普鲁兰多糖在药物释放系统中的应用

本综述重点介绍了近年来普鲁兰多糖作为药物释放系统载体材料的研究进展及其在药物释放系统中的应用情况。     

天然多糖类纳米凝胶药物载体的研究进展

天然多糖具有来源广泛、价格低廉、良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性等特点,被广泛应用于药物载体研究。天然多糖纳米凝胶内部交联网络结构能有效提高药物的稳定性,且自身带有大量的活性官能团,可以被修饰上靶向配体或者对病灶环境敏感的基团,使药物顺利到达靶向细胞,从而实现药物的可控释放,在提高药效的同时降低药物的毒副作用。该综述介绍了天然多糖类纳米凝胶作为药物载体的研究进展,包括壳聚糖、右旋糖酐、普鲁兰多糖、海藻酸盐、透明质酸以及肝素等天然多糖纳米凝胶用于环境响应药物可控释放和靶向药物治疗的研究状况,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

肝素在生长因子控制释放中的应用*

典型的抗凝血药物肝素作为硫酸化的多糖在体内具有多重生物活性,而这些生物活性是通过与生长因子和细胞因子等蛋白质的相互作用来发挥的。由于它与肝素亲和性生长因子具有特异的糖胺聚糖-蛋白质相互作用,近年来被广泛地应用于生长因子的控制释放中,以达到稳定负载于载体材料特别是水凝胶载体中的生长因子并保持其生物活性、延缓释放的作用。本文介绍了近年来肝素在组织工程用生长因子控制释放系统中应用研究的最新进展。     

海藻酸钠和壳聚糖聚电解质微胶囊及其生物医学应用

本文综述了天然多糖聚电解质海藻酸钠和壳聚糖的结构与化学性能（包括凝胶性能、生物相容性、生物可降解性及温和反应性）;微胶囊制备技术及其强度性能和膜渗透性评价方法;微胶囊作为细胞载体在体内分泌治疗性物质（如：胰岛素、多巴胺）或分解代谢毒性物质（如：尿素）,作为三维药物筛选系统、干细胞增殖分化研究工具,以及药物释放载体等生物医学领域的研究进展;最后讨论了天然多糖微胶囊研究与应用中需要解决的问题。     

控制药物释放体系及其机理

药物控制释放是目前药物学发展的一个重要领域,用于药物控制释放的载体一般是高分子材料。本文主要介绍药物控制释放的种类、机理、高分子材料及其应用。     

非共价键交联海藻酸钠水凝胶的制备与性能

天然多糖海藻酸钠制备的水凝胶具有优越的生物相容性和生物组织相似性,作为生物医用材料在药物控制释放、组织工程支架、抗菌材料及创伤敷料等领域发挥着越来越大的作用。本文在介绍海藻酸钠物化性质的基础上,重点综述了非共价键交联(静电作用、氢键、范德华力、亲疏水作用等)海藻酸钠水凝胶的制备方法以及性能表征方法,最后讨论了制备方法及性能表征研究中的一些需要解决的问题。     

天然多糖作为核酸载体的研究

基因治疗这种堪称革命性的治疗方法,开拓了治疗癌症的新思路,其最关键性问题是实现核酸药物靶向肿瘤组织并精准治疗。核酸药物直接递送存在核酸酶降解代谢、细胞膜上的负电荷排斥现象以及稳定性差等问题,所以核酸药物需要载体协助,成功的载体递送除能使核酸药物在肿瘤区域大量富集外,还要起到药物控释作用,而天然多糖除无毒、生物相容度高、易修饰的特点外,它本身就具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗炎等多种生物活性。本篇总结了最具代表性的五种多糖的结构特征及在核酸药物递送方面的应用,继而归纳了多糖的常用的纳米级载体形式,为构建天然多糖递送核酸的新型载体并将其应用到免疫抗肿瘤治疗研究中奠定基础。     

壳聚糖基质与蛋白质药物的释放

为了达到治疗的目的,很多蛋白质药物正在被广泛地研究,但是目前蛋白质药物仍然存在着很多问题,如容易变性,被蛋白酶降解而失去疗效等等。如果使用合适的药物载体,就可以保护蛋白质药物不被酶降解并能控制药物的释放,达到缓释或者控释的目的,这将有助于延长药物在体内的生物活性。壳聚糖作为天然的生物大分子,被广泛地应用在生物材料、制药工业和医疗卫生领域中。本文主要介绍了壳聚糖基质具有适合作为药物缓释载体的特性,并分析了影响药物包封率和微球释放药物速率的因素。     

基于环糊精的智能刺激响应型药物载体

智能药物载体凭借其独特的刺激-响应机制控制药物的释放速度和转运部位,已成为当前化学与药学领域的研究热点之一。由于具有提高药物在体内的生物利用度和降低其毒副作用等优点,智能药物载体将在未来的临床治疗中起到越来越重要的作用。近年来,环糊精作为药物载体材料的研究取得了巨大进步,其在药物控释的时间、空间和剂量上更为准确。环糊精具有大环结构,可自组装、易于功能化、天然无毒且价格低廉,已被广泛应用于构筑智能药物载体。凭借其自组装、分子识别和动态可逆性能力,环糊精可以同其他生物相容性材料构筑具有不同性能的智能药物载体。这种载体可在外界刺激下做出相关理化性质改变的反馈调节,包括通过内源性刺激(pH值、氧化还原物质和酶浓度等)和外源性刺激(温度、光、磁场、超声和电压等),进而控制药物的释放。本文综述了面向不同刺激因素的基于环糊精智能刺激响应型药物载体的作用机理、特点和应用的最新研究进展,并对其发展前景作了进一步的展望。     

基于环糊精聚合物主客体作用制备智能纳米药物载体研究进展

智能纳米药物载体凭借其独特的刺激-响应机制实现按需药物释放,已成为当前研究的热点。环糊精由于其天然的大环结构、无毒、价格低廉、容易组装等特点已被广泛应用于药物载体。基于环糊精聚合物与其它客体分子的相互作用为构建智能纳米药物载体提供了灵活而强大的平台。这种智能纳米药物载体可以在外界刺激下做出相应的理化性质的改变,从而达到控制药物释放的目的。本文综述了基于环糊精主客体作用制备智能药物载体的最新研究进展及其应用。     

Composite supports based on bentonite clay and polysaccharides

Fundamental aspects of the interaction between the bentonite clay and self-structuring polysaccharides, agar-agar and sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, were studied. The possibility of using the resulting composite gels as drug carriers was examined.     

Synthetic and natural polymers as drug carriers for tuberculosis treatment

Drug forms based polymer carriers of prolong action were created for toxicologic effect of drug to be reduced in spite of long treatment of diseases. In present work a number of synthesis and natural polymers have been studied as carriers of antituberculous drugs for controlled delivery application. Following as drugs as isoniazid and ethionamide were incorporated into polymeric matrix (segmented polyurethanes, polyvinyl alcohol) and chemically bound with the polymer chain by covalent or electrostatic forces (aldehyde- and carboxymethylderivatives of polysaccharides). Biodegradation of polymeric systems and the release of drugs were studied by various physico-chemical methods. It was shown that the drug release depends of method of the immobilization, type of the drug/polymer bonding, drug loading. The bacteriostatic activity of obtained systems was determined. The possibility of tuberculosis treatment was proved in experiments of animals.     

Polysaccharide Chemistry in Drug Delivery,Endocrinology, and Vaccines

Polysaccharides, due to their outstanding properties, have attracted the attention of researchers, working in the biomedical field and especially of those working in drug delivery. Modified/functionalized polysaccharides further increase the importance for various applications. Delivery of therapeutics for diverse ailments in different endocrine glands and hormones safely, is a focal point of researchers working in the field. Among the routes followed, the transdermal route is preferred due to non-exposure of active moieties to the harsh gastric environment and first-pass metabolism. This review starts with the overview of polysaccharides used for the delivery of various therapeutic agents. Advantages of polysaccharides used in the transdermal route are addressed in detail. Types of polysaccharides will be elaborated through examples, and in this context, special emphasis will be on the polysaccharides being used for synthesis of the membranes/films. Techniques employed for their modification to design novel carriers for therapeutics delivery will also be discussed. The review will end with a brief discussion on recent developments and future perspectives for delivery of therapeutic agents, and vaccine development.     

Chitosan/cyclodextrin nanoparticles as drug delivery system

One of the most attractive areas of research in drug delivery is the design of nanomedicines consisting of nanosystems that are able to deliver drugs to the right place, at appropriate time. Natural polysaccharides, due to their outstanding merits, have received more and more attention in the field of drug delivery systems. In particular, polysaccharides seem to be the most promising materials in the preparation of nanometric carriers. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the potential of a recent generation of hybrid polysaccharide nanocarriers, composed of chitosan (CS) and an anionic cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD), for the encapsulation of a model drug, sulindac. CS and CM-β-CD were processed to nanoparticles (NPs) via the ionotropic gelation technique. The stoichiometric ratio between these two polymers was found to influence particle size and zeta potential. Decreasing CS:CM-β-CD ratio led to an increase in particle size and decrease in zeta potential. DSC and FTIR analyses confirmed formation of NPs and encapsulation of sulindac inside them. Release profiles indicate a continuous release of the drug throughout 24?h. However, the rate of release was more rapid during the first hours; about 55–90% of the drug being released after 3?h.     

Advances in Targeting Drug Biological Carriers for Enhancing Tumor Therapy Efficacy

Chemotherapy drugs continue to be the main component of oncology treatment research and have been proven to be the main treatment modality in tumor therapy. However, the poor delivery efficiency of cancer therapeutic drugs and their potential off-target toxicity significantly limit their effectiveness and extensive application. The recent integration of biological carriers and functional agents is expected to camouflage synthetic biomimetic nanoparticles for targeted delivery. The promising candidates, including but not limited to red blood cells and their membranes, platelets, tumor cell membrane, bacteria, immune cell membrane, and hybrid membrane are typical representatives of biological carriers because of their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Biological carriers are widely used to deliver chemotherapy drugs to improve the effectiveness of drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in vivo, and tremendous progress is made in this field. This review summarizes recent developments in biological vectors as targeted drug delivery systems based on microenvironmental stimuli-responsive release, thus highlighting the potential applications of target drug biological carriers. The review also discusses the possibility of clinical translation, as well as the exploitation trend of these target drug biological carriers.     

碳纳米管在药物载体领域的进展

基于其独特的结构、电子及机械性能,碳纳米管自被发现以来就是极具吸引力的材料,被广泛研究。在药物化学领域,碳纳米管成为载运治疗药物实现靶向治疗、控制释放等的热点,研究日益深入。本文概述了近年来碳纳米管在药物载体领域的研究进展情况,评述了其未来发展趋势,认为深入考察修饰碳纳米管的毒性,探索其载药释药机制,并逐步应用于临床,...     

Hybrid Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers for Controlled Chemotherapy of Cancer

Rapid developments in materials science and biological mechanisms have greatly boosted the research discoveries of new drug delivery systems. In the past few decades, hundreds of nanoparticle‐based drug carriers have been reported almost on a daily basis, in which new materials, structures, and mechanisms are proposed and evaluated. Standing out among the drug carriers, the hybrid nanoparticle systems offer a great opportunity for the optimization and improvement of conventional chemotherapy. By combining several features of functional components, these hybrid nanoparticles have shown excellent promises of improved biosafety, biocompatibility, multifunctionality, biodegradability, and so forth. In this Personal Account, we highlight the recent research advances of some representative hybrid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems and discuss their design strategies and responsive mechanisms for controlled drug delivery.     

智能中空药物载体的门控设计

由于具有独特新颖的结构和广泛的应用领域,中空材料已成为合成化学和材料化学研究的热点;特别是其高的表面体积比、低密度及大空腔等特点,成为药物递送载体的最佳选择.通过对中空结构的精确选择和精准修饰,可赋予中空材料独特的刺激响应行为,从而实现该类药物载体的智能设计和药物的可控释放.目前,构建中空智能载体主有以下两条思路:(1)利用自身可对环境中的物理化学刺激做出响应的中空材料作为载体;(2)在中空载体表面修饰功能性分子,以实现在特定的刺激下精确控制孔道的“开-关”转换.其核心在于分子组成和构型的精准调控.基于此,本文综合评述了中空智能载体的可控释放机制.首先介绍中空药物载体的发展历史,随后阐述药物分子在中空结构中的扩散规律,并总结了中空结构载体的智能响应行为、不同的门控机制、控制释放原理以及应用前景,最后对未来的发展做了展望.     

Recent Strategies to Develop Polysaccharide‐Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Polysaccharides are abundant in nature, renewable, nontoxic, and intrinsically biodegradable. They possess a high level of functional groups including hydroxyl, amino, and carboxylic acid groups. These functional groups can be utilized for further modification of polysaccharides with small molecules, polymers, and crosslinkers; the modified polysaccharides have been used as effective building blocks in fabricating novel biomaterials for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery carriers, cell‐encapsulating biomaterials, and tissue engineering scaffolds. This review describes recent strategies to modify polysaccharides for the development of polysaccharide‐based biomaterials; typically self‐assembled micelles, crosslinked microgels/nanogels, three‐dimensional hydrogels, and fibrous meshes. In addition, the outlook is briefly discussed on the important aspects for the current and future development of polysaccharide‐based biomaterials, particularly tumor‐targeting intracellular drug delivery nanocarriers.