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus loxophleba

This study was designed to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus loxophleba Benth. subsp. The chemical composition of the essential oil of the leaves of E. loxophleba was analysed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents of the oil were found to be 1,8-cineole (39.4%), methyl amyl acetate (19.8%) and aromadendrene (10%). Antioxidant activities of the samples were determined by two different test systems namely DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid. In the DPPH system, the highest radical-scavenging activity was shown by the polar subfraction of the methanol extract (15.2?±?1.7?μg?mL?1). Also, in the second case, the inhibition capacity (%) of the polar subfraction (94.1?±?1.3) was found to be stronger. In addition, the amounts of total phenol components in the polar subfraction (273.0?±?2.6?μg?mg?1) and nonpolar subfraction (146.3?±?2.5?μg?mg?1) were determined.     

Homogeneous catalysts supported on soluble polymers: biphasic Sonogashira coupling of aryl halides and acetylenes using MeOPEG-bound phosphine-palladium catalysts for efficient catalyst recycling

The Sonogashira coupling of various aryl bromides and iodides with different acetylenes was studied under biphasic conditions with soluble, polymer-modified catalysts to allow the efficient recycling of the homogeneous catalyst. For this purpose, several sterically demanding and electron-rich phosphines of the type R(P)PR(2) were synthesised. They are covalently linked to a monomethyl polyethylene glycol ether with a mass of 2000 Dalton (R(P)=MeOPEG(2000)) R(P)PR(2): -PR(2)= -CH(2)C(6)H(4)CH(2)P(1-Ad)(2), -C(6)H(4)-P(1-Ad)(2), -C(6)H(4)-PPh(2). To couple aryl iodides and acetylenes, the catalyst [(MeCN)(2)PdCl(2)]/2 R(P)-C(6)H(4)-PPh(2) was used in CH(3)CN/Et(3)N/n-heptane (5/2/5). The combined yields of coupling product over five reaction cycles are between 80-95 percent. There is no apparent leaching of the catalyst into n-heptane, as evidenced by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The new catalyst [(MeCN)(2)PdCl(2)]/2 (1-Ad)(2)PBn can be used for room-temperature coupling of various aryl bromides and acetylenes in THF with HNiPr(2) as a base. A closely related catalyst Na(2)[PdCl(4)]/2 R(P)-CH(2)C(6)H(4)CH(2)P(1-Ad)(2) linked to the polymer was used to couple aryl bromides and acetylenes in DMSO or DMSO/n-heptane at 60 degrees C with 0.5 mol percent Na(2)[PdCl(4)], 1 mol percent R(P)PR(2) and 0.33 mol percent CuI. The combined yield of coupling products over five cycles is always greater than 90 percent, except for sterically hindered aryl bromides. The determination of the turnover frequency (TOF) of the catalyst indicates only a small decrease in activity over five cycles. Leaching of the catalyst into the product containing n-heptane solution could not be detected by means of (1)H NMR and TXRF; this is indicative of >99.995 percent catalyst retention in the DMSO solvent.     

Ni-MoOx催化剂上的庚烷异构化

在常压固定床流动体系中研究了Ni-MoOx催化剂对正庚烷异构化反应的催化性能.将质量分数为2%～5%的Ni掺杂于MoO3中可有效地缩短催化剂的还原活化时间,并较大幅度地提高催化剂的比活性.Ni-MoOx催化剂上的正庚烷异构化的反应活化能为35.3kJ/mol,显著低于MoOx催化剂上的活化能(49.3kJ/mol),仅为双功能分子筛催化剂的1/3～1/4.     

Paradoxical activation of Raf by a novel Raf inhibitor.

BACKGROUND: Raf is a proto-oncogene that is activated in response to growth factors or phorbol esters, and is thought to activate MAP kinase kinase-1 (MKK1) and hence the classical MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. RESULTS: The compound ZM 336372 is identified as a potent and specific inhibitor of Raf isoforms in vitro. Paradoxically, exposure of cells to ZM 336372 induces > 100-fold activation of c-Raf (measured in the absence of compound), but without triggering any activation of MKK1 or p42 MAPK/ERK2. The ZM 336372-induced activation of c-Raf occurs without any increase in the GTP-loading of Ras and is not prevented by inhibition of the MAPK cascade, protein kinase C or phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase. ZM 336372 does not prevent growth factor or phorbol ester induced activation of MKK1 or p42 MAPK/ERK2, or reverse the phenotype of Ras- or Raf-transformed cell lines. The only other protein kinase inhibited by ZM 336372 out of 20 tested was SAPK2/p38. Although ZM 336372 is structurally unrelated to SB 203580, a potent inhibitor of SAPK2/p38, the mutation of Thr106-->Met made SAPK2/p38 insensitive to ZM 336372 as well as to SB 203580. CONCLUSIONS: Raf appears to suppress its own activation by a novel feedback loop, such that inhibition is always counterbalanced by reactivation. These observations imply that some agonists reported to trigger the cellular activation of c-Raf might actually be inhibitors of this enzyme, and that compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of Raf might not be useful as anticancer drugs. The binding sites for ZM 336372 and SB 203580 on Raf and SAPK2/p38 are likely to overlap.     

Aggregation and solubility behavior of asphaltenes and their subfractions

Asphaltenes from four different crude oils (Arab Heavy, B6, Canadon Seco, and Hondo) were fractionated in mixtures of heptane and toluene and analyzed chemically, by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), and by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Solubility profiles of the asphaltenes and their subfractions indicated strong cooperative asphaltene interactions of a particular subfraction that is polar and hydrogen bonding. This subfraction had lower H/C ratios and modestly higher N, V, Ni, and Fe contents than the less polar and more soluble subfraction of asphaltenes. VPO and SANS studies indicated that the less soluble subfractions formed aggregates that were considerably larger than the more soluble subfractions. In general, asphaltene aggregate size increased with decreasing solvent aromaticity up to the solubility limit, beyond which the aggregate size decreased with heptane addition. The presence of a low wavevector Q feature in the scattering curves at 25 degrees C indicated that the individual aggregates were flocculating; however, the intensity of the feature was diminished upon heating of the samples to 80 degrees C. The solubility mechanism for Canadon Seco asphaltenes, the largest aggregate formers, appears to be dominated by aromatic pi-bonding interactions due to their low H/C ratio and low nitrogen content. B6 and Hondo asphaltenes formed similar-sized aggregates in heptol and the solubility mechanism is most likely driven by polar interactions due to their relatively high H/C ratios and high nitrogen contents. Arab Heavy, the least polar asphaltene, had a H/C ratio similar to Canadon Seco but formed the smallest aggregates in heptol. The enhancement in polar and pi-bonding interactions for the less soluble subfraction indicated by elemental analysis is reflected by the aggregate size from SANS. The less soluble asphaltenes contribute the majority of species responsible for aggregation and likely cause many petroleum production problems such as pipeline deposition and water-in-oil emulsion stabilization.