分离压和表面黏度的协同作用对液膜排液过程的影响

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,在考虑分离压作用的前提下,引入随活性剂浓度变化的表面黏度模型,应用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、活性剂浓度和液膜表面速度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了常表面黏度和变表面黏度情形下的液膜演化特征.结果表明:表面黏度是影响液膜排液过程的重要因素,当不考虑表面黏度时,液膜表面呈"流动"模式,反之呈"刚性"模式,且随表面黏度增加,液膜排液速率明显减缓.分离压对"黑膜"的形成至关重要,分离压单独作用时,其形成的"黑膜"长度较短,而只考虑表面黏度时,则不能形成稳定的"黑膜".而在二者协同作用下,液膜中部形成了向下扩展、厚度很薄但非常稳定的"黑膜",且"黑膜"厚度、出现时间均随表面黏度的增大而增加.当考虑活性剂浓度对表面黏度的影响时,表面速度受此影响显著;在形成"黑膜"长度及出现时间方面与相应常表面黏度的情形基本类似,但其"黑膜"厚度小于相应常表面黏度,故在液膜排液过程中更容易发生失稳.     

表面弹性和分离压耦合作用下的垂直液膜排液过程

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,在考虑表面弹性和分离压耦合作用的基础上,采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、表面速度和活性剂浓度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了表面弹性和分离压单独作用和耦合作用下的液膜演化特征.结果表明:表面弹性与分离压均对垂直液膜排液过程有显著影响.表面弹性单独作用时,液膜初始厚度随弹性增大,黑膜仅在液膜顶部形成,长度较短且不能稳定存在;分离压单独作用时,活性剂随流体不断汇集在底端,液膜表面无法形成表面张力梯度,不发生逆流现象;当二者耦合作用时,可得到较稳定的液膜,排液前期增加表面弹性可提高液膜的厚度、降低表面速度和促使液体逆流,从而减缓排液过程;后期出现黑膜后,分离压中的静电斥力起主要作用,延缓液膜"老化".     

多孔涂层横向抽吸效应强化膜状凝结换热的研究

研究多孔涂层界面抽吸效应对强化膜状凝结换热的影响。考察了多孔涂层的特性参数对凝液膜厚度和换热系数的影响。与Nusselt理论预示值对照表明,多孔涂层界面抽吸效应是强化膜状凝结换热的重要因素。     

Thermal conductivity of e-beam coatings

We present the results of the study on the thermal conductivity of different thin film materials produced by conventional thermal evaporation. The main features of the thermal pulse method employed for the measurement of the thermal conductivity are described. Thermal conductivity can be measured by determining the traveling time of a thermal wave propagating trough the film. A pump laser beam is directed onto a sample consisting of a thin transparent test layer and a totally absorbing substrate for the laser wavelength. As a consequence of the laser pulse, a temperature profile builds up at the substrate-film interface. A thermal pulse starts to diffuse from the substrate-film interface to the surface of the layer. Therefore, the temperature rise at the surface of the test layer starts with a time delay with respect to the laser pulse. The time delay depends on the propagation time of the thermal wave through the layer and is related to the thermal conductivity and the thickness of the layer. Measurements are evaluated by calculations based on the finite difference method. The results show that the analyzed thin films have lower thermal conductivity than the corresponding materials in bulk form.     

基于微肋管的微沟槽表面薄液膜沸腾理论模型

本文提出了基于微肋管的薄液膜蒸发沸腾的输运现象数学模型及其有限差分求解方法。数值模拟结果表明,在蒸发扩张半月形液膜中,非蒸发液膜区域液膜形状主要取决于分子膨胀压力;在薄液膜区域与非蒸发区域的连接处存在着一个强烈的蒸发点,这是膨胀压力和表面张力共同作用的结果;在本征半月形液膜区域压力梯度几乎完全取决于表面张力,因而在该区域内液膜形状可以假定为圆弧形状。     

多孔薄层强化竖管外壁凝结换热的理论研究

1前言在壁上涂以极薄多孔层以强化凝结换热的问题很少研究过。目前，只有几位学者对恒壁温的短平壁进行了初步的研究［‘－‘l，而对坚圆管尚未见有人研究。为密切与实际应用相结合，我们对具有涂层的变壁温的长竖管进行了理论和实验研究，本文就理论问题进行了探讨。2理论模型及数值计算多孔薄层很薄，故凝液膜边界层被分成两层：内层（多孔薄层液膜层）和外层（纯液膜层）。系统简图如图1。坚管外壁上喷涂上一层导热率较高的多孔介质薄层。厚度为h，热导率为k。，孔隙率为。，渗透率为Kp，管长为L，壁温为几，蒸汽饱和温度为Ts，凝液膜…     

Molecular dynamics simulation of effect of liquid layering around the nanoparticle on the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids

The effect of the molecular layering at liquid–solid interface on the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid is investigated by an equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. By tracking the position of the nanoparticle and the liquid atoms around the spherical nanoparticle, it was found that a thin layer of liquid is formed at the interface between the nanoparticle and liquid; this thin layer will move with the Brownian motion of the nanoparticle. Through the analysis of the density distribution of the liquid near the nanoparticle, it is found that more argon atoms are attracted to form the layer around the nanoparticle when the diameter of the nanoparticle is larger, and therefore lead to the more significant enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid.     

随活性剂浓度变化的分离压对垂直液膜排液过程的影响

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,基于文献实验结果进一步完善了受活性剂浓度影响的分离压(disjoining pressure)模型,应用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、活性剂浓度和液膜表面速度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了在不同分离压作用下含不溶性活性剂液膜的演化特征.结果表明,垂直液膜的排液过程通常经历两个阶段:首先是厚膜阶段,此时重力对排液过程起主导作用.在随后的薄膜阶段,毛细作用和分离压作用影响逐渐增大,其中分离压将控制液膜的演化历程.分离压对垂直液膜排液过程的影响与活性剂类型及活性剂浓度与静电作用力的关联强度密切相关.当分离压与活性剂浓度正相关时,随斥力关联系数α增大,液膜的排液和变薄过程得以减缓,由此增强了液膜稳定性;当分离压与活性剂浓度负相关时,随斥力关联系数α绝对值增大,液膜排液过程加速,由此加大液膜失稳的风险.     

Effect of substrate curvature on thickness distribution of polydimethylsiloxane thin film in spin coating process

The polymer spin coating is critical in flexible electronic manufaction and micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS)devices due to its simple operation, and uniformly coated layers. Some researchers focus on the effects of spin coating parameters such as wafer rotating speed, the viscosity of the coating liquid and solvent evaporation on final film thickness.In this work, the influence of substrate curvature on film thickness distribution is considered. A new parameter which represents the edge bead effect ratio(re) is proposed to investigate the influence factor of edge bead effect. Several operation parameters including the curvature of the substrate and the wafer-spin speed are taken into account to study the effects on the film thickness uniformity and edge-bead ratio. The morphologies and film thickness values of the spin-coated PDMS films under various substrate curvatures and coating speeds are measured with laser confocal microscopy. According to the results, both the convex and concave substrate will help to reduce the edge-bead effect significantly and thin film with better surface morphology can be obtained at high spin speed. Additionally, the relationship between the edge-bead ratio and the thin film thickness is like parabolic curve instead of linear dependence. This work may contribute to the mass production of flexible electronic devices.     

新型的覆纳米粒子薄膜阴极的研究

采用直流磁控溅射的方法制备出Ir金属纳米粒子薄膜.利用扫描电子显微镜分析了纳米粒子的形态和分布以及不同工艺条件对粒子粒径及形貌的影响,表明纳米粒子的大小可通过调节溅射气体压强来控制.在25%孔度的W海绵基体内浸入6∶1∶2铝酸盐发射物质,然后在其表面沉积上厚度为200—500 nm的纳米粒子薄膜层,最后在H₂气中1200℃烧结,即制成了新型纳米粒子薄膜阴极.利用阴极发射微观均匀性测试仪对纳米粒子薄膜阴极和传统覆膜阴极的热电子发射的均匀性进行了对比研究.采用飞行时间质谱仪测试了真空本底、纳米粒子薄膜阴极、传统覆膜阴极等各种阴极蒸发物的成分,研究了阴极蒸发速率与阴极温度的关系,比较了不同阴极蒸发速率的大小.研究了Ba-W阴极覆上纳米粒子薄膜后的发射特性. 关键词： 纳米粒子薄膜 热阴极 发射均匀性 蒸发     

Effect of pit formation and surface roughness on size-dependent thermal conductivity of nanometer-thick semiconducting films

In this work, the thermal conductivity variation due to pit formation and surface roughness in nanometer-thick semiconducting films has been studied. It is shown that the thermal conductivity of thin films is reduced due to the presence of these effects in the films. This reduction in thermal conductivity is dependent on film thickness. The present analysis has been done on GaAs nanometer-thick films using the available experimental data.     

氧化钛薄膜调控金属铜的表面等离子体共振特性研究

提出了一种利用氧化钛薄膜对金属铜薄膜表面等离子体共振特性调制的想法。实验中首先使用电子束蒸发制备一批同等厚度的氧化钛薄膜,再利用磁控溅射方法在氧化钛薄膜上沉积厚度为5～80 nm不等的金属铜薄膜。测试结果表明,氧化钛膜层对不同厚度的金属铜薄膜表面等离子体共振增强具有不同调制效果,金属铜薄膜厚度小于20 nm时,底层的氧化钛薄膜对Cu薄膜表面等离子体共振增强效果显著,且随着金属Cu膜层厚度增加表面等离子体共振峰发生蓝移,而当金属铜膜层的厚度超过20 nm时,共振增强效果因金属Cu薄膜消光能力的上升而开始减弱。     

Physical mechanisms behind the SERS enhancement of pyramidal pit substrates

In this paper we theoretically consider the physical mechanisms behind the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement produced by commercially available Klarite substrates, which consist of rectangular arrays of micrometre‐sized pyramidal pits in silicon with a thin gold coating. Full three‐dimensional numerical simulations of the pits are conducted for both a real gold metal coating and a perfect electrical conductor (PEC) to determine whether the SERS enhancement is due to diffraction or plasmon effects. The pit apex angle and metal coating thickness are also varied to determine whether it is possible to further enhance the SERS signal by optimising the structural parameters of these substrates. By decreasing the film thickness and adjusting the apex angle, it is possible to achieve an enhancement almost double that of a standard Klarite substrate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The kinetics of Cr layer coated on TiNi films for hydrogen absorption

The effect of hydrogen absorption on electrical resistance with temperature for TiNi and TiNi-Cr thin films was investigated. The TiNi thin films of thickness 800 Å were deposited at different angles (? = 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) under 10^?5 Torr pressure by thermal evaporation on the glass substrate at room temperature. A layer of Cr of thickness 100 Å was coated on the TiNi thin films. The changing rate of hydrogen absorption increases after Cr layer coating because Cr enhances the catalytic properties of hydrogen absorption in thin films. The rate of hydrogen absorption increases with temperature at lower range but at higher range of temperature it was found to decrease and also it was found that the hydrogen absorption increases with angle of deposition.     

蒸汽爆炸粗混合过程中的蒸发阻力模型

在蒸汽爆炸的粗混合过程中,由于液体的快速蒸发,高温金属液滴的周围会产生一层很薄的蒸汽膜,此时液滴周围的边界层流动与没有液体蒸发时有很大的不同,因此,常温情况下的小球在连续液体中运动时的通用阻力模型在这种情况下是不适用的．本文通过受力分析,考虑了高温小球受力的分布和表面蒸发对小球周围力的影响,从阻力的基本机理上分析了蒸发状态下小球的运动阻力,分别提出了高温颗粒穿过自由表面时与其在液体中运动时的蒸发阻力模型．分析表明,当小球温度高于2500 K,特别是在靠近自由表面的区域,由于小球表面液体蒸发而产生的蒸发阻力作用非常明显．分析指出,小球的入水初速、小球表面的液体蒸发速率以及汽膜厚度都是影响小球运动阻力大小的重要因素．     

毛细管内薄液膜轮廓和传热特性研究

本文认为毛细管的相变传热机理为液膜的导热和表面蒸发;表面蒸发受蒸汽温度、汽液界面的温度以及汽液压力差的共同控制。汽液流动机理为流动受脱离压力梯度、毛细力梯度支配。汽液相互作用机理为存在由于蒸发导致的动量转移切应力和由于汽液流速不同产生的摩擦切应力。提出的物理模型中较为全面地考虑了毛细管内传热、汽液流动及其相互作用。对毛细管半径和传热功率对薄液膜轮廓和传热特性影响程度的计算结果表明,随着毛细管半径的减小、传热功率的增大,蒸发界面区的长度会有所减小,这是针对微小空间得出的不同于常规情况的结论。     

The film thickness dependent thermal stability of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>:Ag thin films as high-temperature solar selective absorbers

The monolayer Al₂O₃:Ag thin films were prepared by magnetron sputtering. The microstructure and optical properties of thin film after annealing at 700 °C in air were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and spectrophotometer. It revealed that the particle shape, size, and distribution across the film were greatly changed before and after annealing. The surface plasmon resonance absorption and thermal stability of the film were found to be strongly dependent on the film thickness, which was believed to be associated with the evolution process of particle diffusion, agglomeration, and evaporation during annealing at high temperature. When the film thickness was smaller than 90 nm, the film SPR absorption can be attenuated until extinct with increasing annealing time due to the evaporation of Ag particles. While the film thickness was larger than 120 nm, the absorption can keep constant even after annealing for 64 h due to the agglomeration of Ag particles. On the base of film thickness results, the multilayer Al₂O₃:Ag solar selective thin films were prepared and the thermal stability test illustrated that the solar selectivity of multilayer films with absorbing layer thickness larger than 120 nm did not degrade after annealing at 500 °C for 70 h in air. It can be concluded that film thickness is an important factor to control the thermal stability of Al₂O₃:Ag thin films as high-temperature solar selective absorbers.     

活性剂浓度分布对液膜排液过程的影响

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,考虑分离压和表面黏度的作用,应用润滑理论建立液膜厚度、活性剂浓度和表面速度的控制方程组,分析初始活性剂浓度及梯度对排液过程的影响.结果表明：当液膜表面不含活性剂时,其排液历程很短,很快发生破断.当液膜表面添加活性剂时,可以延长液膜存续时间.而当液膜表面活性剂浓度较低时,其诱发的Marangoni效应不足以克服重力的排液作用,其形成的"黑膜"不能稳定存在.随活性剂浓度增大,液膜表面流动速度减小,液膜表面更加"坚固",所形成的"黑膜"非常稳定.当考虑初始活性剂浓度梯度时,其影响主要体现在减缓排液初期的表面速度.     

Transient thin film flow of nonlinear radiative Maxwell nanofluid over a rotating disk

In this letter, a mathematical model for transient nature thin film flow of Maxwell nanofluid over a rotating disk is studied in the presence of a uniform magnetic field and non-linear thermal radiation. The Brownian motion and thermophoresis features due to nanofluid are captured by adopting the Buongiorno model. The prime emphasize is to explore the temperature field and nanoparticles volume fraction in nanofluid thin film flow. The reduced system of differential equations is solved numerically by finite difference based method namely bvp4c. The numerical outcomes regarding film thickness, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, velocity, temperature, and concentration are revealed for varying estimation of involved physical parameters. It is shown that the film thickness decreases with increasing values of the magnetic number. Further, the impact of thermophoresis and thermal radiation parameters is worthwhile in enhancing the fluid temperature. The Solute concentration is found to decrease with Brownian motion and Schmidt number.     

声表面波生物传感器质量灵敏度的理论与实验验证

针对声表面波传感器在生物检测中的性能评价与优化,提出一种快捷验证适用于生物传感器的声表面波器件质量负载灵敏度的实时检测方法.首先基于二维近似假设和周期性边界条件,建立了以石英为压电基底材料、SiO2为波导层的Love波传感器的三维有限元分析模型,从理论上验证了波导层对Love波传感器灵敏度的影响.在实验上,通过MEMS...