N-甲基二乙醇胺用量对水性阳-非离子聚氨酯溶液性能的影响

通过预聚体法合成了水性阳-非离子聚氨酯表面活性剂(CPUS),利用红外光谱和核磁共振谱对聚合物的结构和组成进行了表征.并通过动态光散射(DLS)、透射电镜(TEM)、表面张力仪、稳态流变分析及荧光光谱法等系统研究了阳离子亲水扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)用量对CPUS表面张力、临界胶束浓度、流变性、胶束的尺寸、微极性和聚集行为的影响.TEM表明,CPUS胶束呈球形核壳结构.随着MDEA含量的增加,CPUS水溶液表面张力和临界胶束浓度(CMC)先减小后增大,其最低值分别为39.54 m N/m和1.99 g/L,胶束的平均粒径和分布系数逐渐减小.当浓度低于CMC时,光散射强度较低且变化缓慢,当浓度高于CMC时,光散射强度呈现逐渐增长趋势,胶束聚集数逐渐增加.随着MDEA含量的增加,乳液黏度增加,胶束间的相互作用增强,假塑行为增强.荧光光谱法表明随CPUS浓度增加,I1/I3值从1.8降低到1.3,I338/I334值从0.5升高到1.7,表明疏水基团聚集形成疏水微区,芘分子从水相极性环境转移到胶束疏水内核.随着MDEA含量的增加,胶束微极性和形成难度先减小后增加.     

添加中低浓度离子液体[bmim][BF4]对吐温-20临界胶束浓度和胶束结构的影响

添加离子液体会对表面活性剂在水溶液中的聚集行为产生重要影响。本文研究了吐温-20在中低浓度离子液体四氟硼酸1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑鎓([bmim][BF_4])中的胶束化行为。随着[bmim][BF_4]浓度(cIL)从0增加到0.2mol·L~(-1),吐温-20的临界胶束浓度逐渐增大。相比cIL0.05mol·L~(-1),在cIL0.05mol·L~(-1)时加入[bmim][BF_4]使吐温-20临界胶束浓度增大得更加显著。吐温-20胶束聚集数随着离子液体浓度的增加而逐渐减小,这一结果也说明加入离子液体会对吐温-20胶束的生成有抑制作用。吐温-20胶束化热力学研究表明,吐温-20在不同浓度离子液体中的胶束化是熵、焓共同驱动,并具有熵-焓补偿性。随着离子液体浓度的增加,吐温-20胶束平均粒径和胶束微粘性均表现出先增大后减小的变化,在cIL=0.05mol·L~(-1)时达到最大值。     

荧光和动态光散射方法研究两性表面活性剂胶束的聚集和相互作用

以芘为荧光探针、二苯酮为猝灭剂,利用荧光方法测定了两性表面活性剂N-十二烷基-N,N-二甲基氨基丙磺酸盐(DDAPS)胶束在不同温度和不同NaCl浓度下的聚集数。利用动态光散射方法得到了胶束的水力半径Rh.结果表明,DDAPS的胶束聚集数和Rh值随NaCl浓度的升高略有增大;随温度的升高而稍有下降。DDAPS胶束之间的作用力以排斥力为主。     

甘氨酸在乙醇—水混合溶剂中离解常数的测定

本文利用电位滴定法测定了２５℃，ＫＣｌ离子强度Ｉ＝０．１ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１时，甘氨酸在纯水及８个乙醇－水混合溶剂中的二级离解常数ｐＫａ，对应的碱离解常数ｐＫｂ和混合溶剂的质子自递常数ｐＫ。实验结果表明：在所研究的浓度范围内，随着混合溶剂中乙醇含量的增加，甘氨酸的酸离解常数及溶剂的质子自递常数逐渐减小，碱离解常数则逐渐增大。     

双敏性微凝胶的絮凝及聚沉行为

用沉降聚合法制备了聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-co-甲基丙烯酸)微凝胶, 并用NMR, DLS分析测定了微凝胶结构及凝胶颗粒在不同离子强度下粒径和表面电势的变化. 25 ℃时在pH＝7的溶液中Zeta电位为－18 mV, 随离子强度增加, 逐渐减小. 当NaCl浓度达0.2 mol/L时基本不变, 表明微凝胶表面电荷受到屏蔽, 浓度继续增加主要使凝胶颗粒收缩. 加热引起微凝胶收缩, 颗粒表面电荷密度增大, Zeta电位增大. 在0.2 mol/L NaCl溶液中, 41 ℃时微凝胶的Zeta电位可达－12.4 mV, 使微凝胶稳定. 较高离子强度时, Zeta电位随温度升高发生突变, 微凝胶表面几乎为中性, 其突变温度与临界絮凝温度(CFT)相当. CFT随离子强度增加向低温迁移, 微凝胶聚集速率在高温时比低温时快.     

磺酸基丙烯酸酯三元无规共聚物胶束的聚集行为

采用自由基溶液共聚合法,合成了系列磺酸基丙烯酸酯三元无规共聚物表面活性剂(APSA).利用FTIR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、GPC及元素分析证实了APSA的结构及组成.APSA胶束为核壳结构,随磺酸基含量增加,亲水层增厚.低剪切速率下,APSA溶液的黏度随磺酸基含量的增加而增加,胶束间的相互作用增强,假塑行为增强;高剪切速率下,黏度基本保持一致.DLS和表面张力表明,APSA1可将水溶液的表面张力降至43.26 m N/m.随亲水基团增加,表面张力增加,临界胶束浓度(cmc)增加.溶液浓度在cmc以下时,光散射强度较低且变化缓慢,高于cmc后,光散射强度呈现急剧的线性增长趋势,胶束聚集数急剧增加.随溶液浓度和亲水基团增加,胶束尺寸和分布系数增加.荧光光谱表明,随APSA浓度增加,I1/I3值从1.8降低到约1.2,芘的(0,0)吸收峰从334 nm迁移到338 nm,I338/I334值从0.7增大到1.45,表明疏水基团聚集形成疏水微区,芘分子从水相极性环境转移到胶束疏水内核.随亲水基团含量增加,分子聚集形成胶束的难度增加,速率降低.     

表面活性剂与高分子链混合体系的模拟

计算机模拟了高分子链对表面活性剂胶束形成过程的影响，以及高分子链构象性质随胶束化过程的变化.结果表明,当高分子链与表面活性剂之间的相互作用强度超过临界值后，高分子链的存在有利于表面活性剂胶束的形成.临界聚集浓度（CAC）与临界胶束浓度（CMC）的比值CAC/CMC随高分子链长的增大和相互吸引作用的增强而减小.在CAC之前，高分子链与表面活性剂分子只有动态的聚集；但在CAC之后，表面活性剂胶束随表面活性剂浓度X的增加而增大，并静态地吸附在高分子链上，形成表面活性剂/高分子聚集体.随着表面活性剂分子的加入，高分子链的均方末端距和平均非球形因子先保持恒定；从X略小于CAC开始， 和快速减小，至极小值后又逐渐增大.模拟结果支持高分子链包裹在胶束表面的实验模型.     

疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺与双子表面活性剂的自组装

通过荧光光谱、动/静态激光光散射研究了疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(HAPAM)自组装行为及双子表面活性剂(双十四酸乙二酯双磺酸盐(DMES-14))对其的影响.实验结果表明:聚合物HAPAM在溶液中能够通过自组装形成疏水微区,表现出芘的发射光谱中第一振动峰(373nm)与第三振动峰(383nm)的荧光强度之比(I1/I3)值随聚合物浓度的增大而下降,当聚合物HAPAM浓度(CP)达到一定值后,I1/I3值不再变化;当加入表面活性剂时,HAPAM能够与双子表面活性剂在溶液中形成混合胶束,在聚合物浓度一定时,I1/I3值随表面活性剂浓度(CS)的增大急速下降,当表面活性剂浓度达到30mg·L-1时,I1/I3值趋于恒定;当表面活性剂浓度一定时,聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系中聚集体的聚集数随HAPAM浓度的增大出现先下降再增加的过程;一定量的双子表面活性剂对HAPAM分子间的缔合起促进作用,过量的双子表面活性剂对HAPAM分子间的缔合起抑制作用,使HAPAM的表观重均分子量(Mw,a)、均方根回转半径()和流体力学半径()随表面活性剂浓度增加先增大后减小,而HAPAM的/比值则随表面活性剂浓度增大出现一定程度的上升,表明HAPAM分子链段变得相对舒展.     

两亲无规聚合物的聚集行为及其与非离子表面活性剂的相互作用

以2-丙烯酰胺基-十二烷基磺酸(AMC12S)与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)进行无规共聚,合成了含AMC12S摩尔分数(X)较高(X=0.1,0.3,0.5)的一系列两亲聚合物.采用稳态荧光及动态光散射技术对聚合物在水溶液中的聚集行为及其与三种非离子表面活性剂(HO(CH2CH2O)10C12H25(C12E10)、HO(CH2CH2O)20C12H25(C12E20)和HO(CH2CH2O)40C12H25(C12E40))的相互作用进行了研究,并考察了X对聚集行为的影响以及表面活性剂亲水基团长度对相互作用的影响.随着X的增大,聚合物的临界聚集浓度(CAC)明显减小,X=0.5时聚合物的CAC低达0.0039g·L-1.聚集体的流体力学半径(Rh)都大于26nm,并随着聚合物浓度的升高而增大,说明聚合物分子主要以分子间的聚集方式聚集,形成多分子聚集体.随X的增大,聚集体Rh减小,同时Rh随聚合物浓度升高而增大的幅度减小,说明聚集体结构变得更加紧实.表面活性剂与聚合物之间存在很强的相互作用,在混合溶液中表面活性剂浓度达到临界胶束浓度(CMC)左右时聚合物聚集体开始解离,形成混合聚集体.亲水基团长度增长,表面活性剂对聚合物聚集体的解离能力随之增强.C12E40与X=0.5的聚合物形成的混合聚集体Rh为6.8nm,与C12E40自身形成的聚集体尺寸相当.     

乙醇溶液的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱研究 Ⅰ.乙醇对稀土元素谱线强度的影响

以稀土元素为主要对象,研究乙醇导入ICP对谱线强度的影响。结果表明,随乙醇浓度增大,经溶液进炬速率校正后的稀土元素离子线强度(校正强度)单调减小;原子线的校正强度则在乙醇浓度为20vol％时出现最小值。乙醇对谱线校正强度的影响程度与谱线激发电位呈线性关系。据此,确定了稀土元素38条未分类谱线的电离态,估算了它们的激发电位。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.