硫和银共掺杂介孔TiO2的制备表征及光催化活性

以P123为模板,以钛酸四正丁酯、硝酸银和硫脲为原料采用模板法制备了一系列硫和银共掺杂介孔TiO2光催化材料。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、BET和紫外-可见光谱（UV-Vis）等技术对其形貌、晶体结构及表面结构、光吸收特性等进行了表征。以甲基橙溶液的光催化降解为模型反应, 考察了不同掺杂量的样品在紫外和可见光下的光催化性能。结果表明：用模板法制备的共掺杂介孔TiO2光催化材料在紫外和可见光条件下较纯介孔TiO2和单掺杂介孔TiO2对甲基橙溶液具有更好的光催化降解效果, 且硫和银的掺杂量及样品焙烧温度显著影响该材料的催化性能。当硫掺杂量为2%（mol）和银掺杂量为1%（mol）,在500℃焙烧2 h所得光催化材料的催化性能最佳, 4 h即可使甲基橙的降解率达98.8%,重复使用4次仍可使甲基橙的降解率保持在87.5%以上。因此, 以该模板合成法, 通过硫和银的共掺杂有望使TiO2成为一种低或无能耗、高活性的绿色环保型催化材料。     

Study of photocatalytic activity of Cd-doped mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 prepared at low temperature

Mesoporous nanocrystalline Cd-doped titania was firstly prepared at low temperature by a modified sol–gel method, using dodecylamine as a template. The template could be easily removed by refluxing samples in nitric acid ethanol solution. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), low-angle and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption–desorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used for the characterization of catalysts. The characteristic results clearly showed that Cd²⁺ ions were doped into the titania lattice, and the mesoporous architecture of Cd-doped TiO₂ was composed of mixed-phase crystal textures of anatase and brookite. The samples displayed high visible-light photocatalytic activity for photodegradating 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) solution. The high activities of samples were attributed to the bicrystalline framework, large BET surface area, small crystallite size, and Cd-doping.     

铽负载介孔二氧化钛的制备、表征和协同效应

以嵌段共聚物P123为模板剂,采用蒸发诱导自组装法制备了铽负载介孔TiO2光催化剂,并利用XRD、N2吸附解吸和UV-Vis吸收光谱等技术手段对样品进行了表征。 制备的样品为锐钛矿和金红石混合晶相,以罗丹明B为模拟有机降解物,样品显示了良好的可见光催化活性。 研究发现0.7%的铽负载和380 ℃的煅烧温度是较佳的制备条件。 介孔结构所具有的高的比表面积、小的晶粒尺寸、铽负载诱导的电荷分离和可见光吸收增强协同提高了光催化活性。 同时,提出了铽负载二氧化钛诱导增强光催化作用的机理。     

Core-shell structure CdS/TiO2 for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic organic pollutants degradation

CdS modified mesoporous titania core-shell spheres (CdS/CS-TiO₂) with enhanced visible-light activity were synthesized by an in situ method. This method included two steps: planting CdO into the framework of anatase TiO₂ core-shell spheres and then converting it to CdS by ion-exchange. The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electronic micrograph, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra and nitrogen sorption. The in situ strategy resulted in CdS quantum dots highly dispersed in CS-TiO₂ without destroying the mesoporous core-shell structure. Compared with CS-TiO₂, the as-synthesized samples exhibited stronger visible-light absorption capability and greatly enhanced photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of Rhodamine B and 4-chlorophenol aqueous solution under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm).     

物理混合法制备分级混晶TiO2微纳米材料及其光催化性能

通过物理混合法可控合成了分级混晶TiO₂微纳米材料, 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线衍射仪(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和固体紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)等对该微纳米材料进行了表征, 并评价了不同混晶比材料的光催化性能. 结果表明, 所得材料是由均匀负载金红石纳米颗粒的锐钛矿纳米片组装的三维分级结构. 其具有很高的光催化活性, 分级结构和混晶异相结的同时引入是提高材料光催化活性的关键.     

微乳法合成纳米SiO2/TiO2及其光催化性能

采用聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-100)/正己醇/环己烷/氨水微乳体系合成了纳米TiO2和SiO2/TiO2复合物,用X射线衍射、红外光谱和透射电镜对其结构进行了表征,并以甲基橙降解评价了其光催化性能,讨论了SiO2/TiO2摩尔比、晶相组成及粒径与光催化活性的关系.结果表明,SiO2/TiO2催化剂中形成了新的Ti-O-Si键和无定形SiO2;在纳米TiO2中复合SiO2能有效抑制锐钛矿向金红石的转变,增加锐钛矿的稳定性,并阻止TiO2晶粒的聚集生长.催化剂的光催化活性随金红石含量的增加而降低,加入适量SiO2能明显提高TiO2的光催化活性,其中摩尔比为1/7的SiO2/TiO2光催化活性最高.     

Visible light photodegradation of rhodamine B over VDF/CTFE copolymer-templated crystalline mesoporous titania

Mesoporous TiO₂ with anatase crystalline structure (MTiO₂/F₂₃₁₉) has been synthesized by using vinylidene fluoride/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (1:9 in mole, F₂₃₁₉) as template. The synthesized mesoporous titania samples were characterized by a combination of various physicochemical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and N₂ adsorption/desorption. It was found that without any external doping, MTiO₂/F₂₃₁₉ exhibited significantly higher photocatalytic activities for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye than P25 TiO₂ under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, the UV-Vis absorption maximum of the dye solution exhibited a gradual hypsochromic shift due to de-ethylation and degradation of RhB dye.     

具有高光催化活性的黑色TiO2（B）/锐钛矿双晶TiO2-x纳米纤维

高效TiO2基光催化材料的开发一直是催化领域的研究热点,主要的策略是如何有效地分离光生载流子.制备多晶相的TiO2材料可引入异质/相结结构使电子与空穴朝不同方向移动,从而避免电子与空穴复合;另外,在TiO2中掺杂其他金属或非金属也可以有效地降低电子与空穴的复合率,掺杂的元素作为电子捕获阱俘获光生电子,以实现电子空穴的有效分离.近些年,作为一种全新的掺杂剂,氧空穴可以有效改善TiO2的光催化活性,所制TiO2具有可见光的全光谱吸收能力,因此该类TiO2呈现出黑色.通过上述方法均可以制备出高活性TiO2基光催化材料,如果能够将这些方法耦合一起,则可能制备出活性更高的光催化剂.因此,本文将异相结结构和空穴掺杂耦合起来,用多孔钛酸盐衍生物在H2中高温焙烧制得一种全新的黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x纳米纤维.不同于其他TiO2基光催化材料,该样品仅由Ti和O元素组成,通过Ti和O元素的组合,形成了双晶结构和空穴掺杂两种特殊的结构,借助场发射(FESEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、氮气物理吸脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热重(TG)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)和荧光光谱(PL)等表征分析了样品的结构及其光催化性能间构效关系. FESEM结果显示,黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x为长1–5mm、宽0.2mm的纤维结构, Raman结果表明,锐钛矿相在特征波段(140 cm–1左右)和TiO2(B)的特征波段(220–260 cm–1)均发生蓝移,说明该两相中均存在氧空穴;该样表面未检测到Ti3+,因此氧空穴可能分散在TiO2(B)和锐钛矿相的体相中.根据黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x和白色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2的失重差,估算出前者的O/Ti原子比为1.97.光催化降解甲基橙实验结果显示,黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x的光催化活性是白色双晶TiO2的4.2倍,锐钛矿TiO2的10.5倍,且连续反应10次后未出现失活现象,显示出了良好的光催化稳定性.前期,我们已经证明了白色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2由于具有TiO2(B)和锐钛矿的异相结结构,致使其电子空穴有效地分离,从而表现出优异的光催化活性;本文的PL结果显示,由于氧空穴的引入,异相结与氧空穴两者共同作用,进一步促进了黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x电子与空穴的有效分离,因此黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x表现出高的光催化活性.由于其特殊的结构,黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x纳米纤维将在环境与能源领域表现出良好的应用前景.     

The effects of the crystallization rate of the mesoporous TiO2 on the stability of the mesoporous structure after reflux

A simple synthetic method was employed to prepare mesoporous titania with anatase crystalline walls and high photocatalytic activity. The properties and structures of mesoporous titania were characterized by means of low angle and wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and N₂ adsorption–desorption. The characteristic results clearly show that crystallization rate of the mesoporous titania affects the stability of the mesoporous structure after reflux, and that the anatase crystal in the mesoporous wall of mesoporous titania can stabilize the mesoporous structure. The photocatalytic activity of titania powder was evaluated from an analysis of the photodegradation of methyl orange under UV irradiation. The results indicate that the titania powder with mesoporous structure shows the highest photocatalytic activity.     

Photo Catalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes over Mn2+ Doped TiO2 Catalyst under UV/Solar Light:An Insight to the Route of Electron Transfer in the Mixed Phase of Anatase and Rutile

Mn²⁺ ion was doped into the TiO₂ matrix and its photocatalytic activity was evaluated for the degradation of a mono azo dye methyl orange (MO) and a di‐azo dye brilliant yellow (BY) under UV/solar light. X‐ray diffraction results revealed the phase transformation from anatase to rutile due to the inclusion of Mn²⁺ ion into the TiO₂ matrix. All the doped catalysts showed a red shift in the band gap to the visible region. The degradation reaction of the dyes was found to be dependent on its structure. It was found that mono azo dye degrades faster than di azo dye under UV/solar light. The rate constant under identical conditions calculated for the degradation of MO is 2.4 times (under UV light) and 4.5 times (under solar light) higher compared to BY. Among the photocatalysts studied, Mn²⁺(0.06 at.%)‐TiO₂ showed higher activity under both UV and solar light illumination. The synergestic effect in the bicrystalline framework of anatase and rutile effectively suppresses the charge carrier recombination and enhances the photocatalytic activity. The degradation reaction was followed by UV‐visible spectroscopy and the photoproducts formed were analyzed by GC‐MS techniques.     

Modification of the Optical and Electronic Properties of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> By N Anion-Doping for Augmentation of the Visible Light Assisted Photocatalytic Performance

In this work, a nitrogen-doped anatase TiO₂ nanocrystal is prepared by a modified sol-gel preparation method using the nonionic surfactant (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) as a structural controller and a soft template. The as-prepared samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UVVis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Then the photocatalytic activity of these samples is assessed by the photocatalytic oxidation of phenol under visible light irradiation. The phenol concentration is measured using a UV-Vis spectrometer. Experimental results show that N-doping leads to an excellent visible light photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂ nanocatalyst. Furthermore, the formation energy and electronic structure of pure and N-doped anatase TiO₂ are described by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is found that N-doping narrowed the band gap of bare TiO₂, which leads to an excellent visible light photocatalytic activity of N–TiO₂ nanocatalysts. Therefore, the prepared N–TiO₂ photocatalyst is expected to find the use in organic pollutant degradation under solar light illumination.     

A simple route for the preparation of Eu, N-codoped TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced visible light-induced photocatalytic activity

A simple route has been developed for the synthesis of europium, nitrogen-codoped titania photocatalysts under mild conditions (i.e., low temperature, < or = 348 K, and ambient pressure). The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) analyses. The results showed that the codoped photocatalyst with a spheroidal shape exhibited a smaller size than the undoped titania. The transformation from anatase to rutile was suppressed by doping with Eu and N atoms. Furthermore, the absorbance spectra of Eu, N-codoped TiO(2) exhibited a significant red shift to the visible region. The photocatalytic activity of Eu, N-codoped TiO(2) was evaluated by photodegradation of the dye reactive brilliant red X-3B under visible light. This codoped sample exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to N-doped TiO(2), pure TiO(2), and P25.     

Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution of nanocrystalline mesoporous titania prepared by surfactant-assisted templating sol-gel process

Nanocrystalline mesoporous titania was synthesized via a combined sol-gel process with surfactant-assisted templating method, treated under various calcination conditions, and evaluated for its photocatalytic activity through photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from an aqueous methanol solution. In this synthetic method, applied surfactant template molecules functioned as both mesopore-forming and gelation-assisting agents. The resulting products were methodically characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption, diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra, SEM, and TEM analyses. The partial phase transformation from anatase to rutile occurred beyond calcination temperature of 600 °C and anatase-rutile transition kinetics was also investigated. The calcination conditions and crystalline phases existing in the products exerted significant effect on the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. The activity of the synthesized titania treated under appropriate calcination conditions was considerably higher than that of commercial titania powders, Ishihara ST-01 and Degussa P-25. It is clearly seen that the introduction of mesopore into titania photocatalyst substantially improved the photocatalytic performance.     

微波载银对纳米二氧化钛相变及光催化性能的增效作用

用微波法制备系列载Ag纳米TiO2,发现微波载Ag对纳米TiO2的相变和光催化活性具有增效作用。采用X-射线粉末衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM),X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS),激光Raman光谱及漫反射光谱(DRS)方法对比研究纳米TiO2与载Ag纳米TiO2的性质。结果表明,所制得载Ag纳米TiO2是以锐钛矿为主相的混晶,平均粒径约为10 nm,负载Ag促进纳米TiO2中锐钛矿相转化金红石相相变,减小纳米晶尺寸,并使纳米TiO2光响应范围向可见光区移动 6 nm。在低浓度范围,微波法能均匀地将Ag负载于纳米TiO2表面,并以Ag0/Ag+的形式存在,抑制光生电子与光生空穴复合,大大地提高了纳米TiO2光催化活性。在近紫外-可见光照射下,载Ag量为0.05 mol %的纳米TiO2对罗丹明B的光催化降解效果最好。     

Characterization of mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 photocatalysts synthesized via a sol-solvothermal process at a low temperature

Nanocrystalline TiO₂ samples with mesoporous structure were prepared via a solvothermal treatment of surfactant-stabilized TiO₂ sols. The samples were obtained from media of different acidities including nitric acid, deionized water, and ammonia (denoted as HT-1, HT-2 and HT-3, respectively). These samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂-sorption (BET surface area), micro-Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activities of the samples were tested by the self-photosensitized degradation of an azo dye, Mordant Yellow 10 (MY), in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The results reveal that all three samples have high surface area and are pure anatase phase. The sample prepared in nitric acid medium possesses the most ideal mesoporous structure and also exhibits a blue shift in the Raman spectrum. All three samples show much higher photocatalytic activity than the commercial P-25. The activity order of the three samples is HT-1>HT-2>HT-3.     

Synthesis and characterization of nano titania powder with high photoactivity for gas-phase photo-oxidation of benzene from TiOCl(2) aqueous solution at low temperatures

Nano rutile, anatase, and bicrystalline (anatase + brookite) titania powders with an average crystal size of below 10 nm are prepared from aqueous TiOCl(2) solution at low temperatures by adjusting pH values of the starting solution and adding different additives. Adding a small amount of octyl phenol poly(ethylene oxide) into aqueous TiOCl(2) solution leads to the change of particle morphologies of obtained nano titania from needlelike to nano spherical rutile crystals. Amorphous-anatase transformation of titania could proceed in liquid-solid reaction at low temperatures, even at room temperature. A formation mechanism of rutile, anatase, and brookite titania was proposed. It is found that H(+) or H(3)O(+) plays a catalytic role in the phase transformation from amorphous to anatase titania and that the presence of a small amount of SO(4)(2)(-) ion is unfavorable to the formation of both rutile and brookite. By carefully adjusting preparation conditions, nano pure anatase with higher surface area, good crystallinity, and a lower recombination rate of photoexcited electrons and holes was obtained. This nano pure anatase showed a very good photocatalytic activity for gas-phase photo-oxidation of benzene.     

Preparation,Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of Lanthanum Doped Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide

Lanthanum doped mesoporous titanium dioxide photocatalysts with different La content were synthesized by template method using tetrabutyltitanate (Ti(OC₄H₉)₄) as precursor and Pluronic P123 as template. The catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetric dif-ferential thermal analysis, N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray diffraction, and UV-Vis adsorption spectroscopy. The effect of La³⁺ doping concentration from 0.1% to 1% on the photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO₂ was investigated. The characterizations indicated that the photocatalysts possessed a homogeneous pore diameter of about 10 nm with high surface area of 165 m²/g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements in-dicated the presence of C in the doped samples in addition to La. Compared with pure mesoporous TiO₂, the La-doped samples extended the photoabsorption edge into the visible light region. The results of phenol photodecomposition showed that La-doped mesoporous TiO₂ exhibited higher photocatalytic activities than pure mesoporous TiO₂ under UV and visible light irradiation.     

Titania nanotubes (TNTs) prepared through the complex compound of gallic acid with titanium; examining photocatalytic degradation of the obtained TNTs

It was for the first time that the complex compound of gallic acid with titanium (IV) salt was used as a precursor to synthesize titania nanotubes. The study was separated into four main sections; (I) synthesizing the complex of titanium with gallic acid, (II) synthesizing anatase and rutile phases through thermal decomposing of the complex, (III) investigating the possibility to synthesize titania nanotubes from the rutile and anatase phases, and (IV) photocatalytic ability of all the nanoparticles.Different methods were applied to analysis, including X-ray diffraction, 1H NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, quantum-chemical modeling, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis, photoluminescence, BET analysis (to investigate the specific surface activity, total pore volume), EDX, electron microscopy (SEM), acceleration voltages, electrical conductivity, BJH method (to determine average pore diameter), and UV-Vis spectroscopy.We illustrated the possibility of the synthesis of the titania nanotubes from the anatase phase, while rutile phase was not turned to a tube shape.The photocatalytic ability of the obtained nanoparticles was tested by degrading bromophenol blue, as an organic pollutant, under weak light. TiO₂ in the form of nanotubes could reduce the concentration of bromophenol blue to 82%, as well as the rutile phase - to 70%, and finally anatase as nan-spheres to 36%.     

Preparation and characterization of sulfur-modified mesoporous titania photocatalyst

Sulfur-modified mesoporous titania (S-MTiO₂) was investigated as a potential photocatalyst under visible light. The photocatalyst was prepared by template method using thiourea and tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OC₄H₉)₄) as precursors and Pluronic P123 as template. The photoabsorbance of as-prepared photocatalyst was measured by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, which confirmed the extension of absorption into the visible region. The microstructure of S-MTiO₂ was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements. The micro crystal of the S-doped photocatalyst consisted of anatase phase and no significant influence on the nature of crystal formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicated the presence of C in the prepared photocatalyst in addition to S. The photo-catalytic performance was studied by photodegradation methyl orange (MO) in water under visible light irradiation. The calcination temperature and the doping content influenced the photoactivity.     

混合相二氧化钛石墨烯复合物的制备及光催化性能

采用水热法制备了一系列混合相二氧化钛-石墨烯(TrG)的复合物, 并考察了石墨烯的用量对降解污染物甲基蓝的影响. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱, 高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM), 拉曼光谱,紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis DRS), X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和比表面积(BET)等测试手段对复合材料进行表征. 结果表明, 复合材料中TiO₂为棒状的混合相, 且均匀分散在石墨烯表面. 由于石墨烯良好的吸光性能,混合相中的异质结和复合物的良好光电子传递能力以及高比表面积, 复合材料具有较高的光催化活性. 所制备的TrG复合材料在紫外光下降解甲基蓝的催化活性均高于纯TiO₂, 且当氧化石墨烯负载量为0.8% (质量分数,w)时, 复合材料TrG具有较好的光催化效果.