多微孔活性炭的制备及对二甲苯的吸附研究

研究了以木质活性炭颗粒为原料,通过KOH再活化的方法制备多微孔活性炭的方法。考察了活性炭和KOH的最佳质量比例,并通过低温氮吸附、SEM、XRD等手段表征了样品的比表面、孔结构、孔分布、颗粒形貌和晶体结构;通过对含间二甲苯50mg.L-1的气流的吸附实验表征了所制备活性炭的二甲苯去除能力,实验结果表明,经过KOH再活化显著调高了样品的间二甲苯吸附容量,这很可能和样品中发达的微孔结构有关。     

汉麻杆基活性炭表面织构与储氢性能的研究

以天然汉麻杆为原料,采用KOH化学活化的方法改变活化时间制备出了高比表面积活性炭,并且对其表面进行硝酸氧化处理,研究活性炭表面化学状态对其吸附性能的影响。采用77 K低温氮气吸附和FTIR对样品进行了表征,并在77 K、100 kPa的条件下测定样品的氢气吸附等温线。结果表明,所有样品具有较高的比表面积(2 435.93～3 240.95 m²·g^-1)和总孔容(1.3～1.98 cm³·g^-1),且随活化时间的延长而增加,3.5 h达到最大值,之后由于骨架坍塌有所减小。所有样品的孔径分布较为一致呈多峰型分布,主要以小于2 nm的微孔为主,同时含有少量的中孔和大孔。活化3.5 h样品的吸氢量最大,达到3.28wt%。研究发现,吸氢量受比表面积和孔容等参数影响较大,77 K下不仅小于2 nm的微孔对活性炭吸氢行为贡献较大,中孔也有十分重要的影响。样品经硝酸氧化处理后,BET比表面积和总孔容均在一定程度上减小,而氢气吸附量也有所降低。     

以除尘灰分离碳粉制备活性炭的新方法研究

利用除尘灰分离碳粉作原料,采用添加适量化学药品KOH的方法制备颗粒活性炭。研究了随着KOH加入量的变化,活性炭性能和对苯的吸附量的变化规律,以及KOH的加入量对活性炭的微晶结构和表面形貌产生的影响。并探讨了添加剂在活性炭制备的炭化和活化阶段的产生的影响。实验结果表明在KOH加入量为1.5%时,碘吸附值、比表面积和对苯的吸附量达到最高值,KOH过量反而对吸附性能有负面影响。     

电化学双电层电容器电极材料——豌豆荚基活性炭的制备与表征

以豌豆荚为碳源、ZnCl₂或KOH为活化剂制备了活性炭, 并用作双电层电容器的电极材料. 采用比表面及孔隙度分析仪表征了豌豆荚基活性炭的孔结构. 通过KOH或ZnCl₂活化后, 活性炭比表面积从1.69 m²·g^-1增大到2237或621 m²·g^-1. 采用循环伏安法和恒流充放电测试技术表征了豌豆荚基活性炭的电化学特性. 结果表明: 在6 mol·L^-1 KOH溶液中经KOH活化处理的活性炭的质量比电容高达297.5 F·g^-1, 并具有良好的充放电稳定性, 在5 A·g^-1的高电流密度下循环充放电500次后, 质量比电容仅衰减8.6%.     

KOH活化糠醛渣制备活性炭机理与表征

以糠醛渣为原料、KOH为活化剂,采用两步活化法制备了活性炭。考察了活化温度、活化时间、碱炭比和浸渍时间对活性炭孔结构及吸附性能的影响。采用低温N2吸附、BET、BJH及DFT理论对活性炭孔结构进行了表征分析,利用傅里叶变换红外-拉曼光谱仪检测其表面官能团,分别使用扫描电镜和X射线衍射对其进行表观形貌观察和晶型分析。结果表明,制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:活化温度800℃、活化时间3h、碱炭比3∶1、浸渍时间12h。所制备的糠醛渣活性炭的吸附孔径分布集中,吸附孔容为0.8825cm2/g,DFT总比表面积为3290.5m2/g,其碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为2107.32mg/g和39.67mL/0.1g。     

改性蓝藻基活性炭的制备及常压下对CO_2的捕集性能

以蓝藻为前驱体,采用KOH活化法制备了一系列蓝藻基活性炭;探讨了活化时间、活化温度以及碱炭比等活化参数对其孔结构的影响;进一步分别用HNO_3,HPO_4和NH_3·H_2O进行二次改性,制备了N或P原子掺杂的改性蓝藻基活性炭,研究了不同改性活性炭在25℃和1.01×10~5Pa条件下对CO_2的吸附捕集性能.结果表明,KOH活化的最佳活化时间为2 h,活化温度800℃,碱炭比为2.样品ACK-2-8在该条件下对CO_2的吸附量达到3.85 mmol/g.二次改性后的样品ACK-2-8-1,ACK-2-8-2和ACK-2-8-3对CO_2的吸附量分别高达4.41,3.97和4.63 mmol/g.N的掺杂有利于CO_2的吸附捕集.多批次重复再生实验结果表明,本材料对CO_2吸附再生具有较稳定的重复利用性.     

微孔共轭聚合物热解制备氮、硫杂原子硬炭及其储锂性能

选取溴代噻唑和三乙炔基苯为单体,利用聚合反应自下而上构建含噻唑共轭微孔聚合物(NSCMP),通过热解和KOH活化热解NSCMP制备了氮、硫杂原子硬炭(NSHC)和活化NSHC(KNSHC)。利用扫描电子显微镜、能量色散谱、氮气吸附-脱附和恒流充放电等表征2个样品的结构与电化学性能。研究表明KNSHC中N和S的质量分数分别为10.42%和2.23%,KNSHC比表面积高达2 140 m²·g^-1。在0.2 A·g^-1电流密度下循环500次后KNSHC和NSHC的可逆比容量分别为946.2和493.7 mAh·g^-1。KNSHC的优异电化学性能归因于其独特的孔结构和氮、硫杂原子的协同作用。     

KOH活化糠醛渣制备活性炭及其表征

以糠醛渣为原料、KOH为活化剂,采用两步活化法制备了活性炭。考察了活化温度、活化时间、碱炭比和浸渍时间对活性炭孔结构及吸附性能的影响。采用低温N2吸附、BET、BJH及DFT理论对活性炭孔结构进行了表征分析,利用傅里叶变换红外-拉曼光谱仪检测其表面官能团,分别使用扫描电镜和X射线衍射对其进行表观形貌观察和晶型分析。结果表明,制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:活化温度800℃、活化时间3h、碱炭比3∶1、浸渍时间12h。所制备的糠醛渣活性炭的吸附孔径分布集中,吸附孔容为0.8825cm2/g,DFT总比表面积为3290.5m2/g,其碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为2107.32mg/g和39.67mL/0.1g。     

水蒸气活化制备烟杆基颗粒活性炭的研究

以烟杆废弃物为原料,以木焦油为主的复合粘结剂,通过水蒸气活化制备了烟杆基颗粒活性炭.对影响颗粒活性炭吸附性能和收率的因素如活化温度、活化时间、水蒸气流量进行了系统研究,得到了最佳工艺条件:活化温度为900℃,活化时间为60 min,水蒸气流量为3.31 g/min.该工艺条件下,烟杆基颗粒活性炭对碘的吸附值为1028 mg/g,对亚甲基蓝的吸附值为285 mg/g,收率为24.39%.同时,测定了该活性炭氮吸附,通过BET计算了活性炭的比表面积,并通过密度函数理论(DFT)表征了活性炭的孔结构.结果表明,该活性炭为微孔型,BET比表面积为1073 m2/g,总孔容为0.8152 ml/g.     

几种植物基活性炭材料的孔结构与吸附性能比较——(I)孔结构表征

测定了3种植物基活性炭材料:椰壳活性炭 (CAC4)、剑麻茎基活性炭 (SSAC) 和剑麻基活性碳纤维 (SACF) 的氮吸附等温线,并用不同的理论方法对其孔结构进行了分析和表征。结果表明:CAC4为微孔型,孔径分布集中且大部分是0.7nm以下的极微孔;在相同条件下制备的SSAC和SACF孔分布较为相似,都呈多分散性,结构中除微孔外,还含有丰富的中孔,中孔率均超过50%以上。两者相比,SACF的中孔量和平均孔径更大。3个样品的形态特征和孔结构虽然不同,但其吸附过程都可以用微孔多段填充机理来解析。     

Adsorption of carbonyl sulfide on modified activated carbon under low-oxygen content conditions

Activated carbon sorbents impregnated with KOH, Fe(NO₃)₃, Cu(NO₃)₂, Zn(NO₃)₂ or Co(NO₃)₂ and their applications in catalytic oxidation reaction of COS were investigated. The results showed that the activated carbon modified with 10 % (mass percentage) KOH enhanced the adsorption ability significantly. And it was also found that the oxygen content and temperature were the two most important factors in the COS adsorption. Further investigation on the pore structures of the samples with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that an adsorption/oxidation process happened in the KOH modified activated carbon in which the major existing forms of sulfur were SO₄ ^2? and S species. The oxidation of COS suggested that KOH in the micropores may play a catalytic role during the adsorption. On the other hand, we found that the desorption activation energy from KOHW was higher than that from AC by the CO₂-TPD spectra, which indicated the adsorption of CO₂ on KOH impregnated activated carbon was stronger. The strong adsorption could be attributed to the basic groups on the activated carbon surface. In conclusion, the activated carbon impregnated with KOH promises a good candidate for COS adsorbent.     

The effect of activation technology on the electrochemical performance of calcium carbide skeleton carbon

Porous CaC₂-derived carbon (CCDC) was synthesized by one-step route from CaC₂ in a freshly prepared chlorine environment at lower temperature. As-prepared CCDC was activated by H₃PO₄, ZnCl₂, and KOH, respectively. The effects of the activation technology on the structure and morphology of CCDC were studied by X-ray diffraction, physical N₂ adsorption/desorption, and transmission electron microscopy. It has been found that the pore structure and specific surface area of CCDC are apparently improved after activation; the CCDC activated by KOH especially showed an excellent specific surface area of 1,100?m²?g^?1. The electrochemical performance of supercapacitors using activated CCDC as electrode active material was studied by cyclic voltammery, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and cycle life measurements. The results indicated that the CCDCs activated by H₃PO₄, ZnCl₂, and KOH revealed enhanced capacitances of 172.6, 198.1, and 250.1?F?g^?1 in 6?M KOH electrolyte, which were increased by 11.4, 27.8, and 61.2?% compared with the pristine CCDC (155?F?g^?1), respectively. Furthermore, the supercapacitors using all activated CCDCs as electrode active material exhibited excellent cycle stability, and the specific capacitance for all activated CCDC samples had nearly no change after 5,000 cycles.     

Surface structural characterization of highly porous activated carbon prepared from corn grain

A novel corn grain precursor was used for the preparation of activated carbon by chemical activation. The detailed investigation of the porosity development in the prepared activated carbon was done by altering the various activation conditions such as the activation temperature, activation time and ratio between the powdered form of carbonized corn grain char and KOH. The surface characteristics including the surface roughness of all the activated carbon samples were evaluated from the analysis of nitrogen (N₂) adsorption isotherm data. At the maximum of 2978 m²/g, a super surface area having the corn grain‐based activated carbon (CG‐AC) was synthesized by using the following conditions: 1/4 ratio of powdered form of carbonized corn grain char/KOH; 800 °C; and 4 h. The possibility of preparing highly porous activated carbons with controlled porosity by varying different activation conditions was found from the pore size distribution results. In particular, the domination of the ratio between the powdered form of carbonized corn grain char and KOH on the porosity development was high compared to the activation temperature and activation time. In addition, the surface roughness calculated from the surface fractal dimension indicates the decrease of surface roughness with increasing activation conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and performance evaluation of resin-derived carbon spheres for desulfurization of fuels

A polystyrene-based ion-exchange resin was employed as the precursor for preparation of resin-derived carbon spheres(RCSs) through KOH activation with various impregnation ratios.Pore structure,yield and hardness,surface functional groups of the samples and their adsorption performance towards dibenzothiophene(DBT) were investigated.The RCSs with large surface areas(up to 2696m2/g) and total pore volumes(up to 1.46 cm3/g) exhibited larger adsorption capacities than a commercial activated carbon,F400.Polanyi-Dubinin-Mane(PDM) model was applied to fit the adsorption data,which proved that micropore filling was involved during the adsorption process.Moreover,a good linear relationship was observed between the extra-micropore volume and adsorption capacity.Intra-particle diffusion(IPD) model was used to describe the kinetic data of DBT onto the adsorbents.The adsorption processes were divided into three stages according to the different diffusion parameter.The selective adsorption towards DBT in the presence of competing compounds was also investigated and the high selectivity of the RSCs towards DBT may be attributed to the large quantity of acidic oxygen-containing groups.     

活性碳纳米管的制备及其在有机电解液中的电容性能研究

以KOH为活化剂对碳纳米管进行化学活化制备双电层电容器用高比表面积活性碳纳米管. 采用TEM和N₂吸附法表征活性碳纳米管的结构, 采用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等评价其在1 mol•L^－1 Et₄NBF₄/PC中的电容性能. 随活化剂用量增大、活化温度升高和活化时间的延长, 活性碳纳米管的比表面积和比电容都呈增大的趋势. 活化剂用量为3∶1, 800 ℃活化4 h制备的活性碳纳米管的比表面积663 m²•g^－1, 比活化前提高了3倍, 其比电容达57.2 F• g^－1, 比活化前提高了2倍. 将活性碳纳米管的比电容与其比表面积相关联, 发现两者之间具有非常好的线性关系, 并分析了原因.     

Synthesis of High‐Surface‐Area Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Microflowers and Their Efficient Carbon Dioxide Capture Performance

Sustainable carbon materials have received particular attention in CO₂ capture and storage owing to their abundant pore structures and controllable pore parameters. Here, we report high‐surface‐area hierarchically porous N‐doped carbon microflowers, which were assembled from porous nanosheets by a three‐step route: soft‐template‐assisted self‐assembly, thermal decomposition, and KOH activation. The hydrazine hydrate used in our experiment serves as not only a nitrogen source, but also a structure‐directing agent. The activation process was carried out under low (KOH/carbon=2), mild (KOH/carbon=4) and severe (KOH/carbon=6) activation conditions. The mild activated N‐doped carbon microflowers (A‐NCF‐4) have a hierarchically porous structure, high specific surface area (2309 m² g^?1), desirable micropore size below 1 nm, and importantly large micropore volume (0.95 cm³ g^?1). The remarkably high CO₂ adsorption capacities of 6.52 and 19.32 mmol g^?1 were achieved with this sample at 0 °C (273 K) and two pressures, 1 bar and 20 bar, respectively. Furthermore, this sample also exhibits excellent stability during cyclic operations and good separation selectivity for CO₂ over N₂.     

ZnCl2、KOH和HNO3改性MWCNT对苯酚的吸附行为研究

通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、N₂吸附分析仪及Boehm滴定法获得ZnCl₂、KOH和HNO₃化学处理对高纯多壁碳纳米管的结构和表面含氧官能团的影响,通过批处理实验考察吸附条件（吸附时间、初始浓度、温度）对处理前后的碳纳米管吸附苯酚行为的影响,并采用准一级、准二级、Evolich动力学模型和热力学方程拟合其吸附数据,分析其动力学行为、热力学行为和吸附机理。结果表明,虽然ZnCl₂、KOH和HNO₃化学处理法均未对碳纳米管BET比表面积产生显著影响,但会影响其表面化学性质（即,对于ZnCl₂和KOH化学处理降低表面羧基、内酯基含量和增大碱性官能团量,而对于HNO₃化学处理可以增大表面羧基、内酯基含量,而碱性官能团略有增加）;改性处理影响碳纳米管去除苯酚效率：由于ZnCl₂和KOH改性处理降低碳纳米管表面羧基量,故其提高了苯酚去除率,而HNO₃处理则略减小碳纳米管的苯酚去除率,可能是由于碳纳米管结构和表面化学性质共同影响所致;碳纳米管的苯酚去除率均随苯酚溶液初始浓度的增大而减小;高温不利于吸附;热力学研究发现碳纳米管吸附苯酚过程是自发的和放热的,属于物理吸附;动力学研究表明,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。通过ZnCl₂和KOH化学处理,可以显著提高碳纳米管对苯酚的吸附性能。     

Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of adamantane and its derivatives on graphitized thermal carbon black

The adsorption equilibrium constants for adamantane, 1-fluoro-, 1-chloro-, 1,3-difluoro-, 1,3-dichloro-, 1,3-dibromo-, and 1-hydroxyadamantane, and methyl 1-adamantyl ketone were determined by gas chromatography. The results were compared with molecular statistical calculations based on the known atomic-atomic potentials of the interaction of atoms of the sorbate molecule with the C atom of graphitized thermal carbon black (GTCB). The experimental adsorption heats exceed the calculated values by 3-10 kJ mol^-1. The reasons for this divergence are discussed. The changes in the adsorption entropy show that the molecules of the studied compounds form a layer of the ideal dimeric gas on the GTCB surface upon adsorption.     

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Fiber from Paper

Activated carbon fibers (ACFS) with surface area of 1388 m²/g prepared from paper by chemical activation with KOH has been utilized as the adsorbent for the removal of methy-lene blue from aqueous solution. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. The effects of pH value on the adsorption capacity of ACFS were also investigated. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the kinetic model of Pseudo-second-order equation with high values of the correlation coefficients (R>0.998). The Langmuir isotherm was found to fit the experimental data better than the Feundlich isotherm over the whole concentration range. Maximum adsorption capacity of 520 mg/g at equilibrium was achieved. It was found that pH played a major role in the adsorption process, higher pH value favored the adsorption of MB.