偏滤器等离子体中杂质对钨壁材料的侵蚀模拟研究

偏滤器是托卡马克中与等离子体直接接触的部件,为了保证装置的寿命,需要尽可能地减小等离子体对偏滤器靶板的侵蚀.本文用粒子模拟的方法研究了不同等离子体温度情况下碳和铍两种杂质离子对钨偏滤器侵蚀速率的影响.模拟首先得到稳定的鞘层结构、入射到靶板的离子流和能流密度,并通过统计获得了入射离子的能量和角度分布,最终根据这些物理参量,采用经验公式计算出钨靶板的侵蚀速率.研究表明,在等离子体温度不太高的情况下,钨靶板的热侵蚀几乎不起作用,而由于杂质离子对钨的物理溅射阈值较低,并且会通过鞘层加速获得能量,因此其对钨壁材料的物理溅射是导致靶板侵蚀的主要原因,另外靶板材料的侵蚀速率随着等离子体温度升高以及杂质含量增大而急剧增大.     

Analyses of edge plasma characteristics in HL-2A

The edge plasma characteristics are studied by both a movable array of Mach/Reynolds stress/Langmuir 10-probes in the boundary region and the fixed flush probe arrays on the 4 divertor neutralization plates at the same toroidal cross-section in the HL-2A tokamak. The dependence of the Reynolds stress on poloidal flow in the edge plasma is analysed. The result indicates that the sheared poloidal flow in tokamak plasma can be induced by the radial gradient of Reynolds stress. In the divertor experiments of HL-2A, the profiles of the electron temperature, density and floating potential on divertor plates are measured by the flush probe arrays. The edge electron temperature in divertor configuration is higher than that in limiter configuration. The temperature asymmetry between outer and inner target plates is observed. The result of magnetic surface reconstructed from 18 Mirnov coils signals is presented. Both the particle recycling and the impurity flux in the bulk plasma during divertor discharges are discussed. Neutral gas pressure in divertor chamber, measured by fast ionization gauge during divertor discharge, is given.     

FEB-E动态气靶偏滤器的研究

在ＦＥＢ－Ｅ设计阶段,偏波器从开放式固定板靶优化为封闭式气体靶,以改善偏滤器的杂质控制和增加离子与气体的相互作用,通过喷气和注入杂质获得的部分脱靶等离子体形成了动态气体靶,喷气能降低删削层（ＳＯＬ）处等离子体温度,沪入的杂质增加了ＳＯＬ处的辐射功率,使靶板的负载降低,用ＮＥＷＴ１Ｄ编码模拟了ＳＯＬ处等离子体和杂质（硼杂质）的输运,得到了杂质、等离本温度和等离了体密度分布。着眼于杂质的滞留物辐射,优     

Radiative divertor behavior and physics in Ar seeded plasma on EAST

To investigate the radiative divertor behavior and physics for the scenario of impurity seeded plasma in ITER, the radiative divertor experiments with argon(Ar) seeding under ITER-like tungsten divertor condition were carried out during recent EAST campaigns. The experimental results reveal the high efficiency of reducing heat load and particle flux onto the divertor targets owing to increased radiation by Ar seeding. We achieve detached plasmas in these experiments. The inner–outer divertor asymmetry reduces after Ar seeding. Impurities, such as Ar, C, Li, and W, exist in the entire space of the vacuum chamber during EAST operations, and play important roles in power exhausting and accelerating the plasma detachment process. It is remarkable that the contamination of the core plasma is observed using Ar seeding owing to the sputtering of plasma facing components(PFCs), particularly when Ar impurity is injected from the upper tungsten divertor.     

HL-2A装置送气和加料的脱靶特性

HL-2A装置辐射偏滤器实验采用边缘补充送气和分子束加料等方法来提高主等离子体密度,降低边缘等离子体温度、增加辐射功率分额,获得脱靶等离子体。偏滤器室内进行主动补充送气或者注入惰性气体杂质,降低偏滤器等离子体温度,获得脱靶等离子体,并首次获得了超声分子束注入产生脱靶等离子体的实验结果。利用HL-2A装置偏滤器同一极向截面内外中性化板上安装的嵌入式探针阵列和偏滤器室安装的电动探针系统,测量了偏滤器靶板上和偏滤器室的等离子体参数及其分布,并进行了相关分析和改善约束以及偏滤器脱靶等离子体运行模式下等离子体行为的研究。     

Bifurcation and Relaxation Oscillations in Divertor Plasmas

This paper presents a contribution to bifurcation phenomena in scrape-off layer modelling. The bifurcations are caused by the non-monotonic temperature behaviour of the radiation characteristics of plasma impurities. Low-frequency relaxation oscillations observed in divertor plasmas of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak are analyzed and computed using a simple model for the dynamics of the impurity density and the electron temperature. The corresponding model equations are a special case of a general system of transport equations whose stability is analyzed. Bifurcations are calculated by solving autonomous and parametrically driven model equations.     

HL-2A偏压偏滤器物理设计

根据已有的理论模型,推算出了HL-2A偏压偏滤器的理论电流为1．5kA、偏压电压为200V,并对HL-2A偏压偏滤器做出了初步设计。HL-2A装置采用偏压后,有可能降低L-H模转变阈功率,增加偏滤器等离子体密度、压强和滞留时间,改善约束,改善内外靶板功率沉积的非对称性,提高排灰效率及提高偏滤器性能。     

The first results of divertor discharge and supersonic molecular beam injection on the HL-2A tokamak

HL-2A tokamak is the first tokamak with divertors in China. The plasma boundary and the position of the striking point on the target plates of the HL-2A closed divertor were simulated by the current filament code and they were in agreement with the diagnostic results in the divertor. Supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) system was first installed and tested on the HL-2A tokamak in 2004. In the present experiment low pressure SMBI fuelling on the HL-2A closed divertor was carried out. The experimental results indicate that the divertor was operated in the `linear regime' and during the period of SMB pulse injection into the HL-2A plasma the power density convected at the target plate surfaces was 0.4 times of that before or after the beam injection. It is a useful fuelling method for decreasing the heat load on the neutralizer plates of the divertor.     

HL-2M装置雪花减偏滤器热疲劳分析

利用SOLPS软件,采用有限元数值计算方法,模拟计算了HL-2M装置雪花减偏滤器靶板上热负载分布,分析了偏滤器温度及热应力分布,并使用ITER内部器件设计评判标准对HL-2M偏滤器结构进行热疲劳寿命的评估。结果表明,在低周循环下靶板大部分区域不会经历严重的塑性疲劳,但距离外侧抽气口4mm位置拱顶区域循环寿命约为1963次。模拟结果对HL-2M装置偏滤器设计具有一定参考意义。     

HL-2A偏滤器运行模式的探针测量

在HL-2A装置的偏滤器位形运行模式下,用偏滤器靶板上的平面型嵌入式静电探针阵列测量了同一环截面的内外和上下四个中性化板上的电子温度、密度、悬浮电位分布。偏滤器运行模式下的边缘电子温度高于孔栏运行模式下的边缘的电子温度。比较了内外靶板之间的温度不对称性。给出了由18个米尔诺夫线圈信号重建获得的磁分界面,并用强磁场快速电离规测量了偏滤器室的中性气体压强变化。测量结果表明,在偏滤器运行模式下,主真空室中边缘粒子再循环降低,杂质通量水平下降。     

Modeling of Large ELM Suppressions for High Confinement Plasma in D Ⅲ-D

The H-mode discharges with high edge pressure gradients are expected for the economic feasibility of future fusion reactors. However, the high edge pressure gradients easily produce ELM instability , which generally can expel large, heat and particle loading to the divertor targets. These ELMs limit the core plasma performance and reduce the lifetime of divertor target plates. The transports of heat and particles outward across plasma boundary are useful to control density and impurity profiles for achieving steady state, high performance plasmas. Consequently, any technique to eliminate or mitigate large fast ELM impulses must replace the transient heat and particle transports with another slow process. Such a technique is high priority for a burning plasma device such as ITER.     

Experimental investigation on divertor tungsten sputtering with neon seeding in ELMy H-mode plasma in EAST tokamak

Neon (Ne) seeding is used to cool the edge plasma by radiation to protect the divertor tungsten (W) target in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The W sputtering in the outer divertor target with Ne seeding is assessed by the divertor visible spectroscopy system. It is observed that the W sputtering flux initially increases with Ne concentration in the divertor despite the decreasing plasma temperature. After reaching a maximum around 25 eV, the W sputtering rate starts to decrease, presenting a suppression effect. The effect on the divertor W sputtering flux and yield due to the competition between the increase of the Ne concentration and the decrease of the plasma temperature is discussed. The results show that enough Ne seeding is essential to effectively reduce the electron temperature and thus to suppress W sputtering. Moreover, ELM suppression is observed when Ne and W impurities enter the core plasma, which could be correlated to the enhanced turbulence transport in the pedestal.     

腐蚀和沉积对偏滤器靶板寿命的影响

讨论了偏滤器铍靶在聚变堆工况下的腐蚀问题，被物理溅射和辐射增强升华等过程腐蚀了的铍原子经电离后，部分将沉积到铍靶上，分析计算的结果表明，铍靶材被腐蚀后的自沉积将大大降低铍靶的净腐蚀率，在此基础，研究了一定浓度的硼杂质的沉积对铍靶的腐蚀率的影响，结果发现，铍靶前很低浓度的硼杂质即可大大降低了铍靶的腐蚀率，并且铍靶的腐蚀率随硼杂质浓度的增加而减少，这对聚变堆的稳态运行是有利的。     

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用HL-2A装置下偏滤器靶板上的14组嵌入式静电三探针阵列和外偏滤器室的电动扫描四探针组,测量了同一环向截面的内外中性化板上的电子温度、密度、悬浮电位及其分布,以及电子回旋加热(ECRH)实验期间的等离子体行为。研究了偏滤器中等离子体参数的分布及非对称性以及等离子体的形成、物理特性和改善粒子的约束特性。     

HL-2A装置偏滤器的脱靶等离子体实验

在HL-2A装置偏滤器靶板上采用嵌入式静电三探针阵列和偏滤器室内的电动扫描四探针组测量了同一极向截面的内外中性化板上和偏滤器室内的电子温度、密度、悬浮电位、空间电位、电场、电子压强及其分布,研究了偏滤器中等离子体参数的分布及非对称性和脱靶等离子体运行模式下的等离子体行为,开展了偏滤器脱离靶板等离子体的实验研究。利用主真空室的快速往复扫描三台阶式六探针系统测量了主等离子体边缘和偏滤器室内的等离子体温度、密度、粒子通量和中性粒子密度等参数,研究了脱靶等离子体的形成过程、物理特性、控制方法,以及对主等离子体性能的影响。     

HL-2A装置上边界间歇性事件与湍流粒子输运的统计学研究

通过对粒子概率分布函数的计算，发现在高等离子体密度下边界间歇性事件的爆发频率有所增加。通过条件平均的手段，正负间歇性事件得以区分，并发现了二者在空间上的不同特征。不同密度梯度下的湍流粒子输运计算表明，间歇性事件与湍流粒子输运之间存在密切联系，间歇性事件的存在能够大大增加湍流粒子输运的大小。在高等离子体密度时，间歇性事件的强度有所增加，而与之相应地，湍流粒子输运的大小也有所增强。     

经典漂移对EAST钨杂质产生和输运特性影响的模拟研究

本文采用蒙特卡罗杂质输运程序DIVIMP,针对先进实验超导托卡马克(EAST)的上单零位形放电,模拟研究了不同漂移情况下(无漂移、离子BíB漂移向下/上)的钨杂质产生和输运特性。结果表明,经典漂移显著影响了钨杂质自偏滤器靶板的溅射通量及其在上游区域的含量。     

HL-2M装置常规偏滤器与雪花减偏滤器热工水力分析对比

采用SOLPS程序模拟预测HL-2M装置常规和雪花减偏滤器靶板上的热通量。当流入边缘等离子体区域的热功率约为10MW时,利用CFX/ANSYS软件分析这两类偏滤器各结构、冷却水温度分布及形变和热应力分布情况。结果表明:等离子体总功率相同,雪花减偏滤器靶板上的最高温度比常规偏滤器低169℃;雪花减偏滤器结构所承受的最大热应力和形变比常规偏滤器低约3/7。不改变热负载剖面分布,按一定比例提升热流密度或延长放电时间,雪花减偏滤器体现出比常规偏滤器靶板温升低、冷却水温均衡等优点。因此,雪花减偏滤器能处理更多流进偏滤器区域的热能,有效地降低偏滤器工程设计要求。     

Numerical analysis of high Mach flow and flow reversal in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak divertor

The B2-Eirene (SOLPS 4.0) code package is used to investigate the plasma parallel flow, i.e., the scrape-off layer (SOL) flow, in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) divertor. Simulation results show that the SOL flow in the divertor region can exhibit complex behaviour, such as a high Mach flow and flow reversal in different plasma regimes. When the divertor plasma is in the detachment state, the high Mach flow with approaching or exceeding sonic speed is observed away from the target plate in our simulation. When the divertor plasma is in the high recycling state, the flow reversal with a small Mach number (|M|< 0.2) is observed near the X-point along the separatrix region. The driving mechanisms for the high Mach flow and the reversed flow are analysed theoretically through momentum and continuity equations, respectively. The profile of the ionization sources is shown to be a possible formation condition causing the complex behaviour of the SOL flow. In addition, the effects of the high Mach flow and the flow reversal on the impurity transport are also discussed in this paper.