超快电子衍射研究分子动力学（英文）

随着超快激光、超快X射线和超快电子束技术在近年的快速发展,通过泵浦探测的方法在超快的尺度观察原子运动正逐步成为可能.本综述将讨论如何利用超快电子衍射技术探测激光激发的分子动力学过程.此技术以电子束为探针,能以飞秒量级的时间分辨率和埃量级的空间分辨率追踪激光触发的原子运动.阐述超快电子衍射技术的基本原理和最新进展,同时介绍其在研究分子动力学方面的代表性工作.这项"桌面级"的技术和X射线自由电子激光大科学装置互补,预期将在化学反应动力学领域发挥重要作用.     

超快X射线自由电子激光研究进展北大核心CSCD

现代光源的发展不断推动着人们从更深层次上理解物质的基本结构和动力学行为。X射线自由电子激光作为最先进的光源,其超高的峰值功率、超短的脉冲长度和优良的相干性,为人们以原子级时空分辨率探测和操控物质中的超快过程提供了可能。目前全世界已有多个X射线自由电子激光装置建成并投入使用,在原子分子物理、化学、生命科学、材料科学等各学科应用中都显示出了重要价值。同时大量的研究工作也集中于继续提高X射线自由电子激光的性能,包括把脉冲持续时间从fs量级进一步缩短至as量级,这将为超快科学的发展带来新突破。以超快脉冲产生为主线,综述了近年来超快X射线自由电子激光产生方案的研究进展,从产生原理、方案特性、最新成果等方面介绍了各类产生方案,总结对比了各方案的优缺点,最后对超快X射线自由电子激光的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

超快电子衍射技术及其应用

时间和空间上实时观测原子运动对于自然科学研究有着非常重大的意义, 而超快电子衍射(UED)技术同时具备飞秒激光脉冲的高时间分辨特性和电子衍射技术的高空间特性, 可以为实时观测原子级分辨尺度物质的结构变化提供一种有效工具. 本文综述了超快电子衍射技术的发展历史、实验方法以及相关应用, 并且展望了超快电子衍射技术未来的发展.     

产生超快水窗波段X射线的ESASE方案模拟

脉冲宽度在百as（1 as=10?18 s）量级的X射线脉冲在超快科学领域有极为重要的作用。相较于目前世界上大部分运行在自发放大辐射模式的X射线自由电子激光（FEL）,增强型自发放大辐射（ESASE）模式可以显著增加电子束的峰值流强,减小FEL的增益长度,可用来产生百as量级的超快X射线。基于典型的软X射线FEL参数,对ESASE方案的参数进行了模拟优化,得到了百as量级、功率可达1 GW以上、波长可在水窗波段且可调节的X射线脉冲,为后续开展ESASE实验及其实验参数的优化提供参考。     

X射线激光研究的进展

 一、大放异彩的X射线激光 自从1960年第一台激光器问世以来,科学家们一直在寻求能工作在X射线波段的激光器。根据现有的认识,X射线激光具有X射线源所没有的许多特点: 1.亮度（光子/脉冲/立体角）比同步辐射高,6个量级,比激光等离子体X射线源高4个量级。 2.单色性优于所有X射线源。 3.相干性可以用来产生原子尺度的全息图象。 4.高时间分辨率(10^-12s),可以用来观察1ps(10^-12s)内的原子距离的运动,可用于击波阵面运动的观测,位错运动的衍射实验。 5.用它来进行光刻,线宽可达20nm(10^-9m)。 6.用它的干涉效应,可以制成大面积的线宽和间隔小于100nm的光栅。     

双色场控制与测量原子分子超快电子动力学过程的研究进展

超短超快激光脉冲的出现为人们探索原子分子中超快电子动力学过程提供了强有力的工具.阿秒脉冲和强激光脉冲电场整形技术能够获得电子波包在亚飞秒时间尺度的动力学信息,发展出了一系列阿秒超快光谱学技术,如阿秒条纹相机、阿秒瞬态吸收谱等,成功地应用于原子、分子和固体中电子运动的探测.其中双色激光场就是通过电场整形技术实现电子相干运动控制和探测的一种重要手段,本文综述了中科院上海光机所强场激光物理国家重点实验室近几年来在双色场控制与测量原子分子超快过程方面的研究工作.     

X射线自由电子激光在物理学中的应用

在原子/分子空间尺度直接探测微观世界的飞秒量级动态复杂过程一直是科学家追求的梦想。2009年,X射线自由电子激光装置的出现使得这个梦想成为可能。文章将介绍近年来利用X射线自由电子激光装置在凝聚态物理、非线性光学、高压物理等研究领域取得的一些突破性进展,并展望其未来在解决重大物理问题中的可能应用。     

激光与相对论电子束相互作用中阿秒X射线脉冲的产生

本文对激光与相对论电子束相互作用产生的阿秒X射线脉冲进行了研究.阿秒X射线脉冲是由于激光被相对论运动的电子束经过汤姆孙后向散射产生的.讨论了等离子体参数对产生的阿秒X射线的影响.发现其波长随着入射激光的频率的增加或电子束的速度增加而减小.选择合适的参数还可以获得"水窗"波段的X射线.还讨论了相对论电子束的密度与其前沿的密度梯度的大小对所产生X射线的转化效率的影响. 关键词： 阿秒X射线脉冲 汤姆孙后向散射 超强激光 相对论电子束     

超快电子枪发射系统的优化设计

改进了超快电子衍射系统发射部分的数值计算模型和处理方法,使得计算结果更加接近于实际发射情形.研究了阴极表面面型对超快电子衍射系统时间分辨率的影响,提出了改进超快电子衍射系统时间分辨率的一个思路,该思路对于超快电子枪的设计及提高系统时间分辨率具有一定的作用.     

阿秒脉冲的发展及其在原子分子超快动力学中的应用

在过去20年里,激光技术的发展使阿秒科学成为一个新的研究领域,可为量子少体超快演化过程的研究提供新视角.当前实验室中制备的阿秒脉冲以孤立脉冲或脉冲串的形式被广泛应用于实验研究中,其超快变化的光场允许人们操控和跟踪电子在原子尺度的运动,实现对亚飞秒时间尺度电子动力学的实时追踪.本综述聚焦于阿秒科学的重要组成部分,即原子分子超快动力学研究的进展.首先介绍阿秒脉冲的产生和发展,主要包括高次谐波原理和孤立阿秒脉冲分离方法;然后系统地介绍阿秒脉冲在原子分子超快动力学研究中的应用,包括光电离时间延迟、阿秒电荷迁移和非绝热分子动力学等方面;最后对阿秒脉冲在原子分子超快动力学研究中的应用进行总结和展望.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.