DNA纳米结构在药物转运载体和智能载药中的应用进展

纳米材料具有荷载效率高、靶向性能好、半衰期较长等优点, 非常适于作为药物转运载体, 可有效提高药物的水溶性、稳定性和疾病治疗效果.目前, 开发具有良好生物相容性、可控靶向释放能力和精确载药位点的理想药物转运载体, 仍是该领域存在的挑战性问题和当前研究的重点.自组装DNA纳米结构是一类具有精确结构、功能多样的纳米生物材料, 具有良好的生物相容性和稳定性、较高的膜渗透性和可控靶向释放能力等优点, 是理想的药物转运载体和智能载药材料.本文总结了DNA纳米结构的发展历程、DNA纳米结构作为药物转运载体的研究现状、动态DNA纳米结构在智能载药中的应用进展, 并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

药物控制释放用天然多糖载体的制备技术研究进展

药物的控制释放体系是生物医用材料研究领域的重要课题,其支撑点是要有性能良好的高分子药物载体。由于天然多糖作为药物控制释放材料具有比合成聚合物更多的优势,因而一直是国内外学者研究的重点。文章从微球与胶囊、水凝胶、压缩膜三方面分别对天然多糖药物载体的制备技术进行了简述,并提出了多糖研究中存在的主要问题和今后的研究重点。     

基于透明质酸的刺激响应纳米给药系统的研究进展

透明质酸(Hyaluronic acid, HA)是一种天然多糖,具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,利用 HA 构建的纳米载体自身就具有肿瘤靶向功能,可以作为抗癌药物载体将药物传递到肿瘤细胞内从而实现精准到达病患处。近年来透明质酸在应用于肿瘤靶向给药系统中的关注越来越多,成为了靶向治疗肿瘤的一大研究热点。基于透明质酸的基本特性和肿瘤靶向的生理学基础,在不同的刺激响应下,透明质酸型纳米给药系统能将药物集中释放于肿瘤的微环境内,更好地杀死肿瘤细胞,同时避免其他正常的组织受到药物损害。本文主要综述了透明质酸型纳米药物输送系统在各种刺激响应下释放药物的最新研究进展。     

磁应答型药物递送载体的设计与构建

复合磁性生物材料的发展和应用已引起生物医学领域的极大关注。磁性纳米粒子因其易功能化而具有靶向药物传递、可控药物释放及磁成像特性逐渐成为药物传递和新型诊疗领域最有前途的材料之一。基于磁性纳米粒子或掺杂的铁氧化物构建的远程触发磁性载药递送系统,有望实现在运输过程中携载药物不泄露的情况下,提高药物递送效率且对病灶周围的健康细胞无毒或低毒性。为构建理想的可控靶向磁性药物递送系统,多种材料或配体可以与磁性纳米粒子复合来构建更安全有效的磁性药物递送系统。一些生物分子、聚合物及天然产物等通过与磁性纳米粒子相结合,构建出可用于药物传递且具有独特性质的磁性复合新材料。迄今为止,具有磁场应答能力的磁性药物递送载体已经在远程控制药物释放领域得到了长足发展。本文总结了近年来磁性药物递送载体作为远程控制治疗体系在设计与构建上的研究进展。重点关注了磷脂分子、聚合物、多孔微纳米材料以及天然产物等与其构建的复合材料,并对当前磁性复合特定给药载体的优点、局限及发展前景等做了简要阐述。     

基于环糊精的药物载体的研究进展

药物载体具有控制药物释放速度,靶向输送药物,减少药物降解及降低毒副作用等特点,对它的研究越来越受到重视。近年来,各种药物载体不断出现,其中由环糊精构筑的超分子体系被国内外研究者广泛关注,本文从基于环糊精的轮烷/聚轮烷、聚合物、纳米体系、脂质体以及水凝胶等方面对近几年来环糊精在药物载体中的应用研究进行综述,为丰富药物载体系统提供了新的依据,并对其应用前景作了展望。     

生物还原敏感可降解聚合物纳米载体的构建与应用

生物可降解聚合物纳米载体具有较长的体内循环时间、能靶向并富集到肿瘤组织、降低毒副作用、增加药物利用率以及在体内可降解等优越性能,已成为实现肿瘤靶向治疗最有前景的载体系统之一。但是,临床试验结果表明,聚合物纳米药物的治疗效果与人们的预期相差甚远,其中一个重要原因是纳米药物在靶点处药物释放少且缓慢。因此,开发智能型纳米载体使其在到达靶点后即迅速释放包裹的药物成为近年的研究热点。肿瘤组织,尤其是肿瘤细胞内的谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)浓度较高(2~10mM),大约是体液和细胞外基质的100~1000倍(2~10μM)。基于肿瘤独特的还原势能,人们构建了各种不同类型的还原敏感聚合物纳米载体,实现抗癌药物在肿瘤组织和肿瘤细胞内的快速高效释放。生物还原敏感聚合物纳米载体具有以下特点:(1)在生理条件下稳定;(2)对肿瘤细胞内还原环境响应快,触发药物快速释放;(3)无需任何外在刺激装置,简单方便。本文将结合我们课题组的工作介绍各种还原敏感可降解聚合物纳米载体的构建和应用,主要包括还原敏感生物可降解聚合物胶束、囊泡、纳米凝胶等。     

智能水凝胶双抗癌药物控释体系

近年来,基于联合用药策略的双药物控释体系的研究为降低抗癌药物毒性和提高疗效提供了有效途径。水凝胶作为一类高临床应用价值的药物载体,在药物控释方面具有广泛的应用前景。癌症是危害人类健康和生命的疾病之一,当人体内正常细胞发生癌变后,癌变细胞周围会发生一些显著的变化。因此,根据肿瘤细胞与正常细胞在体内环境及体外环境的差异,发展了多种智能型水凝胶双抗癌药物控释载体。它能够在感知外界因素的刺激下发生内部结构的变化,从而实现对药物的可控释放。与此同时,随着新的治疗手段的兴起和更多抗癌作用靶点的发现,水凝胶载体也成功实现了化学药物和生物治疗因子的同时负载和可控释放。本文将从不同智能型水凝胶载体如何负载、控释双抗癌药物及水凝胶药物载体中药物的组合方式两方面综述智能型水凝胶双抗癌药物控释体系最新研究进展,并展望其发展前景。     

海藻酸钠和壳聚糖聚电解质微胶囊及其生物医学应用

本文综述了天然多糖聚电解质海藻酸钠和壳聚糖的结构与化学性能（包括凝胶性能、生物相容性、生物可降解性及温和反应性）;微胶囊制备技术及其强度性能和膜渗透性评价方法;微胶囊作为细胞载体在体内分泌治疗性物质（如：胰岛素、多巴胺）或分解代谢毒性物质（如：尿素）,作为三维药物筛选系统、干细胞增殖分化研究工具,以及药物释放载体等生物医学领域的研究进展;最后讨论了天然多糖微胶囊研究与应用中需要解决的问题。     

肿瘤微环境响应药物递送系统的设计

化学药物治疗(化疗)是目前临床上治疗肿瘤最有效的方法之一,但传统的给药方式导致药物对肿瘤的靶向性差、药物利用率低。在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时,化疗药物对人体正常细胞也有很大的损伤,因此在化疗过程中通常伴随着严重的副作用,例如恶心、呕吐以及脱发等。随着肿瘤学和纳米材料的迅速发展,多种纳米药物载体被应用于肿瘤的治疗。纳米药物载体具有提高药物利用率、降低药物的毒副作用等诸多优势,已成为药物递送领域的研究热点。其中,肿瘤微环境响应纳米药物载体在实现肿瘤部位药物的可控释放、载体保护壳的脱除以及肿瘤靶向等方面表现出优异的性能。本文讨论了基于肿瘤微环境的异常生化指标构建肿瘤微环境响应载体的常用策略,并总结了近年来肿瘤微环境响应纳米药物载体用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展,旨在为设计与制备高性能纳米药物载体提供参考。     

黄原胶纳米微凝胶的制备及其pH/还原响应性能

以胱胺四酰肼为交联剂,将其与黄原胶在水溶液中进行酰胺化反应,通过"一步法"制备得到pH和还原刺激响应性纳米微凝胶;采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、核磁共振氢谱仪、动态激光光散射仪、扫描电镜和透射电镜对其结构和形貌进行了表征,研究了纳米微凝胶的性能及其药物控释效果。结果表明:该纳米微凝胶具有明显的pH和还原响应性。纳米微凝胶中含有游离的酰肼基团,可与阿霉素分子中的酮羰基反应形成pH敏感的酰腙键。胱胺四酰肼中的双硫键可在较高浓度的谷胱甘肽作用下还原,导致微凝胶交联结构被破坏,促使药物释放。该纳米微凝胶生物相容性良好,有望用作靶向释放抗癌药物载体。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.