塑料的刚性填料增韧

刚性粒子增韧作为一种新的增韧方法，已越来越受到人们的关注。本文根据刚性粒子增韧塑料的系列研究，分别讨论了有机刚性粒子和无机刚性粒子增韧塑料的机理，并集中解释了研究中的一些实验现象。     

核-壳粒子增韧聚合物的研究进展

核-壳粒子增韧结合了弹性体增韧和刚性粒子增强的优点，将其用于聚合物共混体系中有可能得到比基体树脂更高韧性更好刚性的复合材料。本文综述了相关核-壳粒子的分类、形态、形成机制，以及它们对聚合物基体的增韧机理，并详细阐述了反应性和非反应性聚合物共混体系中原位形成的核-壳粒子形态演化规律及其对共混物力学性能的影响。     

橡胶／纳米无机粒子增韧增强环氧树脂的研究

综述了当前环氧树脂增韧增强改性的研究现状,详细介绍了弹性体增韧环氧树脂、无机纳米粒子改性环氧树脂、粘土改性环氧树脂、纳米SiO2改性环氧树脂以及弹性体／无机纳米粒子协同增韧增强环氧树脂的机理和实验方法。并对其实验结果进行了分析比较。     

无机填料同时增韧增强HDPE体系的界面相互作用

无机填料同时增韧增强ＨＤＰＥ体系的界面相互作用王勇,李瑞海,王贵恒（成都科技大学纺织工学院,成都科技大学高分子材料系,成都,６１００６５）关键词无机填料,ＨＤＰＥ,界面改性,增韧增强无机刚性粒子能否同时增韧增强聚合物,是一个理论上或工业上极有意义的课...     

纳米Sb_2O_3表面原位(共)聚合处理对HIPS纳米复合材料力学性能的影响

通用高分子材料的工程化和工程高分子材料的高性能化是高分子材料研究与开发的主要方向之一，核心、关键技术是高分子材料的同时增强、增韧，其中利用纳米无机刚性粒子与高分子材料复合是一条最简单而又行之有效的途径．由于无机纳米填料是亲水性的、表面能极高，有机高分子不能浸润填料或与填料表面相互作用弱，导致纳米粒子在高分子基体中易于团聚而分散性差，其复合材料力学性能低下．利用硬酯酸、非离子表面活性剂、表面辐照接枝处理纳米粒子表面忙，     

非弹性体增韧—聚合物增韧的新途径

本文是一篇关于非弹性增韧方法的综述。文章首先简要回顾了传统的橡胶增韧韧性聚合物材料的机理,然后着重介绍了最近在国外出现的刚性有机填料(ROF)增韧的基本概念、分析方法和增韧的冷拉机理,列举了脆性塑料粒子和韧性基体组成的合金体系的大量实验结果来说明以上内容,最后通过与传统橡胶增韧机理的对比指出非弹性体增韧是不同于后者的一种新增韧方法,并有可能成为制备高强度、高韧性工程塑料的一种新途径。     

硬质PVC复合改性界面研究进展

综述了增强增韧硬质PVC方面所做的研究工作及最新的研究进展,探究了增强、增韧PVC的方法以及机理,机理包括:多重银纹,剪切屈服,剪切屈服-银纹化,逾渗,空穴。目前的改性方法包括:改性无机粒子增强增韧PVC,如微米粒子、纳米粒子、"核-壳"结构粒子、其它无机粒子;聚合物和无机粒子/聚合物以及接枝改性增强增韧PVC。     

膨胀阻燃聚丙烯及其协同力学改性的研究进展北大核心CSCD

对聚丙烯(PP)进行阻燃协同力学改性一直是PP材料领域的研究热点。本文综述了近几年膨胀阻燃PP领域的研究进展,包括新型成炭剂的开发和阻燃体系改性新技术,讨论了纳米粘土、稀土元素化合物、分子筛等协同剂在膨胀阻燃剂中的阻燃效果及机理;同时介绍了膨胀阻燃PP及其协同力学改性的研究进展,包括无机刚性粒子、弹性体等不同组分对阻燃PP力学性能的影响,特别是对冲击韧性的影响,总结了PP阻燃及阻燃协同力学改性方面存在的问题,并对未来的发展进行了展望。     

膨胀阻燃聚丙烯及其协同力学改性的研究进展

对聚丙烯(PP)进行阻燃协同力学改性一直是PP材料领域的研究热点。本文综述了近几年膨胀阻燃PP领域的研究进展,包括新型成炭剂的开发和阻燃体系改性新技术,讨论了纳米粘土、稀土元素化合物、分子筛等协同剂在膨胀阻燃剂中的阻燃效果及机理;同时介绍了膨胀阻燃PP及其协同力学改性的研究进展,包括无机刚性粒子、弹性体等不同组分对阻燃PP力学性能的影响,特别是对冲击韧性的影响,总结了PP阻燃及阻燃协同力学改性方面存在的问题,并对未来的发展进行了展望。     

环氧树脂增韧改性的研究进展

概述了近年来互穿聚合物网络（IPN）、刚性粒子增韧环氧树脂的研究现状,并展望了环氧树脂增韧改性研究的前景。     

Effects of nucleating agents on microstructure and fracture toughness of poly(propylene)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer blends

The effects of nucleating agents (NAs) on fracture toughness of injection‐molded isotactic poly(propylene)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (PP/EPDM) were studied in this work. Compared with PP/EPDM blends without any NA, PP/EPDM/NA blends show very small and homogeneous PP spherulites. As we expected, PP/EPDM blends nucleated with β‐phase NA aryl amides compound (TMB‐5) present not only a significant enhancement in toughness but also a promotion of brittle‐ductile transition. However, the addition of α‐phase NA 1,3:2,4‐bis(3,4‐dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol (DMDBS) has no apparent effect on the toughness of the blends. The impact‐fractured surface morphologies of such samples were analyzed via scanning electronic microscope (SEM). More detail work about the toughening mechanisms of elastomer and NA based on elastomer particles size and matrix crystal structures were carried out. Our results suggest that, besides the crystal structures of matrix, the elastomer particles size and size distribution plays an important role in controlling the toughening effect of nucleated PP/elastomer blends. The smaller the elastomer particles size and lower the polydispersity, the more apparent the synergistic toughening effect of NA and elastomer is. This investigation provides a fresh insight into the understanding of toughening mechanism of elastomers in PP blends and facilitates to the design of super toughened PP materials. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 46–59, 2009     

Toughening polypropylene with nanoscale rubber particles

A new kind of powdered rubber, ultra-fine full-vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR), was invented and used for toughening polypropylene. The UFPR dispersed well in the PP matrix on a nanoscale. Both toughness and stiffness of PP can be improved by toughening with UFPR. DSC data showed that UFPR has some nucleation effect on PP. When PP was toughened with UFPR and EPDM together, the impact strength showed a synergistic toughening effect.     

Toughened polypropylene with balanced rigidity (I): preparation and chemical structure of toughening master batch

The title toughening master batch (TMB) was synthesized in a low‐viscosity reaction system by using dynamic vulcanization technique starting from polypropylene (PP) as the matrix resin and ethylene–propylene or butadiene–styrene elastomer as the toughening agent through a polymer–bridge conjunction derived from a monomer containing a carbonate group in the presence of a free radical initiator. The chemical structure of the TMBs and the effects of technological conditions on structural parameters were investigated using fractional extraction and infrared spectroscopy. The prepared TMBs consisted of unreacted PP, unreacted elastomers, graft copolymer of PP and/or elastomers containing branched chains formed by bridging agent, and crosslinked copolymer of PP and/or elastomers in conjunction with polymer bridge chains derived from bridging agent. Results showed that the PP existed in graft and crosslinked forms was in the range of 3–21 wt% and that of the elastomer toughening agent was in the range of 50–70 wt%, grafting and bridging efficiency of bridging agent was in the range of 62–88 wt%, graft copolymer content in the total TMB was in the range of 0.18–3.65 wt% and crosslinked copolymer content was in the range of 22–42 wt%. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纳米刚性微粒与橡胶弹性微粒同时增强增韧聚丙烯的研究

通过力学性能测试、动态力学试验、ＤＳＣ 分析以及材料断面形貌与结构分析等手段,对以纳米二氧化硅（ＳｉＯ２） 为刚性微粒、以三元乙丙橡胶（ＥＰＤＭ） 为弹性微粒组成的聚丙烯（ＰＰ）／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 的同时增强增韧效果进行了研究．结果显示,上述两种微粒可同时大幅度提高ＰＰ 的韧性、强度和模量,当ＰＰ／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 为８０／３／２０ 时,两种微粒体现较明显的协同增韧效应．纳米ＳｉＯ２ 可提高ＰＰ 的结晶温度和结晶速度,并使球晶细化．纳米ＳｉＯ２ 刚性微粒在ＰＰ连续相中以微粒团聚体形态分布,构成团聚体的平均微粒数约为６ ～７ ,其与ＰＰ基体表现出较强的结合牢度．ＰＰ／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 的综合性能已接近或达到工程塑料的性能．     

Study on the toughening mechanism of PP/EVA dynamically crosslinked blend

The toughening mechanism of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) dynamically crosslinked blend was investigated. The results indicated that dynamical crosslinking technology not only improved the interfacial adhesion between PP and EVA, but also increased the mechanical properties of PP/EVA blend. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs demonstrated that dynamical crosslinking technology could refine EVA particles in PP/EVA blend and promote the size distribution of EVA particles. The critical matrix ligament thickness of dynamically crosslinked and uncrosslinked blend was about 0.55 μm and 0.6 μm, respectively, indicating that the brittle-ductile transition occurred. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results illustrated that the tan δ peak of PP component in the dynamically crosslinked blend moved toward lower temperature compared with that of pure PP and the PP component in uncrosslinked blend; and the tan δ value of the dynamically crosslinked blend was higher than that of the uncrosslinked blend, which interpreted the toughening mechanism of dynamical crosslinking technology from the dynamic mechanical property of the blend.     

Photopolymerization and toughening performance in polypropylene of hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate

A novel UV-curable hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate (HUA) was synthesized and found to polymerize rapidly in the presence of 5 wt.% benzophenone in N₂ under UV exposure. The photopolymerization kinetics of HUA was studied by differential photocalorimetry (DPC). Its toughening effect for polypropylene (PP) was investigated by tensile and impact tests of the UV irradiated PP/HUA blends. The morphological structures and thermal behavior were determined by polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The obtained results demonstrate that (1) the maximum photopolymerization rate increases with raising temperature up to 140 °C, whereas decreases at above 150 °C. The activation energy of 19 kJ mol⁻¹ for the photopolymerization was obtained at below 140 °C from the Arrhenius plot, while it is negative at above 150 °C. (2) The incorporation of 5 wt.% HUA greatly improved the notched impact strength of PP matrix with a slight improvement in the tensile strength and without obvious decline in breaking elongation. These results correlate well with SEM observation. (3) During the UV irradiation of PP/HUA blends, PP can be crosslinked/grafted with the cured HUA particles, resulting in the increase of the impact strength of PP matrix. (4) The cured HUA particles in the PP/HUA blends act as heterogeneous nucleation agent for PP, which results in the decrease of spherulite size and less perfection of PP crystals.     

PBT/POE-g-MAH/PP共混体系的相态结构与性能

采用马来酸酐接枝乙烯-辛烯共聚物弹性体(POE-g-MAH)与聚丙烯(PP)在双螺杆挤出机上进行熔融共混,制备了3种新型增韧改性剂.研究了增韧改性剂的种类及其用量对共混物的力学性能、相形态结构、熔融与结晶行为的影响.力学性能测试表明,POE-g-MAH与适量PP并用具有显著的协同增韧作用,当POE-g-MAH与PP的配比为70/30时,所得增韧改性剂(POEg2)具有最佳的增韧效果.当POEg2含量达到15%时,共混物的缺口冲击强度(Is)从纯PBT的7.5 kJ/m2提高到51.2 kJ/m2,与15%的纯POE-g-MAH弹性体增韧PBT具有相近的缺口冲击强度值.同时,共混物的拉伸强度(σb)损失最小.采用AFM和SEM观察发现,新型增韧改性剂作为分散相具有软壳-硬核结构.DSC测试表明,随增韧改性剂中PP含量增加到一定值时,壳-核结构中软壳层出现不完整现象,导致界面作用力减小,共混物的Is和σb都出现明显下降.     

聚丙烯混杂复合体系的界面和力学性能

从刚性粒子增韧聚合物体系的界面层性质入手，研究了带有柔性分子链界面改性剂包覆的高岭土（Ｋａｏｌｉｎ）刚性粒子增韧的，短切玻纤（ＧＦ）增强的聚丙烯（ＰＰ）混杂复合体系的微观结构，结晶性质，ＰＰ／Ｋａｏｌｉｎ／ＧＦ混杂复合材料的加工流动性及力学性能．实验结果表明，所合成的界面改性剂对ＰＰ／Ｋａｏｌｉｎ复合材料有显著的增韧效果；加入少量的短切玻纤可以弥补因界面改性剂引入而引起的ＰＰ／Ｋａｏｌｉｎ复合材料强度和模量降低的缺点；经界面改性剂包覆的高岭土刚性粒子和短切玻纤同时加入ＰＰ，混杂复合后，ＰＰ复合材料的冲击韧性大幅度提高，材料的强度和模量不降低．这个结果不仅在较低的Ｋａｏｌｉｎ含量下，而且可在Ｋａｏｌｉｎ含量为５０％（ｗｔ％）的高填充量下也得以实现     

BRITTLE-DUCTILE TRANSITION OF PP/EPDM/ELASTOMERIC NANO-PARTICLE TERNARY BLENDS

The brittle-ductile transition is a very important phenomenon for polymer toughening. Polypropylene （PP） is often toughened by using rubbers, e.g., ethylene-propylene diene monomer （EPDM） has often been used as a modifier. In this article, the toughening of PP by using a new kind of rubber, known as elastomeric nano-particle （ENP）, and the brittleductile transition of PP/EPDM/ENP was studied. Compared to PP/EPDM binary blends, the brittle-ductile transition of PP/EPDM/ENP ternary blends occurred at lower EPDM contents. SEM experiment was carried out to investigate the etched and impact-fractured surfaces. ENP alone had no effect on the impact strength of PP, however, with the same EPDM content, PP/EPDM/ENP ternary blends had smaller particle size, better dispersion and smaller interparticle distance in contrary to PP/EPDM binary blends, which promoted the brittle-ductile transition to occur earlier.     

超高分子量聚乙烯增强聚丙烯共混体系的力学性能、亚微相态和增韧机理的研究进展

综述了作者所在课题小组在超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）增韧增强聚丙烯（PP）共混体系研究领域中所取得的成果、研究进展及增韧增强机理。该成果将为提高通用型塑料PP的综合力学性能提出一种新的方法及机理,从而实现通用塑料高性能化和工程塑料化的目标。