开放光路非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术测量大气NO2

采用蓝色发光二极管(LED)作为非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术(IBBCEAS)系统光源,测量了436～470nm波段内NO2样气的吸收,验证IBBCEAS的高探测灵敏度。通过氮气和氦气两者瑞利散射截面的差异标定了镜片在430～490nm波段内的反射率,并利用纯氧中氧气二聚体(O2-O2)在477nm处的吸收验证了镜片反射率标定的准确性。镜片反射率在461nm处最大且为0.99937,光学腔长度为73.5cm时的最大有效光程为1.17km。当光谱采集时间为20s时,NO2的探测灵敏度(1σ)达到了0.25×10-9。进行了开放光路下环境大气中NO2和O2-O2在454～486nm波段内的吸收测量,结果表明大气中气溶胶等颗粒物的Mie散射消光降低了IBBCEAS仪器的探测灵敏度(1.04×10-9)。大气中O2-O2的测量为IBBCEAS吸收光程的在线标定提供了一种可行的途径。     

宽带腔增强吸收光谱法测量大气NO2定标方法研究

非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱法定量探测大气痕量气体浓度需要准确定标。以定量探测大气NO₂为目的,建立了基于蓝色发光二极管光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱测量系统,研究了(1)仅使用浓度已知的NO₂吸收光谱、(2)同时使用浓度已知的NO₂和纯氧气中氧气二聚体O₂-O₂吸收光谱、(3)利用纯氮气和纯氦气的瑞利散射消光差异等三种方法,分别获取非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱在430～490 nm波段的镜片反射率定标曲线。三种方法得到的镜片反射率最大值对应波长均约为460 nm,但这些最大值存在一定差异,分别为0.999 25,0.999 33和0.999 37。利用NO₂样气吸收测量对比了三种定标方法,发现方法(1)与另外两种方法的测量结果不一致性分别约为14%和19%,而后两种方法所测结果的不一致性仅为4%。测量结果表明,NO₂标准气体浓度的不准确性以及壁损耗等因素恶化了方法(1)的定标精度,应尽量避免使用该定标方法。通过对实际大气中NO₂和O₂-O₂在440～485 nm波段内的同时测量,进一步验证了非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱法的高灵敏度以及所用标定方法的有效性。     

Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a red LED source for NOx trace analysis

Incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBB-CEAS) based on arc lamps has been around for a few years, but only two reports exist using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We present a setup based on a 643-nm LED which is of interest for the simultaneous detection of NO₃ and NO₂. The latter is chosen for testing as it is stable and available in calibrated diluted samples. A detection limit in the ppbv range is obtained with 2-min averaging (5×10^-9 /cm rms baseline noise level), comparable to the best performance of chemiluminescence devices used for pollution monitoring. At 1-s acquisition time, the detection limit is below 10 ppbv. Extrapolation to NO₃ yields a detection limit of a few pptv for a few minutes averaging. We also test the retrieval of absolute sample absorption (and concentration) using the cavity mirror reflectivity obtained with a commercial spectrophotometer, and we conclude that a calibration based on a reference sample of known concentration is preferable for accurate concentration measurements with IBB-CEAS. Finally, we present a rigorous frequency-domain derivation of cavity transmission as a function of wavelength for a broad-band spectrally smooth source, which complements the time-domain derivation by Fiedler et al. This derivation exposes an issue with multiple transverse mode excitation inherent to this technique, which may result in slightly distorted spectral profiles. PACS 07.88.+y; 07.60.Rd; 42.60.Da     

非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术应用于实际大气亚硝酸的测量

介绍了基于紫外发光二极管光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术, 并用于实际大气亚硝酸(HONO)和二氧化氮(NO₂)的同时测量. 分析了腔内气体的瑞利散射对测量的影响, 测试了紫外发光二极管光源的稳定性, 使用氦气和氮气的瑞利散射差异性标定了镜片反射率随波长的变化曲线, 在HONO吸收峰(368.2 nm)处镜片反射率约为0.99965. 应用Allan方差统计方法确定出测量光谱最佳采集时间为320 s, 对应的HONO和NO₂的探测限(1σ)分别为0.22 ppb 和0.45 ppb. 使用非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱测量装置对大气HONO和NO₂进行了连续三日的实际观测, 将测量得到的HONO浓度变化与差分吸收光谱测量装置的测量结果进行对比, 线性相关系数R²为0.917.     

基于LED的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术

介绍了基于可见光波段高功率LED作为光源的高灵敏度宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术,该系统的探测灵敏度通过测量NO₂在472.3～479.3 nm范围内的吸收得到验证。将中心波长为457 nm的高功率LED发出的宽带非相干光耦合进入92.5 cm长、由两片高反射率透镜组成的高精度光学谐振腔内,使用CCD光谱仪(HR2000)测量透过光学腔的光强信号。腔镜在472.3～479.3 nm波长范围内的反射率通过O₂-O₂聚合物的吸收确定,实验测量了一系列低浓度NO₂气体样品,采用差分光谱拟合技术在80 s的平均时间内NO₂浓度反演的统计不确定性约为3.1 ppb(ng·mL-1)。     

Development of an open-path incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced spectroscopy based instrument for simultaneous measurement of HONO and NO2 in ambient air

We report on the development of an optical instrument based on incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) for simultaneous open-path measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in ambient air using a UV light emitting diode operating at ∼366 nm. Detection limits of ∼430 pptv for HONO and ∼1 ppbv for NO₂ were achieved with an optimum acquisition time of 90 s, determined by an Allan variance analysis. Based on a 1.85 m long high optical finesse open-path cavity, the effective optical path length of 2.8 km was realized in aerosol-free samples or in an urban environment at modest aerosol levels. Such a kilometer long optical absorption is comparable to that achieved in the well established differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technology while keeping the instrument very compact. Open-path detection configuration allows one to avoid absorption cell wall losses and sampling induced artifacts. The demonstrated sensitivity and specificity shows high potential of this cost-effective and compact infrastructure for future field applications with high spatial resolution.     

近紫外非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱应用于Cl原子启动的光化学反应过程中OClO及CH2O的探 (cited: 3)

OClO是Cl原子活性的一个重要的指示剂,对OClO的检测有利于更好的理解Cl原子的化学反应过程及其对沿海及工业污染地区空气质量的影响. 本工作建立了一套基于氙灯的近紫外(335～375 nm)非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱系统,并将其应用于烟雾箱中OClO的定量测量研究,同时测量了反应过程中重要的中间产物CH₂O及大气中重要的痕量气体NO₂. 结果表明,非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱可应用于实验室大气卤素化学方面的研究.     

Cavity-enhanced absorption: detection of nitrogen dioxide and iodine monoxide using a violet laser diode

We present an application of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with an off-axis alignment of the cavity formed by two spherical mirrors and with time integration of the cavity-output intensity for detection of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and iodine monoxide (IO) radicals using a violet laser diode at λ=404.278 nm. A noise-equivalent (1σ≡ root-mean-square variation of the signal) fractional absorption for one optical pass of 4.5×10^-8 was demonstrated with a mirror reflectivity of ∼0.99925, a cavity length of 0.22 m and a lock-in-amplifier time constant of 3 s. Noise-equivalent detection sensitivities towards nitrogen dioxide of 1.8×10¹⁰ molecule cm^-3 and towards the IO radical of 3.3×10⁹ molecule cm^-3 were achieved in flow tubes with an inner diameter of 4 cm for a lock-in-amplifier time constant of 3 s. Alkyl peroxy radicals were detected using chemical titration with excess nitric oxide (RO₂+NO→RO+NO₂). Measurement of oxygen-atom concentrations was accomplished by determining the depletion of NO₂ in the reaction NO₂+O→NO+O₂. Noise-equivalent concentrations of alkyl peroxy radicals and oxygen atoms were 3×10¹⁰ molecule cm^-3 in the discharge-flow-tube experiments. Received: 4 February 2003 / Revised version: 10 March 2003 / Published online: 12 May 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +44-1865/275-410, E-mail: vlk@physchem.ox.ac.uk     

基于O2-O2吸收的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱浓度反演方法研究

针对传统非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱浓度反演方法的定量结果易受镜片反射率标定误差的影响问题, 提出了一种基于测量大气O₂-O₂吸收的浓度反演方法. 该方法是将非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术的光学增强腔等效成吸收光程不随波长变化的多次反射池, 首先根据测得的宽带腔增强大气吸收谱和参考谱计算出光学厚度, 并应用差分光学吸收光谱算法拟合修正后的气体吸收截面到光学厚度, 反演得到大气中O₂-O₂以及被测气体的柱浓度, 然后根据O₂-O₂在大气中的含量已知且相对稳定这一特性, 确定出等效多次反射池的吸收光程, 最后从被测气体的柱浓度中扣除吸收光程信息得到被测气体的浓度值. 以监测大气中NO₂实验为例, 应用该方法在454-487 nm波段反演得到了大气NO₂的浓度(1-30 ppbv范围内), 并将反演结果与传统浓度反演方法的结果进行了对比, 发现两者的不一致性在7%以内. 实验结果表明, 非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术可以利用大气O₂-O₂的吸收来定量其他被测气体的浓度, 而且定量结果对镜片反射率的标定误差不敏感.     

机载腔增强吸收光谱系统应用于大气NO_2空间高时间分辨率测量

介绍了一套用于机载平台测量的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱(IBBCEAS)系统,并应用于实际大气NO_2空间分布的高时间分辨率观测.为满足机载测量中对时间分辨率的需求,系统采用离轴抛物面镜代替消色差透镜提高光学耦合效率;并运用Allan方差,对系统性能进行了分析.通过腔增强吸收光谱系统与长光程吸收光谱系统对实际大气NO_2的对比测试,两者线性相关系数R~2达到0.86.将IBBCEAS系统应用于机载平台,在时间分辨率为2 s的情况下,探测限达到95 ppt(1σ).通过机载观测,获得了华北地区石家庄等地上空对流层大气NO_2的廓线信息.     

Quantitative IBBCEAS measurements of I2 in the presence of aerosols

An instrument implementing Incoherent BroadBand Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) for quantitative measurements of molecular iodine (I₂) at ambient pressure and in the presence of aerosols is presented. The instrument is based on a LED emitting in the green spectral region around 500–550 nm, exciting a multitude of rovibronic transitions in the I₂ B ← X electronic absorption spectrum. I₂ was generated using a permeation device and was mixed with a dilution flow of Ar and another flow containing NaCl aerosols. Retrieval of the mirror reflectivity, necessary for quantitative IBBCEAS measurements, was not pursued in this study. Instead, calibrated I₂ flows were used, and a differential optical absorption spectroscopy type of algorithm was implemented for the data analysis. This approach has several benefits, in particular when light extinction due to aerosols is substantial. Estimated detection limits are roughly 0.04 nmol/l without aerosols and 0.4 nmol/l in the presence of aerosols (10¹⁰ particles/l with 60–70 nm mean diameter, leading to I ₀/I _aerosols ≈ 5.4). A drop in measured I₂ concentration in relation to the expected mixing ratio was observed when using the highest aerosol concentration, likely due to adsorption of I₂ onto aerosols.     

基于LED光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术探测HONO和NO2

介绍了基于近紫外发光二极管LED (中心波长约372 nm,半高宽13 nm) 光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术,同时用于探测痕量气体HONO和NO₂. LED出射光经准直后耦合进入长度为70 cm,由两块高反射率镜片组成的高精密光学腔内. 分别测量了氮气消光谱和氦气消光谱,通过两者瑞利散射截面的差异而引起光谱强度的变化来标定镜片反射率.在360—390 nm反演波段内,镜片反射率在390 nm处最大且为0.99962, 对应测量NO₂/HONO混合物时的最大光程约1.71 km,并利用最小二乘拟合反演出了 HONO和NO₂的浓度值.当光谱采集时间为1000 s时, HONO和NO₂的探测灵敏度(1σ) 分别为0.6 ppbv和1.9 ppbv.实验结果表明,该技术为实现大气痕量气体的高灵敏度在线监测提供了另一种可能的途径.     

双腔热解光腔衰荡光谱仪测量大气中NO2和RNO2

A two-channel thermal dissociation cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument has been built for in situ, real-time measurement of NO₂ and total RNO₂ (peroxy nitrates and alkyl nitrates) in ambient air, with a NO₂ detection limit of 0.10 ppbv at 1 s. A 6-day long measurement was conducted at urban site of Hefei by using the CRDS instrument with a time resolution of 3 s. A commercial molybdenum converted chemiluminescence (Mo-CL) instrument was also used for comparison. The average RNO₂ concentration in the 6 days was measured to be 1.94 ppbv. The Mo-CL instrument overestimated the NO₂ concentration by a bias of +1.69 ppbv in average, for the reason that it cannot distinguish RNO₂ from NO₂. The relative bias could be over 100% during the afternoon hours when NO₂ was low but RNO₂ was high.     

Fast Fourier transform analysis in cavity ring-down spectroscopy: application to an optical detector for atmospheric NO2

A fast Fourier transform (FFT) method for analysis of ring-down decays from a cavity ring-down (CRD) spectrometer has been tested and compared with alternative fitting methods. The ring-down times derived from the FFT method are obtained with a precision close to that of the Levenberg–Marquardt non-linear least-squares method, but the fitting algorithm is ~100 times faster, allowing real-time fitting of individual ring-down traces on a personal computer. Advantages of the FFT method are discussed, and the method is demonstrated for the measurement of NO₂ partial pressures equivalent to mixing ratios of 150 pptv and above in laboratory air, using a CRD spectrometer based on an external cavity diode laser operating at wavelengths around 410 nm. The absorption by NO₂ is distinguished from other cavity losses either by using synthetic (zero) air reference samples, or by diverting the sampled laboratory airflow through an NO₂ chemical scrubber consisting of hydroxyapatite on a TiO₂ substrate. Typical mixing ratios of NO₂ in the laboratory air are ~25 ppbv.     

A calibration method for broad-bandwidth cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy performed with supercontinuum radiation

An efficient calibration method has been developed for broad-bandwidth cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. The calibration is performed using phase shift cavity ring-down spectroscopy, which is conveniently implemented through use of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). The AOTF permits a narrowband portion of the SC spectrum to be scanned over the full high-reflectivity bandwidth of the cavity mirrors. After calibration the AOTF is switched off and broad-bandwidth CEAS can be performed with the same light source without any loss of alignment to the set-up. We demonstrate the merits of the method by probing transitions of oxygen molecules O₂ and collisional pairs of oxygen molecules (O₂)₂ in the visible spectral range.     

Infrared laser-spectroscopic analysis of <Superscript>14</Superscript>NO and <Superscript>15</Superscript>NO in human breath

We report on monitoring of nitric oxide (NO) traces in human breath via infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy. Using a CO sideband laser near 5 μm wavelength and an optical cavity with two high-reflectivity mirrors (R=99.98%), the minimum detectable absorption is 2×10⁻¹⁰ cm⁻¹ Hz^1/2. This allows for spectroscopic analysis of rare NO isotopologues with unprecedented sensitivity. Application to simultaneous online detection of ¹⁴NO and ¹⁵NO in breath samples collected in the nasal cavity is described for the first time. We achieved a noise-equivalent detection limit of 7 parts per trillion for nasal ¹⁵NO (integration time: 70 s).     

Cavity ring-down technique for measurement of reflectivity of high reflectivity mirrors with high accuracy

A simple, accurate and reliable method for measuring the reflectivity of lasergrade mirrors (R > 99.5%) based on cavity ring-down (CRD) technique has been successfully demonstrated in our laboratory using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. A fast photomultiplier tube with an oscilloscope was used to detect and analyse the CRD signal. The cavity decay times were measured for three cavities formed by a combination of three mirror pairs. The absolute reflectivities R ₁, R ₂, R ₃ were determined to be 99.94%, 99.63%, 99.52% at normal incidence. The reflectivity of mirrors is measured to an accuracy of 0.01%.     

Frequency measurements in the b <Superscript>3</Superscript>Π(0<Subscript>u</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript>) - X <Superscript>1</Superscript>Σ<Subscript>g</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript> system of K<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Absolute transition frequencies of the b ³Π(0_u ⁺) - X ¹Σ_g ⁺ system of K₂ were measured in a molecular beam with Lamb dip absorption spectroscopy applying a frequency comb from a femtosecond pulsed laser. Both, K atoms and K₂ molecules are present in the beam and are expected to interact by collisions. The atoms can be deflected optically out of the beam, and thus the collision rate between K atoms and K₂ molecules is changed by about an order of magnitude. The molecular transition frequencies for low collisional rate are compared with those for high one. Limits for the collisional frequency shift within the beam are determined.     

Trace detection of C<Subscript>2</Subscript>H<Subscript>2</Subscript> in ambient air using continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy combined with sample pre-concentration

Continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) coupled with sample pre-concentration has been used to measure acetylene (C₂H₂) mixing ratios in ambient air. Measurements were made in the near-infrared region (λ∼1535.393 nm), using the P(17) rotational line of the (ν₁+ν₃) vibrational combination band, a region free from interference by overlapping spectral absorption features of other air constituents. The spectrometer is shown to be capable of fast, quantitative and precise C₂H₂ mixing ratio determinations without the need for gas chromatographic (GC) separation. The current detection limit of the spectrometer following sample pre-concentration is estimated to be 35 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), which is sufficient for direct atmospheric detection of C₂H₂ at concentrations typical of both urban and rural environments. The CRDS apparatus performance was compared with an instrument using GC separation and flame ionization detection (GC-FID); both techniques were used to analyze air samples collected within and outside the laboratory. These measurements were shown to be in quantitative agreement. The indoor air sample was found to contain C₂H₂ at a mixing ratio of 3.87±0.22 ppbv (3.90±0.23 ppbv by GC-FID), and the C₂H₂ fractions in the outside air samples collected on two separate days from urban locations were 1.83±0.20 and 0.69±0.14 ppbv (1.18±0.09 and 0.60±0.04 ppbv by GC-FID). The discrepancy in the first outdoor air sample is attributed to degradation over a 2-month interval between the cw-CRDS and GC-FID analyses. PACS 82.80.Gk; 39.30.+w; 42.62.Fi; 42.68.Ca     

非相干光宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术应用于SO_2弱吸收的测量

非相干光宽带腔增强吸收光谱作为高灵敏检测技术,已成功应用于多种大气痕量气体浓度的测量。根据腔增强吸收光谱技术测量原理可知,若已知测量气体准确浓度,镜片反射率随波长的变化曲线、有效吸收长度、光学腔内有无测量气体吸收前后的光辐射变化,可测量出待测气体的吸收截面。SO_2由于a~3 B_1—X~1 A_1自旋禁阻跃迁,在345~420nm波段吸收截面较低(~10~(-22) cm2/molecule),其测量有一定难度,而准确的弱吸收截面对于卫星反演大气痕量气体浓度以及大气研究等方面均有重要意义。采用365nm LED光源的宽带腔增强吸收光谱实验装置测量357~385nm波段范围SO_2的弱吸收,获得该波段SO_2弱吸收截面,并与已公开发表的SO_2吸收截面进行对比,相关系数r为0.997 3,验证了非相干光宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术准确测量气体弱吸收截面的适用性。