金属四重键化合物M2X4(PMe3)4(M=Cr,Mo,W;X=F,Cl,Br,I)结构和电子光谱的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法,在TZ2P-STO基组水平下,对金属四重键化合物M2Cl4(PMe3)4(M=Cr,Mo,W)和Mo2X4(PMe3)4(X=F,Cl,Br,I)的几何结构进行优化,分析了电子结构,并运用TDDFT方法对其低占据激发态进行了计算.考虑相对论效应的ZORA方法能够较好地重现M2X4(PMe3)4的几何结构.M2X4(PMe3)4的电子结构分析表明其d电子的组态为σ2π4δ2,前线轨道能级顺序为πlig<πd/σd<δd<δd*.金属原子和卤素配体的改变虽然使轨道能量发生变化,但没有影响轨道的排布顺序.TDDFT方法对M2X4(PMe3)4δd→δd*和πd→δd*跃迁能量的计算较为准确,对πlig→δd*(LMCT)跃迁能量的计算误差较大.金属原子、卤素配体以及相对论效应对激发能的影响可以根据分子轨道能级的变化给予解释.     

金属四重键化合物M2X4（PMe3）4（M=Cr，Mo，W;X=F，CI，Br，I）结构和电子光谱的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法，在TZ2P-STO基组水平下，对金属四重键化合物M2Cl4（PMe3）4（M=Cr，Mo，W）和Mo2X4（PMe3）4（X=F，Cl，Br，I）的几何结构进行优化，分析了电子结构，并运用TDDFT方法对其低占据激发态进行了计算．考虑相对论效应的ZORA方法能够较好地重现M2X4（PMe3）4的几何结构．M2X4（PMe3）4的电子结构分析表明其d电子的组态为σ^2π^4δ^2，前线轨道能级顺序为πlig〈πd／σd〈δd〈δd^＊．金属原子和卤素配体的改变虽然使轨道能量发生变化，但没有影响轨道的排布顺序．TDDFT方法对M2Xa（PMe3）4δd→δd^＊和π→δd^＊跃迁能量的计算较为准确，对πlig→δd^＊（LMCT）跃迁能量的计算误差较大．金属原子、卤素配体以及相对论效应对激发能的影响可以根据分子轨道能级的变化给予解释．     

金属串配合物[Cr3(dpa)4LL?](dpa=dipyridylamide;L, L?=Cl, BF4, CCPh)的Cr―Cr成键特性

采用密度泛函理论 UBP86方法计算了 Cr3(dpa)4Cl2(1)、 Cr3(dpa)4(BF4)2(2)、 Cr3(dpa)4 Cl(BF4)(3)、Cr3(dpa)4(CCPh)2(4)和Cr3(dpa)4Cl(CCPh)(5)金属串配合物的结构,并对配合物的构型、 Cr―Cr键的本质以及轴向配体对Cr―Cr键的影响进行了研究.结果表明:(1) Cr―Cr平均键长较长的配合物趋于形成对称构型,较短时趋于形成非对称构型,最稳定的五重态的Cr―Cr平均键长最长,故优化时趋于形成对称构型;七重态Cr―Cr平均键长最短,趋于形成非对称构型;(2)五重态的Cr36+金属链均存在三中心三电子σ键,含弱σ给电子轴向配体BF4-的2和3的Cr―Cr短键还具有弱的π相互作用.七重态下,对称构型4中仅有三中心三电子σ键,而非对称构型1-3、5的Cr―Cr短键为三重键,非对称构型存在Cr36+链的σ离域作用,仍具有分子导线的潜在应用;(3)轴向配体L与Cr的作用主要表现为nL→4sCr或nL→3dz2Cr离域,较强的σ给电子配体CCPh-还存在σC―C→4sCr离域. Cr与L的结合强度为2<3<1<5<4, CCPh-与Cr的结合最强,使Cr―Cr键减弱, Cr―Cr距离增长,故4的各自旋态均为对称构型.     

电场对金属串配合物M3(dpa)4Cl2 (M=Co,Rh, Ir; dpa=dipyridylamide)结构的影响

应用密度泛函理论PBE0 方法研究具有分子导线潜在应用的金属串配合物M₃(dpa)₄Cl₂ (1: M=Co, 2: M=Rh, 3: M=Ir; dpa=dipyridylamide)在电场作用下的几何和电子结构. 结果表明: 配合物基态均是二重态. 1和2的M₃⁶⁺金属链形成三中心三电子σ键, 3 中M₃⁶⁺形成三中心四电子σ键且存在弱的δ键. 随金属原子周期数增大其M―M键增强、LUMO与HOMO能隙减小、金属原子的反铁磁耦合减弱以至消失且自旋密度向配体的离域增强. 在Cl4→Cl5 电场作用下, 低电势端的M3－Cl5 键缩短, 高电势端的M2―Cl4 键增长, M―M平均键长略为缩短, M―M键增强, 有利于分子线的电子传递; 分子能量降低, 偶极矩线性增大. 低电势端Cl5的负电荷向高电势端Cl4 转移, 且3 中金属原子的正电荷由高电势端向低电势端的转移较明显, 自旋电子由低电势端向高电势端金属原子移动, 但桥联配体dpa^-与M和Cl 所在的分子轴间没有电荷转移. 电场使LUMO与HOMO能隙减小, 有利于分子的电子输运. 随金属原子周期数增大, 电场作用下M―M平均键长变化减小, LUMO、HOMO的能级交错现象减少.     

Au(II)化合物[Au(CH_2)_2PH_2]_2X_2(X=F,Cl,Br,I)的量子化学理论研究

采用从头计算HF,MP2方法和密度泛函理论,对Au(II)系列化合物[Au(CH2)2PH2]2X2(X=F,Cl,Br,I)的几何结构、电子结构和振动频率进行了研究.研究表明Au的5d和6s电子参与Au—Au以及Au—X之间的成键.Au—Au,Au—X键强烈的电子相关作用使HF方法不适于该体系的研究,BP86和B3LYP两种泛函给出较大的Au—Au和Au—X键长,而MP2方法和局域的密度泛函方法则给出了合理的结构参数.局域密度泛函方法计算得到的Au—Au键和Au—X键振动频率也与实验数据符合较好.还运用含时密度泛函理论计算了[Au(CH2)2PH2]2X2的电子激发能,对分子在紫外-可见光谱范围内的电子跃迁进行了分析,考察了卤素配体对激发能的影响,并结合分子轨道能级的变化对此给予了解释.     

固态Nd化合物f-f跃迁的光声光谱研究

通过光声光谱对固态 Nd化合物的 f -f跃迁进行了研究。根据 Nd F3、Nd(sal) 3· H2 O和 Nd(sal) 3(phen) 2 的谱峰位置 ,计算了它们的电子云重排参数β、键合参数 b1/2 和 Sinha共价参数δ,表明三元配合物中钕离子形成键的共价程度最高 ,而 Nd F3中键的共价性最弱。通过光声支量表征了不同化合物中 Nd3+ 的 f -f跃迁光声强度的变化 ,证实了随着键的共价程度增加和配位数的增大 ,超灵敏跃迁强度显著增大     

双核镉配聚物及其衍生物荧光光谱的密度泛函理论研究

采用DFT-B3LYP/6-31+G(d)方法,对配聚物[Cd2Cl4(Hbm)2]及其6种衍生物([M2-Cl4(HbmL)2],M=Zn2+,Hg2+;L=-CH3;-NH2;-CN)基态结构进行优化,用TD-DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(d)方法计算其吸收光谱;同时用HF-CIS/6-31G(d)方法优化其最低激发单重态的几何结构,用含时密度泛函理论计算发射光谱.结果表明:电子在基态与激发态间的跃迁,主要是在卤素配体Cl到金属离子M的电荷转移(LMCL);发射光谱峰的计算最大值与实验值基本符合.改变中心金属离子M和咪唑环上的5位取代基可以精细地调控发光材料的光谱波段.     

MX2(AsH3)2(M=Pd,Pt;X=Cl,Br,I)的含时密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函方法(B3LYP)优化了MX2(AsH3)2[M=Pd；X=Cl(1)，Br(2)，I(3)和M=Pt；X=Cl(4)，Br(5)，I(6)]的基态结构，得到的几何参数与实验结果符合．以基态几何为基础，将TD-DFT方法用于计算标题配合物的电子吸收光谱．研究结果表明，金属的dx2-y2与配体所组成的反键轨道为LUMO轨道，从而该类配合物具有d-d跃迁属性的吸收带；在多数跃迁过程中，配体也有较大的贡献．     

尖晶石型FeMnCuO4的光谱分析及量子化学研究

通过量子化学的密度泛函理论,采用模型化学方法和Gatmion03程序,计算了尖晶石型FeMnCu,4不同模型,分析了它们前线轨道附近的能级分布、轨道组成和可能的跃迁,结合可见紫外光谱、红外光谱的结果,确定了FeMnCuO4中紫外区的主要跃迁是d→p跃迁;可见和近红外区主要是d→d跃迁,振动光谱中高频段主要是铁氧八面体中Fe-O键的振动.     

ⅥB族金属叁键有机化合物的研究进展

本文对一类重要的ⅥB族金属叁键化合物R~2M~2(CO)~4(R为环戊二烯基及类环戊二烯基)近年来的研究成果进行了综述, 综述重点是这类化合物的官能团M≡M叁键的化学活性, 全文包括R~2M~2(CO)~4的合成及结构, M≡M叁键与亲核试剂、与碳-碳重键、与氧或与金属羰基物等试剂的反应及其应用。     

Energy landscapes of nucleophilic substitution reactions: a comparison of density functional theory and coupled cluster methods

We have carried out a detailed evaluation of the performance of all classes of density functional theory (DFT) for describing the potential energy surface (PES) of a wide range of nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reactions involving, amongst others, nucleophilic attack at carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur. In particular, we investigate the ability of the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), meta-GGA as well as hybrid DFT to reproduce high-level coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) benchmarks that are close to the basis set limit. The most accurate GGA, meta-GGA, and hybrid functionals yield mean absolute deviations of about 2 kcal/mol relative to the coupled cluster data, for reactant complexation, central barriers, overall barriers as well as reaction energies. For the three nonlocal DFT classes, the best functionals are found to be OPBE (GGA), OLAP3 (meta-GGA), and mPBE0KCIS (hybrid DFT). The popular B3LYP functional is not bad but performs significantly worse than the best GGA functionals. Furthermore, we have compared the geometries from several density functionals with the reference CCSD(T) data. The same GGA functionals that perform best for the energies (OPBE, OLYP), also perform best for the geometries with average absolute deviations in bond lengths of 0.06 A and 0.6 degrees, even better than the best meta-GGA and hybrid functionals. In view of the reduced computational effort of GGAs with respect to meta-GGAs and hybrid functionals, let alone coupled cluster, we recommend the use of accurate GGAs such as OPBE or OLYP for the study of SN2 reactions.     

Tuning LDA+U for electron localization and structure at oxygen vacancies in ceria

We examine the real space structure and the electronic structure (particularly Ce4f electron localization) of oxygen vacancies in CeO(2) (ceria) as a function of U in density functional theory studies with the rotationally invariant forms of the LDA+U and GGA+U functionals. The four nearest neighbor Ce ions always relax outwards, with those not carrying localized Ce4f charge moving furthest. Several quantification schemes show that the charge starts to become localized at U approximately 3 eV and that the degree of localization reaches a maximum at approximately 6 eV for LDA+U or at approximately 5.5 eV for GGA+U. For higher U it decreases rapidly as charge is transferred onto second neighbor O ions and beyond. The localization is never into atomic corelike states; at maximum localization about 80-90% of the Ce4f charge is located on the two nearest neighboring Ce ions. However, if we look at the total atomic charge we find that the two ions only make a net gain of (0.2-0.4)e each, so localization is actually very incomplete, with localization of Ce4f electrons coming at the expense of moving other electrons off the Ce ions. We have also revisited some properties of defect-free ceria and find that with LDA+U the crystal structure is actually best described with U=3-4 eV, while the experimental band structure is obtained with U=7-8 eV. (For GGA+U the lattice parameters worsen for U>0 eV, but the band structure is similar to LDA+U.) The best overall choice is U approximately 6 eV with LDA+U and approximately 5.5 eV for GGA+U, since the localization is most important, but a consistent choice for both CeO(2) and Ce(2)O(3), with and without vacancies, is hard to find.     

Description of core excitations by time-dependent density functional theory with local density approximation, generalized gradient approximation, meta-generalized gradient approximation, and hybrid functionals

Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is employed to investigate exchange-correlation-functional dependence of the vertical core-excitation energies of several molecules including H, C, N, O, and F atoms. For the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and meta-GGA, the calculated X1s-->pi* excitation energies (X = C, N, O, and F) are severely underestimated by more than 13 eV. On the other hand, time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) overestimates the excitation energies by more than 6 eV. The hybrid functionals perform better than pure TDDFT because HF exchange remedies the underestimation of pure TDDFT. Among these hybrid functionals, the Becke-Half-and-Half-Lee-Yang-Parr (BHHLYP) functional including 50% HF exchange provides the smallest error for core excitations. We have also discovered the systematic trend that the deviations of TDHF and TDDFT with the LDA, GGA, and meta-GGA functionals show a strong atom-dependence. Namely, their deviations become larger for heavier atoms, while the hybrid functionals are significantly less atom-dependent.     

Adiabatic corrections to density functional theory energies and wave functions

The adiabatic finite-nuclear-mass-correction (FNMC) to the electronic energies and wave functions of atoms and molecules is formulated for density-functional theory and implemented in the deMon code. The approach is tested for a series of local and gradient corrected density functionals, using MP2 results and diagonal-Born-Oppenheimer corrections from the literature for comparison. In the evaluation of absolute energy corrections of nonorganic molecules the LDA PZ81 functional works surprisingly better than the others. For organic molecules the GGA BLYP functional has the best performance. FNMC with GGA functionals, mainly BLYP, show a good performance in the evaluation of relative corrections, except for nonorganic molecules containing H atoms. The PW86 functional stands out with the best evaluation of the barrier of linearity of H2O and the isotopic dipole moment of HDO. In general, DFT functionals display an accuracy superior than the common belief and because the corrections are based on a change of the electronic kinetic energy they are here ranked in a new appropriate way. The approach is applied to obtain the adiabatic correction for full atomization of alcanes C(n)H(2n+2), n = 4-10. The barrier of 1 mHartree is approached for adiabatic corrections, justifying its insertion into DFT.     

Assessing the performance of density functional theory for the dynamic polarizabilities of amino acids: Treatment of correlation and role of exact exchange

The theoretical determination of electric response properties of the biological systems is a field where the application of density functional theory (DFT) appears to be quite promising. In this work, the performance of 41 density functional methods is evaluated in predicting dynamic polarizabilities of an experimental benchmark set of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. The behavior of a large number of density functionals, including various types of the local spin density approximation (LSDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), meta‐GGA (m‐GGA), hybrid‐GGA (h‐GGA), hybrid meta‐GGA (hm‐GGA), and range‐separated hybrid‐GGA (rsh‐GGA), has been assessed for the purpose. Analyzing the results of our DFT benchmarking, we found that these computationally economical methods show very diverse predictive capability and a careful selection of DFT functionals is very important in the polarizability calculations. Considering the role of exchange, correlation, dispersion and long‐range corrections, it turned out that in the LSDA class, SVWN3 gives better results than SPL and SVWN5 toward the reference values. Of the GGA methods, OPBE outperforms all other functionals. The M06‐L is the best method of m‐GGA class. The B3LYP and TPSSh are the best functionals of h‐GGA and hm‐GGA lineages, respectively. Finally, CAM‐B3LYP is the best method of rsh‐GGA functionals that predicts the most accurate polarizability for amino acids by a large margin with respect to others. Overall, the best performing functionals turn out to be hm‐GGAs TPSSh, TPSS1KCIS, M05, tau‐HCTHhyb, and h‐GGA B3LYP. Hopefully, the results of this investigation might provide the useful guidance to propose a new exchange‐correlation functional for calculating the optical properties of biomolecular materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Examining the performance of DFT methods in uranium chemistry: does core size matter for a pseudopotential?

We have investigated the performance of DFT in U(VI) chemistry. A large, representative selection of functionals has been tested, in combination with two ECPs developed in Stuttgart that have different-sized cores (60 and 78 electrons for U). In addition, several tests were undertaken with another 14 electron pseudopotential, which was developed in Los Alamos. The experimental database contained vibrational wavenumbers, thermochemical data, and (19)F chemical shifts for molecules of the type UF(6-n)Cl(n). For the prediction of vibrational wavenumbers, the large-core RECP (14 electrons) gives results that are at least as good as those obtained with the small-core RECP (32 electrons). GGA functionals are as successful as hybrid GGA for vibrational spectroscopy; typical errors are only a few percent with the Stuttgart pseudopotentials. For thermochemistry, hybrid versions of DFT are more successful than GGA, LDA, or meta-GGA. Marginally better results are obtained with a 32 electron ECP than with 14; since the experimental uncertainties are at least 25 kJ/mol for each reaction, the best functionals give results that are essentially indistinguishable from experiment. However, large-basis CCSD(T) results match experiment better than any DFT that we examined. Our findings for NMR spectroscopy are rather disappointing; no combination of pseudopotential, functional, and basis yields even a qualitatively correct prediction of trends in the (19)F chemical shifts of UF(6-n)Cl(n) species. Results yielded by the large-core RECP are, in general, slightly less bad than those obtained with the small core. We conclude that DFT cannot be recommended for predictions of NMR spectra in this series of compounds, though this conclusion should not be generalized. Our most important result concerns the good performance of the large-core Stuttgart pseudopotential. Given its computational efficiency, we recommend that it be used with DFT methods for the prediction of molecular geometries, vibrational frequencies, and thermochemistry of a given oxidation state. The hybrid GGA functionals MPW1PW91 and PBE0 give the best results overall.