基于量子远程传态的无线自组织量子通信网络路由协议

针对复杂结构的无线量子通信网络,提出了无线自组织量子通信网络概念并设计其路由协议．该路由协议为按需路由协议,路由度量基于相邻节点问的纠缠粒子对数目．需要发送携带信息的量子态的节点发起路由请求和建立过程,由目的节点根据路由度量选择路径．目的节点选择路径后,沿所选路径发送路由应答信息至源节点并通知路径中其他节点．信息传输过程中,若所选路径中相邻节点问无线信道或者量子信道中断,将重新发起一个路由发现过程．建立新路由．路径中节点收到路由应答信息后,利用纠缠交换和两端逼近方法,从路径两端向中间节点方向进行纠缠交换,建立量子信道后,通过量子远程传态传输携带信息的量子态,从而实现无线自组织量子通信网络中任意两节点问信息的传递．     

基于最大权重值纠缠分发的量子无线多跳网络路由协议研究

针对量子节点间建立链路所消耗纠缠资源的差异,使用权重数值来量化现实环境对各个量子节点的影响,并根据权值确定纠缠粒子的分发。在此基础上提出一种针对量子无线多跳网络的路由协议,该协议以纠缠利用率作为路由度量条件,通过基于最大权重值的纠缠粒子分发方式和并行纠缠交换建立量子信道,实现量子态的传输。仿真分析表明,使用该路由协议可以精确找出网络中符合度量条件的量子链路,同时该路由协议中使用并行纠缠交换的交换方式降低了量子态传输的时延,在节点数为15时,并行交换比串行交换的平均时延降低了50%,而且随着链路中节点数的增加,两者的时延差异将会越来越大。为方便分析各仿真节点的权重值均设置为1至15的随机整数,通过对5节点的链路进行多次仿真发现使用基于最大权重值纠缠粒子分发方式能够传送的量子态的平均个数为14,基于串行的分发方式能够传送的量子态的平均个数为7。     

量子无线广域网构建与路由策略

提出了一种基于多阶量子隐形传态的量子路由方案, 在量子移动终端之间没有共享纠缠对的情况下, 仍然可以完成量子态的无线传输. 该量子路由方案可以用来构建量子无线广域网, 其传输时延与所经过的链路距离和基站数目无关, 传输一个量子态所需的时间与采用量子隐形传态所需的时间相同. 因此, 从数据传输速率的观点来看, 该方案优于基于纠缠交换的量子路由方案. 关键词： 量子通信 多阶量子隐形传态 量子路由 量子无线广域网     

多跳噪声量子纠缠信道特性及最佳中继协议

在量子通信网络中, 最佳中继路径的计算与选择策略是影响网络性能的关键因素. 针对噪声背景下量子隐形传态网络中的中继路径选择问题, 本文首先研究了相位阻尼信道及振幅阻尼信道上的纠缠交换过程, 通过理论推导给出了两种多跳纠缠交换信道上的纠缠保真度与路径等效阻尼系数. 在此基础上提出以路径等效阻尼系数为准则的隐形传态网络最佳中继协议, 并给出了邻居发现、量子链路噪声参数测量、量子链路状态信息传递、中继路径计算与纠缠资源预留等工作的具体过程. 理论分析与性能仿真结果表明, 相比于现有的量子网络路径选择策略, 本文方法能获得更小的路径平均等效阻尼系数及更高的隐形传态保真度. 此外, 通过分析链路纠缠资源数量对协议性能的影响, 说明在进行量子通信网设计时, 可以根据网络的规模及用户的需求合理配置链路纠缠资源.     

基于最少中继节点约束的量子VoIP路由优化策略

量子信息的传输过程中,由于拥塞、链路故障等原因,导致数据分组在路由器排队,产生时延、丢包.为了保证量子Vo IP系统的性能,本文提出了基于最少中继节点约束的路由优化策略.采用基于纠缠交换的中继技术,通过优先选择最少中继节点的量子信道,实现多用户量子Vo IP通信.理论分析和仿真结果表明,当链路出现故障和拥塞时,基于M/M/m型排队系统,采用本策略,当设定量子比特的误码率为0.2,共用信道数目从4增加到8时,量子网络的呼损率由0.25下降到0.024,量子网络的最大吞吐量由64 kbps增加到132 kbps.当设定共用信道数目为4,控制量子比特的误码率从0.3到0.1时,可使量子网络最大吞吐量从41 kbps增加到140 kbps.由此可见,本策略能够极大地提高量子Vo IP网络的性能.     

量子信令中继器模型及性能仿真

为了解决量子信令远程传输损伤问题,提出了一种量子信令中继器模型. 在该模型中,首先对接收到的信令量子态进行纠缠纯化和纠缠分发,这样就可在收发双方之间建立纠缠信道. 其次,通过纠缠交换,传送所要发送的量子信令,从而完成量子信令的中继. 仿真结果表明,在保真度为0.98、纠缠对成功建立概率为0.98的条件下, 信令中继成功率可以达到97%以上;在纠缠交换概率、纯化概率和纠缠对成功建立概率都为0.98时, 量子信令中继器的吞吐量可达到183kbps,以上各项指标能够有效满足量子通信对信令中继的要求. 关键词： 量子通信 量子信令 纠缠纯化 纠缠分发     

采用纠缠辅助量子LDPC码和检错重传策略的量子直传通信方案

针对现有量子信息直传协议在有噪音量子信道下传输效率低及可靠性差的问题,提出了一种有效利用纠缠资源的量子安全直传通信方案.通过收发双方共享纠缠粒子作为辅助比特,采用纠缠辅助量子低密度校验码对量子态信息进行前向纠错保护,以提高系统在噪音环境下的传输可靠性.同时采用自动请求重传策略对量子态信息进行检错编码保护,当因窃听或强噪...     

基于纠缠态的量子通信网络的量子信道建立速率模型

针对基于纠缠态的量子通信网络, 提出了网络模型. 基于网络模型, 首先分析了基础链路的量子信道建立速率. 然后根据基础链路的量子信道建立速率, 针对不同的量子信道建立方法, 对中继长链路上的量子信道建立速率进行分析, 得到在逐点方法和分段方法下所对应的量子信道建立速率. 最后, 利用逾渗模型, 对大规模纠缠态量子通信网络中任意两点间的量子信道建立速率进行分析, 推导出n个节点量子通信网络中, 量子信道建立速率为Ω (1/n).     

基于极化-空间模超纠缠的量子网络多跳纠缠交换方法研究

基于纠缠交换方法进行多跳量子信息传输,是实现远距离量子网络通信的基本方式之一.传统的多跳量子网络通常使用单自由度极化光子纠缠态作为量子信道,信息传输容量较低且容易受到噪声的干扰.本文提出一种基于超纠缠的高效量子网络多跳纠缠交换方法,利用极化-空间模式两自由度的纠缠光子,建立超纠缠量子多跳信息传输通道.以远程超纠缠隐形传态的信道建立需求为例,首先给出了基础的逐跳超纠缠交换方案,为降低该方案的端到端超纠缠建立时延,提出在中间量子节点进行同时测量的并行超纠缠交换方案.在此基础上,为降低并行超纠缠交换的经典信息开销,进一步提出一种分级并行超纠缠交换方案.理论分析及仿真结果表明该方案的纠缠建立时延接近于并行超纠缠交换方案,但可以减少经典信息传输量,在一定程度上实现两者的平衡.相比传统的纠缠交换方法,本文方案有利于解决远程超纠缠通信的需求,对未来构建更高效率的量子网络有积极意义.     

量子直接传态

把一个任意量子态在既有噪声又有窃听的信道下安全可靠地传输,是一个广泛而重要的问题.现在已有的方法是先传输大量的Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR)纠缠对,然后进行纠缠纯化,获得一对近似完美的纠缠对,再进行隐形传态或者远程态制备来传输量子态.本文给出一种直接安全传输量子态的方法,通过使用量子直接通信,安全地传输大量同样的任意量子态,然后利用单量子态的纯化方法,得到一个近于完美的量子态.这是一种不需要量子纠缠的量子态安全传输方法,避免使用纠缠资源.这种方案是量子隐形传态和远程态制备之外的又一途径.此外,这一方案将原来只是用来传输经典信息的量子安全直接通信扩展到传输任意量子态的新领域,扩大了量子直接通信的用途.这一方案将在未来量子互联网中有重要的应用.     

Distributed wireless quantum communication networks

The distributed wireless quantum communication network （DWQCN） ha~ a distributed network topology and trans- mits information by quantum states. In this paper, we present the concept of the DWQCN and propose a system scheme to transfer quantum states in the DWQCN. The system scheme for transmitting information between any two nodes in the DWQCN includes a routing protocol and a scheme for transferring quantum states. The routing protocol is on-demand and the routing metric is selected based on the number of entangled particle pairs. After setting up a route, quantum tele- portation and entanglement swapping are used for transferring quantum states. Entanglement swapping is achieved along with the process of routing set up and the acknowledgment packet transmission. The measurement results of each entan- glement swapping are piggybacked with route reply packets or acknowledgment packets. After entanglement swapping, a direct quantum link between source and destination is set up and quantum states are transferred by quantum teleportation. Adopting this scheme, the measurement results of entanglement swapping do not need to be transmitted specially, which decreases the wireless transmission cost and transmission delay.     

一种基于分层的量子分组传输方案及性能分析

大规模量子通信网络中,采用量子分组传输技术能有效提升发送节点的吞吐量,提高网络中链路的利用率,增强通信的抗干扰性能.然而量子分组的快速传输与路由器性能息息相关.路由器性能瓶颈将严重影响网络的可扩展性和链路的传输效率.本文提出一种量子通信网络分层结构,并根据量子密集编码和量子隐形传态理论,给出一种基于分层的量子分组信息传输方案,实现端到端的量子信息传输.该方案先将量子分组按照目的地址进行聚类,再按聚类后的地址进行传输.仿真结果表明,基于分层的量子分组信息传输方案能够有效减少量子分组信息在量子通信网络中的传输时间,并且所减少的时间与量子路由器性能与发送的量子分组数量有关.因此,本文提出的量子分组信息传输方案适用于大规模量子通信网络的构建.     

Network-topology-adaptive quantum conference protocols

As an important application of the quantum network communication,quantum multiparty conference has made multiparty secret communication possible.Previous quantum multiparty conference schemes based on quantum data encryption are insensitive to network topology.However,the topology of the quantum network significantly affects the communication efficiency,e.g.,parallel transmission in a channel with limited bandwidth.We have proposed two distinctive protocols,which work in two basic network topologies with efficiency higher than the existing ones.We first present a protocol which works in the reticulate network using Greeberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and entanglement swapping.Another protocol,based on quantum multicasting with quantum data compression,which can improve the efficiency of the network,works in the star-like network.The security of our protocols is guaranteed by quantum key distribution and one-time-pad encryption.In general,the two protocols can be applied to any quantum network where the topology can be equivalently transformed to one of the two structures we propose in our protocols.     

Quantum secure direct communication by entangled qutrits and entanglement swapping

A protocol for quantum secure direct communication by using entangled qutrits and swapping quantum entanglement is proposed. In this protocol, a set of ordered two-qutrit entangled states is used as quantum information channels for sending secret messages directly. During the process of transmission of particles, the transmitted particles do not carry any secret messages and are transmitted only one time. The protocol has higher source capacity than protocols using usual two-dimensional Bell-basis states as quantum channel. The security is ensured by the unitary operations randomly performed on all checking groups before the particle sequence is transmitted and the application of entanglement swapping.     

Quantum steganography with a large payload based on dense coding and entanglement swapping of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states

A quantum steganography protocol with a large payload is proposed based on the dense coding and the entanglement swapping of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. Its super quantum channel is formed by building up a hidden channel within the original quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme. Based on the original QSDC, secret messages are transmitted by integrating the dense coding and the entanglement swapping of the GHZ states. The capacity of the super quantum channel achieves six bits per round covert communication, much higher than the previous quantum steganography protocols. Its imperceptibility is good, since the information and the secret messages can be regarded to be random or pseudo-random. Moreover, its security is proved to be reliable.     

Quantum secure direct communication network with hyperentanglement

We propose a quantum secure direct communication protocol with entanglement swapping and hyperentanglement.Any two users, Alice and Bob, can communicate with each other in a quantum network, even though there is no direct quantum channel between them. The trust center, Trent, who provides a quantum channel to link them by performing entanglement swapping, cannot eavesdrop on their communication. This protocol provides a high channel capacity because it uses hyperentanglement, which can be generated using a beta barium borate crystal.     

Quantum Dialogue by Using Non-Symmetric Quantum Channel

A protocol for quantum dialogue is proposed to exchange directly the communicator＇s secret messages by using a three-dimensional Bell state and a two-dimensional Bell state as quantum channel with quantum superdence coding, local collective unitary operations, and entanglement swapping. In this protocol, during the process of trans- mission of particles, the transmitted particles do not carry any secret messages and are transmitted only one time. The protocol has higher source capacity than protocols using symmetric two-dimensional states. The security is ensured by the unitary operations randomly performed on all checking groups before the particle sequence is transmitted and the application of entanglement swapping.     

A Protocol for Bidirectional Quantum Secure Communication Based on Genuine Four-Particle Entangled States

By swapping the entanglement of genuine four-particle entangled states, we propose a bidirectional quantum secure communication protocol. The biggest merit of this protocol is that the information leakage does not exist. In addition, the ideas of the ``two-step" transmission and the block transmission are employed in this protocol. In order to analyze the security of the second sequence transmission, decoy states are used.